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Title
Abstract
Key Takeaways
Figures
Material Culture: Be Beaker Agment and Its Pottery
Material and Method
Results
Results of the Analysis
Study Cases
Discussion and Conclusions
Historical Review
Results of the Petrographic Study
Methods and Problems
Metallographic Analysis
Results of the Macroscopic Analysis
Method
Conclusion
Introduction
Archaeometric Analysis
Discussion and Interpretation
Working Proposals and Hypotheses
Discussion
References
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Anthropology
Archaeology

Current researches on Bell Beakers

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Abstract
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The paper discusses recent research findings presented at the 15th International Bell Beaker Conference, focusing on the Bell Beaker phenomenon in Europe and North Africa during the transition from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. It highlights the archaeological evidence related to burial practices and domestic sites, addressing challenges in establishing clear occupation links between late Neolithic communities and Bell Beaker societies. The paper also emphasizes the significance of stylistic tendencies in pottery across different sites in Galicia.

Key takeaways
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  1. The 15th International Bell Beaker Conference showcased 35 projects from 100 researchers across 17 countries.
  2. Recent excavations reveal sophisticated burial practices and diversity in Bell Beaker funerary architecture, challenging traditional views.
  3. Bell Beaker pottery in Galicia exhibits significant regional styles, with strong temporal and spatial correlations identified.
  4. New data highlights the role of metallurgy, indicating complex interactions between Bell Beaker communities and local cultures.
  5. The analysis of burial contexts suggests a social hierarchy contrasting with the perceived homogeneity of Bell Beaker societies.
Figures (171)
organising the conference: the District Council of Pontedvedra, Bodegas Martin Codax, the Regional
organising the conference: the District Council of Pontedvedra, Bodegas Martin Codax, the Regional
Group photo with the majority of the participants in the congress (photo by Erik Carlsson)
Group photo with the majority of the participants in the congress (photo by Erik Carlsson)
Figure 2. Some excavated structures in the enclosure of Forca. 2.1 and 2.2: Ditches; 2.3 Fireplace inside a ditch; 2.4. Pit structure (by Arqueologia & Patriménio and City Hall of Maia) Figure 1. Location of Forca in North-west of Iberian Peninsula
Figure 2. Some excavated structures in the enclosure of Forca. 2.1 and 2.2: Ditches; 2.3 Fireplace inside a ditch; 2.4. Pit structure (by Arqueologia & Patriménio and City Hall of Maia) Figure 1. Location of Forca in North-west of Iberian Peninsula
times, as attested by some megalithic tombs.
times, as attested by some megalithic tombs.
carried through the corded decoration, defining bands The sherd is decorated with several horizontal lines carried through the corded decoration, defining band:
carried through the corded decoration, defining bands The sherd is decorated with several horizontal lines carried through the corded decoration, defining band:
Figure 4. The bell beaker sherd of Forca (by Manuel Santos/D. Diogo de Sousa Museum, Braga)
Figure 4. The bell beaker sherd of Forca (by Manuel Santos/D. Diogo de Sousa Museum, Braga)
millennium BC, and has been used sporadically until
millennium BC, and has been used sporadically until
Figure 2. Distribution of the excavated surface on the land where the Dolmen of Dombate is located, including a schematic map of the dolmen and two photos (top: the dolmen, bottom: the area of bell beaker activity, both viewed from the south) nine orthostats, open to the east, and ‘late’ Dombate,
Figure 2. Distribution of the excavated surface on the land where the Dolmen of Dombate is located, including a schematic map of the dolmen and two photos (top: the dolmen, bottom: the area of bell beaker activity, both viewed from the south) nine orthostats, open to the east, and ‘late’ Dombate,
Table 1. The Dolmen of Dombate: datings from the bell beaker phase (Alonso and Bello 1995, 1997)
Table 1. The Dolmen of Dombate: datings from the bell beaker phase (Alonso and Bello 1995, 1997)
Figure 3. Pottery designs documented in the area of Dombate, organised according to a basic classification of categories (decorated bell beaker pottery, undecorated and decorated non-bell beaker pottery) and their variations
Figure 3. Pottery designs documented in the area of Dombate, organised according to a basic classification of categories (decorated bell beaker pottery, undecorated and decorated non-bell beaker pottery) and their variations
Figure 4. Distribution of the vessels documented in the Dolmen of Dombate. Each number corresponds to a different vessel. Top rigt photo of the only fragment of gold documented in the dolmen reminiscent of the style used for vessels with ungulate
