Ahvaz (Persian: اهواز; [ʔæhˈvɒːz] ⓘ)[a] is a city in the Central District of Ahvaz County, Khuzestan province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.[3]
Ahvaz
اهواز | |
|---|---|
 Seal | |
| Nickname: The City of Bridges | |
  Ahvaz | |
| Coordinates: 31°18′17″N 48°40′42″E / 31.30472°N 48.67833°E[1] | |
| Country | Iran |
| Province | Khuzestan |
| County | Ahvaz |
| District | Central |
| Area | |
• City | 220 km2 (85 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 16 m (52 ft) |
| Population (2025)[2] | |
| • Density | 6,400/km2 (16,500/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 1,325,000 |
| Demonym | Ahvazi |
| Time zone | UTC+3:30 (IRST) |
| Postal code | 61xxx |
| Area code | (+98) 61 |
| Climate | BWh |
| Website | www |
Positioned near the border with Iraq, along the banks of the Karun River, Ahvaz serves as a key industrial and transportation hub, with a diverse population and a history shaped by its proximity to Iraq and the Persian Gulf.[4]
Ahvaz is home to over 1.3 million people within its metropolitan area. Census results suggest a steady increase in population.[5] It is home to Persians, Arabs and other groups such as Qashqai and Kurds.[6][7] Languages spoken in the area include Persian, Khuzestāni Arabic, Southern Kurdish, Neo-Mandaic, and dialects such as Bakhtiari, Dezfuli and Shushtari.[8]
The Karun, the largest river in Iran by volume,[9] flows through the center of the city. It is one of two navigable rivers in Iran, alongside the Arvand Rud.[10]
Ahvaz has earned the reputation of being the City of Bridges due to its numerous big bridges built on the Karun to facilitate better communication between the east and west parts of the city,[11] although since the beginning of the 20th century, this city has always been known as the Oil Capital of Iran, along with other cities of Khuzestan province.[12]
This city has a long history, dating back to the Achaemenid period. In ancient times, the city was one of the main centers of the Academy of Gondishapur.
Etymology
editThe city known today as Ahvaz was first recognized as an urban settlement in ancient times under the name Taryana.[13][14] This name clearly reflects “Dāryāna”[15] derived from “Dāryān” the legendary name of Darius, and also refers to a powerful dynasty of Persian kings that ruled after the Achaemenid period.[16][17]
Taryana was located along a section of the Royal Road that stretched from Persepolis to Sardis, with part of the royal route crossing the Karun River in Taryana (present-day Ahvaz). Later, during the reign of Ardashir I (Ardashir Babakan), Taryana expanded and was renamed “Hormazd-Ardeshir” (Persian: هُرمَزد اردشیر) in New Persian, being reestablished on both sides of the river. The first part of the name honored "God," while the second part was named after the king himself. The name was later abbreviated to “Darawashir”,[15][17] but it is unclear if this change was made by Ardashir I in 230 (cf. Encyclopædia Iranica, al-Maqdisi, et al.)[18] or by his grandson Hormizd I according to the Middle Persian Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr. The king built a dam over the Karun River in the city, which increased its significance, and soon Darawashir became the capital of the province of Susiana (modern-day Khuzestan).[15][19]
The commercial center of Susiana, located on one side of the river in Darawashir (Darāvāshīr, east of the city, spanning the area from present-day Khorram Kushk to the present-day “Chaharrah Zand”), was known as "Hūǰestān-vāčār" (“the market of the Huzestan”). The other side of the river, serving as the administrative and aristocratic center (west of Ahvaz, covering the area of present-day Amaniyeh, Lashkar, and Lashkarābād), was called Horamshir.[15]
According to the research of numerous historians, including Clifford Bosworth in the Encyclopædia Iranica[20], Vladimir Minorsky,[21] Svat Soucek,[22] and Abdolmajid Arfaei, the names Ahvaz and Khuzestan share a common origin and are both derived from the name of the ancient people who inhabited this region, the Uzi (Greek: Uxii).[20][23]
