Wikipedia

Umgede weSibhudu

Idwala lokukhosela eliKwaZulu-Natali, eNingizimu Afrika

Umgede weSibhudu uyidwala lokukhosela letshesihlabathi enyakatho yeKwaZulu-Natali, eNingizimu Afrika. [1] Yisiza esibalulekile seNkathi Yetshe Ephakathi esasiyindawo yokuhlala, okunezikhala ezithile zomlando wayo, kusukela eminyakeni eyizi- 77,000 eyedlule kuya eminyakeni eyizi 38,000 eyedlule.

uMgede weSibhudu
Indawo Tongaat, KwaZulu-Natal
Inkombandawo 29°31′21.5″S 31°05′09.2″E / 29.522639°S 31.085889°E / -29.522639; 31.085889Coordinates: 29°31′21.5″S 31°05′09.2″E / 29.522639°S 31.085889°E / -29.522639; 31.085889
Template:Infobox World Heritage Site

Ubufakazi bezinye zezibonelo zokuqala zobuchwepheshe banamuhla babantu butholakale endaweni yokukhosela (yize imikhonto yokuqala eyaziwayo isukela eminyakeni yizi- 400,000 edlule). Ubufakazi obusemgedeni wokukhosela buhlanganisa umcibisholo wethambo wokuqala (oneminyaka eyizi- 61,000 ubudala), [2] [3] kanye nemicibisholo yamatshe yokuqala (eneminyaka eyizi-64,000 ubudala), [4] [5] inaliti yokuqala (eneminyaka engu- 61,000 ubudala), [2] ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwesinamathelisi esiwuMxube esihlanganiswe ngokhoza (eminyakeni engu- 61,000 edlule), [2] kanye nesibonelo sokusetshenziswa kwezingubo zokulala (eminyakeni engu- 77,000 edlule) okwakuyisibonelo esidala kunazo zonke esaziwayo (isibonelo esidala kusukela eminyakeni eyizi- 200,000 edlule satholakala muva nje eMgedeni Womngcele, eNingizimu Afrika). [6]

Ukusetshenziswa kwesinamathelisi kanye nezinto zokulala kuyathakazelisa kakhulu, ngoba ubunkiya bokwenziwa kwazo kanye nokudludlungwa kwazo buvezwe njengobufakazi benqubeko phakathi kokuqonda kwabantu bokuqala kanye nokwabantu banamuhla. [6] [7] [8]

Ngowezi-2024, uMgedee iSibudu waba yingxenye yeSiza Sefagugu Lomhlaba leziza Zokuhlala Abantu Ezindaweni Ezinezikhukhula eNingizimu Afrika. [9]

Ingcaziso

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Umgede iSibhudu uyidwala lyokukhosela, elitholakala cishe amakhilomith angama-40 enyakatho yesidlavela saseThekwini futhi cishe ingamakhilomitha ayli-15 ngaphakathi kwezwe, eduze kwesidlidli sasoThongathi . Usegqumeni eliyindilinga, elinamahlathi elibheke e-WSW elibheke uMfula iTongati endaweni manje eseyipulazi likamoba . Indawo yokukhosela yakhiwa ukuguguleka koMfula iTongati, manje oqhele ngamamitha ali-10 ngaphansi kwendawo yokukhosela. Umgandayo wawo ungamamitha angama-55 ubude, futhi cishe amamitha ali-18 ububanzi. [1] Unengqoqelelo enkulu yezinsalela zeNkathi Yetshe Ephakathi agcinwe kahle ngokwendalo nangokunembile kusetshenziswa ukungwangwa okushukunyiswa ukukhanya . [1]

Ukumba kokuqala okwalandle ukuvubukulwa kwawo ngowe-1983 kwenziwa ngu-Aron Mazel weSigcinamagugu saseNatali (umsebenzi ongakashicilelwa). ULyn Wadley weNyuvesi yaseWitwatersrand waqala ukumba kabusha ngoSepthemba we-1998.

Umbono wendawo yokumba ngaphakathi kwedwala lokukhosela.