Figure 4. Distribution of the vessels documented in the Dolmen of Dombate. Each number corresponds to a different vessel. Top rigt photo of the only fragment of gold documented in the dolmen reminiscent of the style used for vessels with ungulate
Figure 5. Distribution of the vessels documented in the area of activity excavated to the east of the Dolmen of Dombate. Each numbe corresponds to a vessel
Figure 5. Distribution of the vessels documented in the area of activity excavated to the east of the Dolmen of Dombate. Each numbe corresponds to a vessel
dated to the Bronze Age (2500-800 BC) (Pefia and
dated to the Bronze Age (2500-800 BC) (Pefia and
Vigo pipeline building works. excavations. These data will be further discussed, and
Vigo pipeline building works. excavations. These data will be further discussed, and
complex representations can be observed on the Ferradura” as a long term site, where a similar action of
complex representations can be observed on the Ferradura” as a long term site, where a similar action of
Figure 4. Map of “A Ferradura complex” showing the location of main engravings Both trenches were poor in depth and in proper anthropic levels. A layer rich in organic matter was
Figure 4. Map of “A Ferradura complex” showing the location of main engravings Both trenches were poor in depth and in proper anthropic levels. A layer rich in organic matter was
found. Under this layer, other two levels of before, two stratigraphical units were documented.
found. Under this layer, other two levels of before, two stratigraphical units were documented.
Figure 6. Distribution of the trench related to “A Ferradura 7-Rock 2” and general and detailed view of A Ferradura 7 (Rock number 2). Cup marks have been highlighted using digital methods
Figure 6. Distribution of the trench related to “A Ferradura 7-Rock 2” and general and detailed view of A Ferradura 7 (Rock number 2). Cup marks have been highlighted using digital methods
Figure 8. Pottery found during the drilling in “A Ferradura 7-Rock 2”. The picture on the right shows the bell beaker potsherd
Figure 8. Pottery found during the drilling in “A Ferradura 7-Rock 2”. The picture on the right shows the bell beaker potsherd
Figure 7. General view of the drilling carried out in “A Ferradura 7-Rock 2” during and after the excavation In fact, the bell beaker sherd attested an activity at “A
Figure 7. General view of the drilling carried out in “A Ferradura 7-Rock 2” during and after the excavation In fact, the bell beaker sherd attested an activity at “A
Figure 1: Situation and location of the four chalcolithic sites with Bell Beakers under study
Figure 1: Situation and location of the four chalcolithic sites with Bell Beakers under study
almost 100 individuals, although in many cases the
almost 100 individuals, although in many cases the
fauna. The studies comprise mammals birds, turtles
fauna. The studies comprise mammals birds, turtles
resources from stagnant water environments and slow bird remains, along with an interesting assemblage of funerary contexts (Figure 3C). The presence of certain
resources from stagnant water environments and slow bird remains, along with an interesting assemblage of funerary contexts (Figure 3C). The presence of certain
Studies focusing on characterising pottery have been based on a combined analysis using X-ray diffraction,
Studies focusing on characterising pottery have been based on a combined analysis using X-ray diffraction,
functional pieces, mainly awls and spatulas, while other categories such as antler projectile points are scarce. lowever, in the funerary context we highlight decorative elements such as V-shaped buttons and ivory beads. One of the main aims in studying these
functional pieces, mainly awls and spatulas, while other categories such as antler projectile points are scarce. lowever, in the funerary context we highlight decorative elements such as V-shaped buttons and ivory beads. One of the main aims in studying these
- Grave 137 (Fig. 2): an oval-shaped pit, with an irregular flat bottom. It was discovered during the diagnostic operation. It contained the skeleton of an adult who laid in the centre of the pit, in flexed position on the right-side, head to the South-East.
- Grave 137 (Fig. 2): an oval-shaped pit, with an irregular flat bottom. It was discovered during the diagnostic operation. It contained the skeleton of an adult who laid in the centre of the pit, in flexed position on the right-side, head to the South-East.
His equipment (Fig. 4) is composed of 2 decorated bell beakers (n°4 and 5), 3 flint arrowheads (n°s to 3), 1 schist wristguard (n°6) - Grave 68 (Fig. 3 and 4): a quadrangular pit with rounded corners. The body of a man, aged between 30 and 59 years, was put in the North-West quarter of the structure, on the left side in a flexed position, his head to the North-West.