Uji or Uzi recorded by Greek historians as Ouxioi (Persian: اوکسی), and by Arab writers as Hūzī was the name of a warrior tribe in the province of Susiana. The name of today's Khuzestan province is derived from their ethnonym through phonetic transformation and Persianization (Huzistan, “the land of the Huzi”). In Syriac Christian writings, the name of the city appears as Beth Huzaye.[23][22]
When the Muslims defeated the Sasanian Empire in the 7th century CE, the second part of the city (Horamshir) was destroyed. The Arabs translated the name of the remaining part of the city (Hūǰestān-vāčār) as Sūq al-Ahvāz.[20][15]
The name of “Ahvaz” is the Arabicized plural form of the word "Huzi", following the af‘āl (Arabic: افعال) pattern. Thus, “Hūzīs” became “Ahvāz”. The Huzis, who were likely descendants of the Elamites, were the indigenous inhabitants of the Khuzestan region. Their language, known as the Huzi language, remained in use in Khuzestan until the Sasanian period and even for centuries after the Muslim conquest and subsequent rule in Iran. Over time, due to varying pronunciations across different languages and dialects, the name of the province evolved from Hūzistān to Khuzestān.[15]
During the Qajar period, under Naser al-Din Shah, the name of Ahvaz was changed to Nāseri and Nāseriyeh. However, in September 1935, by approval of the Council of Ministers, the city was once again officially named Ahvaz.[14]
History
editModern history
editIn the 19th century, "Ahvaz was no more than a small borough inhabited mainly by Sabeans (1500 to 2000 inhabitants according to Ainsworth in 1835; 700 according to Curzon in 1890)."[24]
In the 1880s, in late Qajar Iran, the Karun was dredged and reopened to commerce. A newly built railway crossed the Karun at Ahvaz. The city again became a commercial crossroads, linking river and rail traffic. The construction of the Suez Canal further stimulated trade. A port city was built near the old village of Ahvaz and named Bandar-e-Naseri in honour of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar.
Oil was found near Ahvaz in the early 20th century, and the city once again grew and prospered as a result of this newfound wealth. From 1897 to 1925, the city of Ahvaz was under the control of a Qajar prince, who served as governor, and Reza-Gholi Khan Sarhang, the commander of the Khuzestan army. Khaz'al al-Ka'bi was recognized by Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar as hereditary ruler of the Emirate of Muhammara, Sardar Asad Bakhtiari, as the most powerful leader of the Bakhtiari people. He had power and authority over most regions of Khuzestan, such as Dezful, Shushtar, Izeh, even Ahvaz and Amir Mojahede Bakhtiari in Ramhormoz and Behbahan. At this time, the newly founded Ahvaz was named Nâseri in honour of its founder Nasser ed-Din Shah Qajar. Afterwards, during Pahlavi Iran, it resumed its old name, Ahvaz. The government of Khuzestan province was transferred there from Shushtar in 1926. The Trans-Iranian Railway reached Ahvaz in 1929 and by World War II, Ahvaz had become the principal built-up area of the interior of Khūzestān. Professional segregation remained well marked between various groups in that period still feebly integrated: Persians, sub-groupings of Persians and Arabs. Natives of Isfahan Province held an important place in retail trade, as owners of cafes and hotels, and as craftsmen.[25]
During World War II, in July 1942, a camp for Polish refugees was established in Ahvaz (see also Iran–Poland relations).[26] Some 4,000 Poles were housed there as of May 1943.[26]
Iraq attempted to annex Khuzestan and Ahvaz in 1980, resulting in the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988). Ahvaz was close to the front lines and suffered severely during the war. Iraq had hoped to exacerbate ethnic tensions and win over popular support for the invaders. Most accounts say that the Arabs of Khuzestan resisted the Iraqis rather than welcome them as liberators. However, some Iranian Arabs claim that as a minority, they face discrimination from the central government; they agitate for the right to preserve their cultural and linguistic distinction and more provincial autonomy. See Politics of Khuzestan.