Ukuhlala

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Ukuhlala eMgedeni weSibudu kuhlulaniswe kanje: ngaphambi kweStill Bay, esikhathi sesiStill Bay (72,000–71,000 iminyaka edlule), nenkathi yeHowiesons Poort (phambi 61,000 iminyaka edlule), ngemva kweHowiesons Poort (58,500 iminyaka edlule), ekugcineni (47,700 iminyaka edlule), nasekuphetheni kwezigaba zeNkathi Yetshe Ephakathi (38,600 iminyaka edlule). Kwakunezikhala zokuhlalwa kwemigede ezingamacishelo ayizi-10,000 zeminyaka phakathi kwangemva kweHowiesons Poort nasekugcineni kwesigaba seNkathi Yetshe Ephakathi, nasekuphetheni kwezinkathi Zetshe eziphakathi. Kwakungahlalwa eNkathini Yetshe Yakamuva , nakuba kwakuhlalwa ngeNkathi Yemsimbi cishe ngowe-1000 B.C.

Ubufakazi busikisela ukuthi lezi zinkathi zazomile futhi ukukhosela kwakwenziw kuphela ezimeni ezimanzi zodwa.[10]

Umbono wedwala lokukhosela esiweni setshsesihlabathi.

Ubuchwepheshe

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Ukuhlala kwangaphambi kwamathuluzi eStillbay kwakunemboni esekelwe kumakhekhebu ekhiqiza amathuluzi amaningi. Ukuhlala kwaseStill Bay, ngaphezu kwalamakhekhebu, kwakha amathuluzi nezinhlayiya ezimbili . [11] Ukuhlaziywa kokusetshenziswa kwe-trace eziqongweni zamaphuzu kuthola ubufakazi bezinamathelisi ezihlanganisiwe ezisekelweni zazo lapho zaziyobe ziboshwe khona emigodleni. [12]

Amathuluzi wamakhekhebu avela emhumeni.

Kuye kwatholakala izibonelo ezihlukahlukene zezobuchwepheshe bomuntu zokuqala:

  • Isidli sethambo, okungebzeka kwakuyisidli somcibisholo esibeka imvelaphi yobuchwepheshe yomnsalo nomcibisholo wethambo eminyakeni eyizi-61,000 edlule;[2]
  • Inaliti yokuthunga yethambo ezaziwayo nayo yavela eminyakeni eyizi-61,000 edlule, akhona namanye amathambo afanayo ezinaliti zethambo ezazisetsyenziselwa ukuqhumbiza isikhumba sesilwane;[2]
  • Isinamathelisi esiwuMxube ewushungamu, nesibhudu esiwubomvu, okwakusetshenziselwa ukubamba izidli ezibgamatshe zemikhonto ezindulwini zazo — cishe eminyakeni eyizi-71,000 edlule;[2] kanye
  • Nobuhlalu bamantombazane, nakuba buneminyaka eseduze kunalobo obitholakele eMgedeni iBlombosi, buneminyaka eyizi-71000 lobo obuseSibhudu, bese buba ngeminyaka eyizi-75,000 lobo obuseBlombosi;[13]/>[14]
  • Isibonelo sokusetshenziswa kwezingubo zokulala, cishe eminyakeni eyizi-77,000 edlule, kwakusetshenziswa nona kwembatywa igwagwa lomuthi cryotocarya woodii, ngenxa yokukuba isijuqazilokazane;[6]
  • Ukusetshenziswa komxube wobisi icasein lapho kubhecwa eminyakeni eyizi-49,000 edlule.[15]
  • Amabhungcana, nembewu ecalahlisiwe nengacalahliswanga, namankinati okwatholakala eMgedeni weSibhudu eNkathini Yetshe Ephakathi.[16]

Isiphakamiso Sefagugu Lomhlaba

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Ngowezi-2015, uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika wafaka isicelo esiyisiphakamiso sokujobelela umgede ohlwini lweZiza Zefagugu Lomhlaba futhi umgede wafakwa ohlwini lweZiza ezisalindele okuqokwa esikhathini esizayo oluhlanganisa noMgede iBlombosi, iPinnacle Point, iMigede Yomfula iKlasies, uMgede Womngcele, noMgede Wokukhosela waseDiepkloof.[17] IZiza ezintathu zagxina zifakiwe ohlwini lweZiza Zefagugu Lomhlaba ngowezi-2024.[9]