His equipment (Fig. 4) is composed of 2 decorated bell beakers (n°4 and 5), 3 flint arrowheads (n°s to 3), 1 schist wristguard (n°6) - Grave 68 (Fig. 3 and 4): a quadrangular pit with rounded corners. The body of a man, aged between 30 and 59 years, was put in the North-West quarter of the structure, on the left side in a flexed position, his head to the North-West.
Figure 4. Grave 68: Plan and grave goods The existence of a wooden burial chamber is attested by several factors: traces of wooden floor on the bottom of the pit and under the skeleton, the discovery of 4 fragments of calcified posts with beveled ends (which appeared only on the bottom of the pit) (Fig. 5), and finally the observations made on the filling of the pit. In practical terms, the use of post to support the chamber does not seem necessary in a compact sediment such
Figure 4. Grave 68: Plan and grave goods The existence of a wooden burial chamber is attested by several factors: traces of wooden floor on the bottom of the pit and under the skeleton, the discovery of 4 fragments of calcified posts with beveled ends (which appeared only on the bottom of the pit) (Fig. 5), and finally the observations made on the filling of the pit. In practical terms, the use of post to support the chamber does not seem necessary in a compact sediment such
Figure 5. Detail view of a calcified post from grave 68. (Photography: L. Verganud, Antea Archéologie) A wooden architecture is quite conceivable, even if it is less obvious than in grave 68. The deceased’s belongings were indeed found in a small hollow at the bottom of the pit, in which some traces of wooden floor were also observed. The limits of this hollow correspond to the different layers observed in the filling of the pit. We can therefore imagine a container similar to the one of burial 68, although without a superstructure (Fig. 8). a container similar to the one of burial 68, although without
Figure 5. Detail view of a calcified post from grave 68. (Photography: L. Verganud, Antea Archéologie) A wooden architecture is quite conceivable, even if it is less obvious than in grave 68. The deceased’s belongings were indeed found in a small hollow at the bottom of the pit, in which some traces of wooden floor were also observed. The limits of this hollow correspond to the different layers observed in the filling of the pit. We can therefore imagine a container similar to the one of burial 68, although without a superstructure (Fig. 8). a container similar to the one of burial 68, although without
- Grave 10 (Fig. 9): a quadrangular pit with rounded corner, very eroded. Because of the very poor state preservation, the initial position of the body is not known. Only some fragments of skull and unspecified long-bones, belonging to a 5 year-old child, were found in the North-East quarter of the pit. Two decorated bell beakers were placed next to him, of which only their bottom remains. The funeral group within Bell Beaker funerary practices - Grave 10 (Fig. 9): a quadrangular pit with rounded corner, very
- Grave 10 (Fig. 9): a quadrangular pit with rounded corner, very eroded. Because of the very poor state preservation, the initial position of the body is not known. Only some fragments of skull and unspecified long-bones, belonging to a 5 year-old child, were found in the North-East quarter of the pit. Two decorated bell beakers were placed next to him, of which only their bottom remains. The funeral group within Bell Beaker funerary practices - Grave 10 (Fig. 9): a quadrangular pit with rounded corner, very
region also have this type of organization. However, the most numerous comparisons are located in the Bavarian region: Augsburg-Haustetten (Stadt Augsburg) (Bosch 2008), Germering “Obere Bahnhofstr” (Ldkr. Fiirstenfeldbruck) (Guckenbielh, Piller 2006), Kiinzing-Bruck (Ldkr. Deggendorf) (Schmotz 1992) or Landau-Siidost (Ldkr. Dingolfing-Landau) (Husty 1999), for example. The main axis is North/South, but there can be some variation of 45°. region also have this type of organization. However, the most Architecture Remains of burial architectures are not uncommon in the eastern Bell Beake area r. Burials that yield these traces are often (but not always) associated with a ditch and some may have been
region also have this type of organization. However, the most numerous comparisons are located in the Bavarian region: Augsburg-Haustetten (Stadt Augsburg) (Bosch 2008), Germering “Obere Bahnhofstr” (Ldkr. Fiirstenfeldbruck) (Guckenbielh, Piller 2006), Kiinzing-Bruck (Ldkr. Deggendorf) (Schmotz 1992) or Landau-Siidost (Ldkr. Dingolfing-Landau) (Husty 1999), for example. The main axis is North/South, but there can be some variation of 45°. region also have this type of organization. However, the most Architecture Remains of burial architectures are not uncommon in the eastern Bell Beake area r. Burials that yield these traces are often (but not always) associated with a ditch and some may have been
The four complete beakers from tombs 68 and 69 are S-shaped, with a concave bottom, as are the four bottoms from graves 10 and 137. We can assume that these bottoms may belong to an S- shaped beaker. The way the ornamentation is covering the entire vase, leaving very little empty area, is reminiscent of the eastern fashion. Some of the burials from Czech Republic yielded beakers with very similary ornamentation to the ones from Sierentz (graves 569/84 de Pavlov I (Bieclav); 44,45/76, 72,73/76, 350/77 from Dolni Véstonice III (Bieclav); 47/89 from Zahlinice (Kroméfiz) (Dvorak et al. 1996).