In 1989, the Foolad Ahvaz steel facility was built near the town. This company is best known for its company-sponsored football club, Foolad F.C., which was the champion of Iran's Premier Football League in 2005.
In 2005, the city witnessed a Ahvaz Bombings. Many government sources relate these events to developments in Iraq, accusing foreign governments of organizing and funding Arab separatist groups. The Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahvaz claimed credit for several of the bombings, including four bombs on 12 June 2005, that killed 8 people.[27] Gunmen killed at least 29 people at the Ahvaz military parade attack on 22 September 2018.[28]
People
editIt is common to encounter people from various ethnic groups while strolling through Ahvaz's streets and markets.[29]
Historical population | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| source:[30][31] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages
editPersian serves as the official language and is widely spoken across Ahvaz.[29] Many Ahvazis are bilingual, speaking both Persian and one of the following languages/Dialects. The Arabic spoken in Ahvaz is a variety of Khuzestani Arabic.[33][34][35] Another part of Ahvazis speak Bakhtiari dialect.[36][37][38] Neo-Mandaic, one of the Neo-Aramaic languages, is also spoken among the Mandaeans of Ahvaz. It is a descendant of the Mandaic language that Khuzestani Persian has partially influenced.
Bridges
editThere are 9 bridges over the Karun river.
Pol-Siah (Black Bridge)
editThe Black Bridge, also known as the Victory Bridge, was the first modern bridge over the Karun River. The bridge was built during World War II and used to supply the Allies in the Soviet Union and had a major impact on Allied victory.[39]
Pol-Sefid (White Bridge)
editWhite Bridge is an arch bridge completed on 21 September 1936 and inaugurated on 6 November 1936. The bridge remains a symbol of the city still today. The White Bridge has two suspension spans with lengths of 136 and 130 meters and three arched spans with a length of 49 meters, which makes the total length of the bridge 501 meters. The bridge was built by the Swedish company Skanska.
Pol-Kabli (Eighth Bridge)
editis the eighth intra-urban bridge in Ahvaz.[40] It is the largest cable bridge in the Middle East.[41] Construction started in February 2006 and ended in March 2012.[42] The bridge connects the Amaniyeh area and Takht-e Soleyman street, which are located west of the Karun river, with Zand street, which is located east of this river.[43]
Other
editThe other 6 bridges are third bridge, Naderi bridge, Fifth bridge, Sixth bridge, Seventh bridge (also named Dialogue among civilizations bridge), Cable bridge, and Ninth bridge.
Geography
editLocation and roads
editAhvaz is located 100 km north-east of Abadan and is accessible via following routes in addition of a single runway airport:
- Tehran-Khorramshahr national railway
- Ahvaz-Abadan expressway (145 km)
- Ahvaz-Andimeshk (152 km) expressway
- Ahvaz-Bandar Imam Khomeini freeway (175 km).
Ahvaz, being the largest city in the province, consists of two distinctive districts: the newer part of Ahvaz which is the administrative and industrial center, which is built on the right bank of the Karun river while residential areas are found in the old section of the city, on the left bank.
Climate
editAhvaz has a subtropical hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification: BWh) with long, extremely hot summers and cool, short winters. Summer temperatures are regularly at least 45 °C (113 °F), sometimes exceeding 50 °C (122 °F),[44] with many sandstorms and duststorms common during the summer period. However, in winters, the minimum temperature can fall to around 5 °C (41 °F). Winters in Ahvaz have no snow. The average annual rainfall is around 230 mm. On 29 June 2017 the temperature reached 53.7 °C (128.7 °F).[45] Furthermore, the dew point peaked at 23 °C (73 °F) which is unusually humid for the usual dry heat. Despite the fact that it has only snowed in January 1964 in Ahvaz, frost has been recorded in every winter month, as well as in early spring and late autumn, and it has fallen down to −7.0 °C (19.4 °F) before.
