Ruminants obtain energy and essential nutrients through a complicated symbiotic relationship with the rumen microbiome.
Numerous studies have reported that the rumen bacterial community is affected by various factors such as species, diet, age, health condition, feed additives, season, and geographical location [2,6].
In general, the phylogenetic structure of our sample rumen appeared to be similar to the structures described in already published studies of animal rumens.
While, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes are the two most abundant groups, Proteobacteria and Synergistetes were ranked third and fourth in abundance in our goat rumen. Synergistetes was observed to be abundant in goat rumen in a previous study but not abundant in other rumens [15].
For other ruminant animals, Toyoda and coworkers analyzed the cellulose-binding proteins from sheep rumens, which consisted of endo-glucanases, proteins from fiber degrading bacterium and exo-glucanases, respectively (Toyoda et al., 2009).
Symbiont microbes in the rumen of these herbivores play key roles in providing the hosts with various nutrients.
Improvements in feed utilization, animal production and health, and animal food safety are the goals of
rumen microbial studies.
It is commonly accepted that microbial protein synthesis (MPS) in the
rumen is the most important process in maximizing the amino acid supply to a ruminant.
The
rumen of kids from CFR group had higher sub-mucosa layer thickness (619.8um), muscle layer thickness (1155.7um) and
rumen wall thickness (1775.4um) than the
rumen of kid in CFR and DM groups (P0.05), while total surface area of
rumen of both creep fed groups was significantly greater than DM group.
On radiographic examination, an extensive dense are noticed in
rumen. Ultrasound examination revealed hyperechoic mass suggestive of ruminal impaction.
"The difference in improvement between feedlot and grazing cattle is probably related to protein utilization in the
rumen," he says.
To quantitatively predict nutrient supply, both in the
rumen and intestines, several sophisticated models exist.
Rumen microbial fermentation supplies host animals (ruminants) with volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and microbial proteins as fermentation products.