The four complete beakers from tombs 68 and 69 are S-shaped, with a concave bottom, as are the four bottoms from graves 10 and 137. We can assume that these bottoms may belong to an S- shaped beaker. The way the ornamentation is covering the entire vase, leaving very little empty area, is reminiscent of the eastern fashion. Some of the burials from Czech Republic yielded beakers with very similary ornamentation to the ones from Sierentz (graves 569/84 de Pavlov I (Bieclav); 44,45/76, 72,73/76, 350/77 from Dolni Véstonice III (Bieclav); 47/89 from Zahlinice (Kroméfiz) (Dvorak et al. 1996).
Figure 1. A map of the sites in scale of 1: 10 000 with marked location of Bell Beaker burial sites. Map by M. Bém
Figure 1. A map of the sites in scale of 1: 10 000 with marked location of Bell Beaker burial sites. Map by M. Bém
The southern subgroup was dominated by a large male various colours and type — hematite, limestone, sandstone and marlstone of mostly local origin), a bowl including decorated beakers (entire site) as well as all the buried male was underlined by the grave’s position bowls, cups).
The southern subgroup was dominated by a large male various colours and type — hematite, limestone, sandstone and marlstone of mostly local origin), a bowl including decorated beakers (entire site) as well as all the buried male was underlined by the grave’s position bowls, cups).
Figure. 3. Compared orientations of graves of selected Bell Beaker burial sites in Moravia. Chart by P. Dvorak
Figure. 3. Compared orientations of graves of selected Bell Beaker burial sites in Moravia. Chart by P. Dvorak
Figure 4. Hulin 1, U Isidorka 2004-2005. Equipment of grave H 95 with an inner structure. 1-6 - bow pendants; 7 — decorated bone plate; 8,9 - wristguards; 10 — bone solar disc; 11 — copper dagger; 12-14 — fragments of pottery; 15 - arrowheads; 16-18 - flakes. Drawings by A. Peskova Figure 5. Hulin 1, U Isidorka 2004-2005. A plan of grave H73, a man — smith with distribution of gifts
Figure 4. Hulin 1, U Isidorka 2004-2005. Equipment of grave H 95 with an inner structure. 1-6 - bow pendants; 7 — decorated bone plate; 8,9 - wristguards; 10 — bone solar disc; 11 — copper dagger; 12-14 — fragments of pottery; 15 - arrowheads; 16-18 - flakes. Drawings by A. Peskova Figure 5. Hulin 1, U Isidorka 2004-2005. A plan of grave H73, a man — smith with distribution of gifts
Hulin-Pravéice 2, Visnovce 2007-2009 The necropolis uncovered during rescue archaeological research of the well-known multicultural site at its 23 confirmed (37 presumably) inhumation burials (grave H80 could not be defined). The proportion of the with 45 examined inhumation and cremation burials. environment; its intensity decreased towards the area Approximately 61 m northwest, the youngest group of
Hulin-Pravéice 2, Visnovce 2007-2009 The necropolis uncovered during rescue archaeological research of the well-known multicultural site at its 23 confirmed (37 presumably) inhumation burials (grave H80 could not be defined). The proportion of the with 45 examined inhumation and cremation burials. environment; its intensity decreased towards the area Approximately 61 m northwest, the youngest group of
Figure 7. Hulin 1, U Isidorka 2004-2005. Radiocarbon dating of Bell Beaker graves.
Figure 7. Hulin 1, U Isidorka 2004-2005. Radiocarbon dating of Bell Beaker graves.