| Climate data for Ahvaz (1991-2020, extremes 1951-2025) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 28.0 (82.4) |
31.5 (88.7) |
40.5 (104.9) |
44.8 (112.6) |
49.5 (121.1) |
53.7 (128.7) |
52.4 (126.3) |
51.6 (124.9) |
50.0 (122.0) |
45.0 (113.0) |
36.4 (97.5) |
30.0 (86.0) |
53.7 (128.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.1 (64.6) |
21.2 (70.2) |
26.2 (79.2) |
32.9 (91.2) |
40.0 (104.0) |
45.1 (113.2) |
47.3 (117.1) |
46.6 (115.9) |
42.9 (109.2) |
36.3 (97.3) |
26.5 (79.7) |
19.9 (67.8) |
33.6 (92.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.8 (55.0) |
15.2 (59.4) |
19.7 (67.5) |
25.9 (78.6) |
32.6 (90.7) |
37.0 (98.6) |
38.6 (101.5) |
37.9 (100.2) |
33.8 (92.8) |
27.7 (81.9) |
19.6 (67.3) |
14.2 (57.6) |
26.3 (79.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.0 (46.4) |
9.7 (49.5) |
13.6 (56.5) |
19.1 (66.4) |
24.7 (76.5) |
28.0 (82.4) |
30.1 (86.2) |
29.5 (85.1) |
25.3 (77.5) |
20.3 (68.5) |
13.9 (57.0) |
9.5 (49.1) |
19.3 (66.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −7.0 (19.4) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
6.0 (42.8) |
13.0 (55.4) |
15.0 (59.0) |
19.0 (66.2) |
18.0 (64.4) |
13.0 (55.4) |
8.0 (46.4) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 45.9 (1.81) |
23.1 (0.91) |
29.2 (1.15) |
16.7 (0.66) |
3.0 (0.12) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.01) |
9.4 (0.37) |
40.6 (1.60) |
50.7 (2.00) |
218.9 (8.63) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 4.7 | 3.2 | 3.7 | 3.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.2 | 3.3 | 4.5 | 24.3 |
| Average afternoon relative humidity (%) | 72 | 60 | 50 | 40 | 27 | 21 | 24 | 28 | 30 | 39 | 56 | 71 | 43 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | 6.9 (44.4) |
6.2 (43.2) |
7.0 (44.6) |
9.0 (48.2) |
9.1 (48.4) |
8.9 (48.0) |
11.9 (53.4) |
13.4 (56.1) |
11.3 (52.3) |
10.5 (50.9) |
9.1 (48.4) |
8.0 (46.4) |
9.3 (48.7) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 185 | 198 | 236 | 245 | 295 | 343 | 345 | 344 | 309 | 269 | 210 | 182 | 3,161 |
| Source 1: NOAA NCEI[46] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[47] Tutiempo (September–December record high)[48][49] Ogimet (April-May record high)[50][51] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Ahvaz (1951–2010, records 1951-2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 28.0 (82.4) |
31.5 (88.7) |
40.5 (104.9) |
43.4 (110.1) |
48.8 (119.8) |
53.7 (128.7) |
52.4 (126.3) |
51.6 (124.9) |
49.5 (121.1) |
45.0 (113.0) |
36.4 (97.5) |
29.7 (85.5) |
53.7 (128.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 17.5 (63.5) |
20.5 (68.9) |
25.5 (77.9) |
32.2 (90.0) |
39.3 (102.7) |
44.6 (112.3) |
46.5 (115.7) |
46.3 (115.3) |
42.5 (108.5) |
36.0 (96.8) |
26.5 (79.7) |
19.4 (66.9) |
33.0 (91.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.3 (54.1) |
14.7 (58.5) |
19.0 (66.2) |
24.9 (76.8) |
31.1 (88.0) |
35.2 (95.4) |
37.3 (99.1) |
36.7 (98.1) |
33.0 (91.4) |
27.3 (81.1) |
19.8 (67.6) |
14.0 (57.2) |
25.4 (77.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) |
8.8 (47.8) |
12.5 (54.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
23.0 (73.4) |
25.9 (78.6) |
30.5 (86.9) |
30.0 (86.0) |
23.4 (74.1) |
18.8 (65.8) |
13.0 (55.4) |
8.6 (47.5) |
17.9 (64.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −7.0 (19.4) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
6.0 (42.8) |
13.0 (55.4) |
15.0 (59.0) |
19.0 (66.2) |
18.0 (64.4) |
13.0 (55.4) |