Amaphatho

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  1. 1 2 3 Wadley, L; Jacobs, Z (2004). "Sibudu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal: Background to the excavations of middle stone age and iron age occupations". South African Journal of Science. 100: 145–151. hdl:10204/527.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Backwell, L; d'Errico, F; Wadley, L (2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa". Journal of Archaeological Science. 35 (6): 1566–1580. Bibcode:2008JArSc..35.1566B. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006.
  3. ↑ Backwell, L; Bradfield, J; Carlson, KJ; Jashashvili, T; Wadley, L; d'Errico, F (2018). "The antiquity of bow-and-arrow technology: evidence from Middle Stone Age layers at Sibudu Cave". Journal of Archaeological Science. 92 (362): 289–303. doi:10.15184/aqy.2018.11. hdl:11336/81248.
  4. ↑ Lombard M, Phillips L (2010). "Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64,000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa". Antiquity. 84 (325): 635–648. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00100134. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Lombard M (2011). "Quartz-tipped arrows older than 60 ka: further use-trace evidence from Sibudu, Kwa-Zulu-Natal, South Africa". Journal of Archaeological Science. 38 (8): 1918–1930. Bibcode:2011JArSc..38.1918L. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.04.001.
  6. 1 2 3 Wadley L, Sievers C, Bamford M, Goldberg P, Berna F, Miller C. (2011). Middle Stone Age Bedding Construction and Settlement Patterns at Sibudu, South Africa. Science 9 December 2011: Vol. 334 no. 6061 pp. 1388–1391. An older example is now known: Lyn Wadley; et al. (14 August 2020). "Fire and grass-bedding construction 200 thousand years ago at Border Cave, South Africa". Science. 369 (6505): 863–866. Bibcode:2020Sci...369..863W. doi:10.1126/science.abc7239. hdl:11336/142827. PMID 32792402 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Wadley, L; Hodgskiss, T; Grant, M (2009). "Implications for complex cognition from the hafting of tools with compound adhesives in the Middle Stone Age, South Africa". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106 (24): 9590–9594. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.9590W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900957106. PMC 2700998. PMID 19433786.
  8. ↑ Wynn, T (2009). "Hafted spears and the archaeology of mind". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106 (24): 9544–9545. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.9544W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904369106. PMC 2701010. PMID 19506246.
  9. 1 2 "The Emergence of Modern Human Behaviour: The Pleistocene Occupation Sites of South Africa". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 1 August 2024.
  10. ↑ Jacobs, Z; Wintle, AG; Duller, GAT; Roberts, RG; Wadley, L (2008). "New ages for the post-Howiesons Poort, late and final Middle Stone Age at Sibudu, South Africa". Journal of Archaeological Science. 35: 1790–1807. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.04.017.
  11. ↑ Wadley, L (June 2007). "Announcing a Still Bay industry at Sibudu Cave, South Africa". J. Hum. Evol. 52 (6): 681–9. Bibcode:2007JHumE..52..681W. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.01.002. PMID 17337038.
  12. ↑ Lombard, M (2006). "First impressions on the functions and hafting technology of Still Bay pointed artefacts from Sibudu Cave". S Afr Hum. 18: 27–41.
  13. ↑ d'Errico, F; Henshilwood, C; Vanhaeren, M; van Niekerk, K (2005). "Nassarius kraussianus shell beads from Blombos Cave: evidence for symbolic behaviour in the Middle Stone Age". Journal of Human Evolution. 48 (1): 3–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.09.002.
  14. ↑ d'Errico, F; Henshilwood, C; Vanhaeren, M; van Niekerk, K (January 2005). "Nassarius kraussianus shell beads from Blombos Cave: evidence for symbolic behaviour in the Middle Stone Age". J. Hum. Evol. 48 (1): 3–24. Bibcode:2005JHumE..48....3D. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.09.002. PMID 15656934.
  15. ↑ Villa, Paola; et al. (30 June 2015). "A Milk and Ochre Paint Mixture Used 49,000 Years Ago at Sibudu, South Africa". PLOS One. 10 (6). Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1031273V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131273. PMC 4488428. PMID 26125562. Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Sievers, Christine (2006). "Seeds from the Middle Stone Age layers at Sibudu Cave". Southern African Humanities. 18 (1): 203–222. hdl:10520/EJC84764. ISSN 1681-5564.
  17. ↑ "The Emergence of Modern Humans: The Pleistocene occupation sites of South Africa". UNESCO. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 3 April 2015.
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