Figure 8. Hulin-Pravéice 2, ViShovce 2008. An overall plan of Bell Beaker burial site (without graves H83 and 84) with marked distinct grave equipment and positions of cremation burials. Plan by M. Kalabek and P. Grenar structure was recorded actually in the rich graves, most
Figure 8. Hulin-Pravéice 2, ViShovce 2008. An overall plan of Bell Beaker burial site (without graves H83 and 84) with marked distinct grave equipment and positions of cremation burials. Plan by M. Kalabek and P. Grenar structure was recorded actually in the rich graves, most
Figure 11. Hulin-Pravéice 2, Vishovce 2008. Equipment of rich grave H63 1, 2— golden metal lamellas; 3, 4 — golden hair decorations (spirals) made from single wire; 5,7 — flake tool; 6 — wristguard; 8 — imprint of a copper dagger; 9, 10 — decorated beaker, 11, 12 — cylindrical vessel
Figure 11. Hulin-Pravéice 2, Vishovce 2008. Equipment of rich grave H63 1, 2— golden metal lamellas; 3, 4 — golden hair decorations (spirals) made from single wire; 5,7 — flake tool; 6 — wristguard; 8 — imprint of a copper dagger; 9, 10 — decorated beaker, 11, 12 — cylindrical vessel
frequently in a form of stairs along the grave side or a more complex inner structure (sunken posts/stakes at shorter sides: grave H77). Residues of woodwork were repeatedly found, such as timbering or casing or, in some cases, a possible cover of the burial space. It was recorded in three graves in the central part of both main groups (Group I: graves H 54, 60, and 73; Group II: graves H61, 77, and 79). In this context, it is not surprising that the majority of the equipment, frequently in a form of stairs along the grave side or a shorter sides: grave H77). Residues of woodwork were
frequently in a form of stairs along the grave side or a more complex inner structure (sunken posts/stakes at shorter sides: grave H77). Residues of woodwork were repeatedly found, such as timbering or casing or, in some cases, a possible cover of the burial space. It was recorded in three graves in the central part of both main groups (Group I: graves H 54, 60, and 73; Group II: graves H61, 77, and 79). In this context, it is not surprising that the majority of the equipment, frequently in a form of stairs along the grave side or a shorter sides: grave H77). Residues of woodwork were
Figure 13. Hulin-Pravéice 2, Vishovce 2008. Other equipment of rich grave H74. 1-4 — wristguards; 12 — a stone with a hole; 16, 17, 33 — flake tool; 18-32 — arrowhead Figure 12. Hulin-Pravcice 2, Vishovce 2008. Equipment of rich grave H7- 10, 14, I5 — decorated beaker; 5-9,13 — stone — parts of smith tools; 11 — pottery fragments
Figure 13. Hulin-Pravéice 2, Vishovce 2008. Other equipment of rich grave H74. 1-4 — wristguards; 12 — a stone with a hole; 16, 17, 33 — flake tool; 18-32 — arrowhead Figure 12. Hulin-Pravcice 2, Vishovce 2008. Equipment of rich grave H7- 10, 14, I5 — decorated beaker; 5-9,13 — stone — parts of smith tools; 11 — pottery fragments
conclusions should not be drawn, nevertheless, their
conclusions should not be drawn, nevertheless, their
The finds in the region of the capital represent the
The finds in the region of the capital represent the
burials of an undetermined rite among the 154 graves
burials of an undetermined rite among the 154 graves
burials was the same, 60-74% of the total number of Such are, among others, the ovoid, two-handled
burials was the same, 60-74% of the total number of Such are, among others, the ovoid, two-handled
Figure 4. Inhumation graves from Békasmegyer , 1: Grave No 193, 2:Grave No.432. (after Kalicz-Schreiber Kalicz 1998/2000) Figure 5. 1-2: Grave (No 1273) with scattered ashes from Szigetszentmiklés- Udiildsor (Csepel-Island 2010)
Figure 4. Inhumation graves from Békasmegyer , 1: Grave No 193, 2:Grave No.432. (after Kalicz-Schreiber Kalicz 1998/2000) Figure 5. 1-2: Grave (No 1273) with scattered ashes from Szigetszentmiklés- Udiildsor (Csepel-Island 2010)
orientation. The ashes were thrown in the centre, Figure 7. Distribution of Burial Rite of Bell Beaker Csepel Group within graves wit! circular diches on North part of Budapest, 1: Budakalasz, and on Csepel Island 2: Szigetrszentmikl6s-Udiilésor. 3: Plan of an excavations in 2008-2010 in Szigetszentmiklés-Udiildsor, 4: Arial photo
orientation. The ashes were thrown in the centre, Figure 7. Distribution of Burial Rite of Bell Beaker Csepel Group within graves wit! circular diches on North part of Budapest, 1: Budakalasz, and on Csepel Island 2: Szigetrszentmikl6s-Udiilésor. 3: Plan of an excavations in 2008-2010 in Szigetszentmiklés-Udiildsor, 4: Arial photo
Figure 6. Graves with scattered ashes from Csepel Island (1999), 1: Szigetszentmiklés Water Works, 2: Csepel-Water Works
Figure 6. Graves with scattered ashes from Csepel Island (1999), 1: Szigetszentmiklés Water Works, 2: Csepel-Water Works
were placed in the grave after the cremation.