8.0 (46.4) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 48.2 (1.90) |
26.9 (1.06) |
26.4 (1.04) |
16.1 (0.63) |
4.4 (0.17) |
0.4 (0.02) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.01) |
6.4 (0.25) |
31.4 (1.24) |
48.7 (1.92) |
209.2 (8.24) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 4.9 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 2.8 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 2.9 | 4.5 | 24.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 71 | 61 | 51 | 41 | 28 | 22 | 24 | 28 | 29 | 38 | 53 | 69 | 43 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | 6.8 (44.2) |
6.5 (43.7) |
7.7 (45.9) |
9.6 (49.3) |
9.6 (49.3) |
9.5 (49.1) |
12.4 (54.3) |
13.9 (57.0) |
11.5 (52.7) |
10.7 (51.3) |
8.8 (47.8) |
7.6 (45.7) |
9.5 (49.2) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 174.7 | 193.2 | 214.1 | 233.8 | 284.4 | 326.2 | 336.1 | 331.2 | 301.8 | 263.5 | 209.5 | 176.4 | 3,044.9 |
| Source 1: Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[47] (temperatures),[52]
(precipitation),[53] (humidity),[54] (days with precipitation),[55] (sunshine)[56][57] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: IRIMO(Dew point 1957-2010)[58] | |||||||||||||
Pollution
editIn 2011, the World Health Organization ranked Ahvaz as the world's most air-polluted city.[60] The reason Ahvaz is so polluted is because of its oil industry. The pollution can be very dangerous, causing different types of diseases, and can be harmful to plants.[61]
Transportation
editAirport
edit
Ahvaz International Airport (IATA: AWZ, ICAO: OIAW) (Persian: فرودگاه بینالمللی اهواز) is an airport serving the city of Ahvaz, Iran. In 2016, 23,731 aircraft took off and landed at this airport, and 20,586,215 kg of cargo and 2,671,622 passengers were moved through it.
Railway
edit
Ahvaz railway station (Persian: ايستگاه راه آهن اهواز, Istgah-e Rah Ahan-e Ahvaz) is located in Ahvaz, Khuzestan Province.
- Ahvaz is accessible via freeways from Isfahan and Shiraz, and roadways to Tehran.
- A metro urban railway system is being built by the Ahvaz urban railway. The system is planned to have a total of four lines. Line 1 will be a 23 km underground line with 24 stations.[63]
Sport
editTraditionally, Khuzestan province has been a major soccer hub in Iran. The city has two existing sport complexes: Takhti Stadium and the newly constructed Ghadir Stadium. There are several other smaller complexes for martial arts, swimming pools and gymnasiums. Also, a new privately owned stadium is currently under construction by Foolad F.C. in Ahvaz.
The city has significant sports facilities, including three major stadiums:
- Takhti Stadium
- Ghadir Stadium
- Foolad Khouzestan Stadium (Foolad Arena)
Football
edit
Football is a major part of the city's culture. The abundant enthusiasm has made Ahvaz home to three Iranian major Football clubs: Foolad, Esteghlal Khuzestan are currently playing in the Persian Gulf Pro League, and Esteghlal Ahvaz is playing in Azadegan League.
Foolad have won the league on two occasions, the 2013–2014 season and the 2004–2005 season. Esteghlal Ahvaz finished runners–up in the league in the 2006–2007 season. In 2016, Esteghlal Khuzestan won the league for the first time.
A number of other teams such as Foolad B the second team of Foolad and Karun Khuzestan play in the 2nd Division.
Futsal
editAhvaz has also two teams in the Iranian Futsal Super League, which are Sherkat Melli Haffari Iran FSC and Gaz Khozestan FSC.