were placed in the grave after the cremation.
of ten post-structure houses of arched sides of west- the Budakalasz—Csajerszke cemetery had an interior were uncovered (Endrédi 1992, Endrédi et al. 2010, print), while the circular ditches around the graves of fragment of both the settlement and the cemetery Szigetszentmiklés—Fels6—Urgehegyi déilé was 4-5 m,
of ten post-structure houses of arched sides of west- the Budakalasz—Csajerszke cemetery had an interior were uncovered (Endrédi 1992, Endrédi et al. 2010, print), while the circular ditches around the graves of fragment of both the settlement and the cemetery Szigetszentmiklés—Fels6—Urgehegyi déilé was 4-5 m,
Figure. 10. Typo-chronological relations of Beakers (Csepel-Group) SA1: Hollandi it, SA2:T6k6l, SA3: Szigetszentmiklés-Vizmii, SBr-2:Csepel-Hollandi ut, SB3 Szietszentmiklés-Vizma, SCr :Hollandi ut, SC2-3: Szigetszentmiklés-Udiilésor, SC4:Csepel-Rak6czi Ferenc ut, SDr:-2: Szigetszentmiklés-Udildsor, SD3:T6kél, SEr:Szigetszentmiklos-Udiildsor, SD2:Tokél, SFr: Szigetszentmikl6s-Vizmii, SF2: Csepel-Hollandi tt, SF3: Szigetszentmiklés-Udiildsor, NA4: Békasmegyer, NA5: Albertfalva, NB4-7: Békasmegyer, ND4:Békasmegyer, NDs5:Albertfalva, ND6:Budakalasz, ND7:Albertfalva, NE3: Budakalasz, NF6: Békasmegyer, NF7:Albertfalva, NF8-11:Békasmegyer, NF12:Budakalasz The table is an experiment made after the analysis of bell beakers uncovered in graves and settlements, which can be further refined after the analyses of the large cemeteries
Figure. 10. Typo-chronological relations of Beakers (Csepel-Group) SA1: Hollandi it, SA2:T6k6l, SA3: Szigetszentmiklés-Vizmii, SBr-2:Csepel-Hollandi ut, SB3 Szietszentmiklés-Vizma, SCr :Hollandi ut, SC2-3: Szigetszentmiklés-Udiilésor, SC4:Csepel-Rak6czi Ferenc ut, SDr:-2: Szigetszentmiklés-Udildsor, SD3:T6kél, SEr:Szigetszentmiklos-Udiildsor, SD2:Tokél, SFr: Szigetszentmikl6s-Vizmii, SF2: Csepel-Hollandi tt, SF3: Szigetszentmiklés-Udiildsor, NA4: Békasmegyer, NA5: Albertfalva, NB4-7: Békasmegyer, ND4:Békasmegyer, NDs5:Albertfalva, ND6:Budakalasz, ND7:Albertfalva, NE3: Budakalasz, NF6: Békasmegyer, NF7:Albertfalva, NF8-11:Békasmegyer, NF12:Budakalasz The table is an experiment made after the analysis of bell beakers uncovered in graves and settlements, which can be further refined after the analyses of the large cemeteries
et al. 2005: 11). We agree with V. Heyd (2001: 403) in
et al. 2005: 11). We agree with V. Heyd (2001: 403) in
Figure 1. Distribution of the plant remains from Szigetszentmiklés-Udiilésor
Figure 1. Distribution of the plant remains from Szigetszentmiklés-Udiilésor
Figure 2. The distribution of the archaeobotanical remains
Figure 2. The distribution of the archaeobotanical remains
Figure 3. Cultivated plants of Bell Beaker Csepel-Group from Szigetszentmiklés—Udilésor: 1. Many-rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. polystichum), 2. Many-rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. polystichum), 3. Naked barley (Hordeum vulgare var. nudum), 4. Einkorn (Triticum monococcum), 5. Einkorn (Triticum monococcum) spikelet forks, 6. Emmer (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum), 7. Emmer (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum), 8. Emmer (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum) spikelet forks, 9 Cammon wheat (Triticum aestivum), 10. Crop (Cerealia) fragments, 11. Field pea (Pisum sativum subsp. arvense). Photograph by Arpad Kené;
Figure 3. Cultivated plants of Bell Beaker Csepel-Group from Szigetszentmiklés—Udilésor: 1. Many-rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. polystichum), 2. Many-rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. polystichum), 3. Naked barley (Hordeum vulgare var. nudum), 4. Einkorn (Triticum monococcum), 5. Einkorn (Triticum monococcum) spikelet forks, 6. Emmer (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum), 7. Emmer (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum), 8. Emmer (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum) spikelet forks, 9 Cammon wheat (Triticum aestivum), 10. Crop (Cerealia) fragments, 11. Field pea (Pisum sativum subsp. arvense). Photograph by Arpad Kené;
Figure 5. Foodremains of Bell Beaker Csepel-Group from Szigetszentmiklés— Udiildsor: 1. Meat mush (cereal-gruel from clumsy milling product used fat by backing), 2. fina cml Lean Lena ontllinncmenclons Ghasannawle harcAwmnta Wow
Figure 5. Foodremains of Bell Beaker Csepel-Group from Szigetszentmiklés— Udiildsor: 1. Meat mush (cereal-gruel from clumsy milling product used fat by backing), 2. fina cml Lean Lena ontllinncmenclons Ghasannawle harcAwmnta Wow
significantly large number (Fig. 2.). We also studied the differences between the food residues found in different sites/age of sites. The younger phase deposits (Albertfalva-Hunyadi Janos str, Budakaldsz) are generally richer and more kinds of food can be found there than in the older phase deposits (Szigetszentmikl6s-Udiilésor, Szigetszentmiklés-Vizmti, Csepel-Hollandi str). Also, the same type of food remains (mostly cereal grual) were always found. Only one difference is visible between graves and household, that the foodtype of the gravesamples are much more varied (cereal grual, meat-mush, cake, bread). significantly large number (Fig. 2.). We also studied the differences between the food residues found in different Szigetszentmikl6s—Udiilésor is the one of the largest and longest inhabited settlements along the Danube river. Its plant remains refer to developed land use and reveal a correlation with the other Bell Beaker Csepel-Group sites. It is highly likely that the knowledge of plant cultivation as well as the species of the Bell Beaker Csepel-Group were same. We believe that the plant and foodremains from the Bell Beaker Csepel-Group analysed here may be the starting point to help to understand circulation processes in the 3rd millennium BC.
significantly large number (Fig. 2.). We also studied the differences between the food residues found in different sites/age of sites. The younger phase deposits (Albertfalva-Hunyadi Janos str, Budakaldsz) are generally richer and more kinds of food can be found there than in the older phase deposits (Szigetszentmikl6s-Udiilésor, Szigetszentmiklés-Vizmti, Csepel-Hollandi str). Also, the same type of food remains (mostly cereal grual) were always found. Only one difference is visible between graves and household, that the foodtype of the gravesamples are much more varied (cereal grual, meat-mush, cake, bread). significantly large number (Fig. 2.). We also studied the differences between the food residues found in different Szigetszentmikl6s—Udiilésor is the one of the largest and longest inhabited settlements along the Danube river. Its plant remains refer to developed land use and reveal a correlation with the other Bell Beaker Csepel-Group sites. It is highly likely that the knowledge of plant cultivation as well as the species of the Bell Beaker Csepel-Group were same. We believe that the plant and foodremains from the Bell Beaker Csepel-Group analysed here may be the starting point to help to understand circulation processes in the 3rd millennium BC.
Figure 1. Aerial view of several large settlements from the 3rd millennium BC in the region of Madrid. A: Camino de las Yeseras (Argea Consultores, S.L.); B: Soto del Henares (Galindo & Sanchez Sanchez, 2006a); C: La Teneria II & D: Las Olivas (Argea Consultores, S.L.)