Colleges and universities
editCurrent Ahvaz is in a very privileged position in the country due to the presence of large and prestigious universities in terms of higher education. On Sunday, October 1955 Gandishaport University was founded, which was renamed to Jandishapur shortly after, and was known by the same name until the beginning of the Islamic Revolution. Ahvaz is also known for its universities as well as its role in commerce and industry. Ahvaz institutes of higher learning include:
- Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
- Petroleum University of Technology
- Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
- Jahad Daneshgahi Khouzestan[64]
- Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch
- Islamic Azad University - Science & Research Branch, Khuzestan
- Institute for Higher Education ACECR Khouzestan
- Payame Noor University of Ahvaz
- Amiralmoemenin University
- Rahnama Institute of Higher Education
Notable people
edit
| Name | Profession |
|---|---|
| Aghasi | Singer |
| Siamak Aghaei[65] | Santoor player |
| Ahmad Alenemeh | Footballer |
| Sadegh Ahangaran | Singer and military figure |
| Mohammad-Reza Eskandari | Politician |
| Abu Nuwas | Poet |
| Imaani Brown[66] | Musician |
| Majid Javanmard[67] | Filmmaker |
| Jabbar Choheili | Former leader of the Mandaeans |
| Hamed Haddadi | Basketball player |
| Saleh Hosseini | Translator and critic |
| Sasan Heydari (Sasy) | Singer and musician |
| Samira Abbassy | Painter and designer |
| Hossein Kaebi | Footballer |
| Maryam Kavyani | Actress |
| Hossein Karimi Babadi | Athlete |
| Mehrangiz Kar | Lawyer, journalist, writer |
| Pejman Montazeri | Footballer |
| Ahmad Mahmoud | Writer |
| Patrick Monahan | Comedian |
| Ali Meamar | Abstract painter |
| Ezzatollah Negahban | Archaeologist |
| Amir Taheri | Journalist and political analyst |
| Siavash Ghomayshi | Singer and musician |
| Reza Fayazi | Actor |
| Ali Shamkhani | Military officer and politician |
| Siavash Shams | Singer and musician |
| Ali Sajadi Hoseini | Filmmaker |
| Sina Ataiyan Dena | Filmmaker |
| Kianoush Ayari | Filmmaker |
| Mohammad-Hossein Adeli | Politician |
| Mehdi Daghagheleh | Footballer |
| Mohammad Amin Hazbavi | Footballer |
| Mehdi Rabbi | Writer |
| Mehdi Yarrahi | Singer and musician |
See also
edit- Ahvaz Field
- Choqa Zanbil
- Elam
- Gundeshapur
- History of Iran
- Khūzestān Province
- Mandaeism, Mandaic language
- Politics of Khūzestān
- Susa
- Takhti Stadium (Ahvaz)
- Rahian-e Noor
Ahvaz travel guide from Wikivoyage
Media related to Ahvaz at Wikimedia Commons
Notes
editReferences
edit- ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (14 December 2024). "Ahvaz, Ahvaz County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 14 December 2024.
- ^ "Ahvaz, Iran Metro Area Population 1950-2025". Retrieved 11 February 2025.
- ^ Habibi, Hassan (26 July 2014) [Approved 21 June 1369]. Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Khuzestan province, centered in the city of Ahvaz. rc.majlis.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Political and Defense Commission of the Government Board. Proposal 3233.1.5.53; Letter 907-93808; Notification 82830/T126K. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2024 – via Islamic Parliament Research Center.
- ^ https://jcpa.org/the-forgotten-arabs-of-al-ahwaz/
- ^ "Ahvaz, Iran Metro Area Population 1950-2025". www.macrotrends.net. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
- ^ "Kurdish Tribes". Encyclopaedia Iranica. 20 July 2004.
- ^ مجتهدپور, یاسمین (1393). "کردهای خوزستان به مثابه پل ارتباطی ایران و جنوب عراق" [The Kurds of Khuzestan as a bridge between Iran and southern Iraq]. همایش بین المللی میراث مشترک ایران و عراق (in Persian). 7 (1).
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External links
edit- Foolad Ahvaz Football Club (in Persian)