Figure 1. Aerial view of several large settlements from the 3rd millennium BC in the region of Madrid. A: Camino de las Yeseras (Argea Consultores, S.L.); B: Soto del Henares (Galindo & Sanchez Sanchez, 2006a); C: La Teneria II & D: Las Olivas (Argea Consultores, S.L.)
Figure 2. Dating chart of the Chalcolithic in the region of Madrid
Figure 2. Dating chart of the Chalcolithic in the region of Madrid
Figure 3. Graph of datings of Bell Beaker and non-Bell Beaker graves from Camino de las Yeseras and Humanejos
Figure 3. Graph of datings of Bell Beaker and non-Bell Beaker graves from Camino de las Yeseras and Humanejos
Fig.ure 4. Dating chart of Bell Beaker and Early Bronze Age contexts from sites in the interior of the Iberian Peninsula
Fig.ure 4. Dating chart of Bell Beaker and Early Bronze Age contexts from sites in the interior of the Iberian Peninsula
tapering towards both ends were found, and to the
tapering towards both ends were found, and to the
Kietrz, Gtubczyce district, Site D, Grave 102 (Fig. 2:2; Huta-Mogila, Site 53, Krakéw district, Grave 11/63 (Fig. are known from the following sites: Krakow-Nowa
Kietrz, Gtubczyce district, Site D, Grave 102 (Fig. 2:2; Huta-Mogila, Site 53, Krakéw district, Grave 11/63 (Fig. are known from the following sites: Krakow-Nowa
Figure 3. Distribution of archaeological features with wristguards in southeastern Poland; a — Early Mierzanowice burials, b -. Bell Beaker culture burials; 1 - Kietrz, Gtubczyce district, 2 - Krak6éw-Nowa Huta-Mogita, Krakéw district, 3 - Swiecice, Miech6w district, 4 - Swiniary, Busko Zdr6j district, 5 -— Samborzec, Sandomierz district, 6 — Beradz, Sandomierz district, 7 - Rozbérz, Przeworsk district benchmarks. Burials with wristguards from Krakéw- (Miskiewicz 1983), placed into grave on the right side
Figure 3. Distribution of archaeological features with wristguards in southeastern Poland; a — Early Mierzanowice burials, b -. Bell Beaker culture burials; 1 - Kietrz, Gtubczyce district, 2 - Krak6éw-Nowa Huta-Mogita, Krakéw district, 3 - Swiecice, Miech6w district, 4 - Swiniary, Busko Zdr6j district, 5 -— Samborzec, Sandomierz district, 6 — Beradz, Sandomierz district, 7 - Rozbérz, Przeworsk district benchmarks. Burials with wristguards from Krakéw- (Miskiewicz 1983), placed into grave on the right side
Figure 1: Early Bronze Age cultures in Carpatho-Danubian region
Figure 1: Early Bronze Age cultures in Carpatho-Danubian region
Figure 1. The Large Beakers from Maxey (1 & 2) and West Malling G). 3 from Andrews et al. 2009
Figure 1. The Large Beakers from Maxey (1 & 2) and West Malling G). 3 from Andrews et al. 2009
Figure 2. Reconstructable British ‘Potbeakers’ with heavy rustication and moulding. 1 Harston, Leicestershire. 2 Chippenham V, Cambridgeshire. 3 Lion Point, Essex. 4 Somersham, Cambridgeshire. 5 & 6 Castleshaw, West Yorkshire. 7 Great Barton, Suffolk. 8 Butley, Suffolk. 9 Maxey, Cambridgeshire. All from Clarke 1970
Figure 2. Reconstructable British ‘Potbeakers’ with heavy rustication and moulding. 1 Harston, Leicestershire. 2 Chippenham V, Cambridgeshire. 3 Lion Point, Essex. 4 Somersham, Cambridgeshire. 5 & 6 Castleshaw, West Yorkshire. 7 Great Barton, Suffolk. 8 Butley, Suffolk. 9 Maxey, Cambridgeshire. All from Clarke 1970
Figure 4. Selected British ‘Potbeakers from settlement contexts — the sherd evidence. 1 Bottisham Lock, Cambridgeshire. 2 & 5 Chippenham V, Cambridgeshire. 3 Church Hill, Sussex. 4 Fifty Farm, Suffolk. 6 — 9 Hockwold-cum-Wilton, Site 93, Norfolk. 10 & 11 Lockington, Derbyshire. 1, 3 & 4 from Gibson 1982, 2 & 5-9 from Bamford 1982, 10 & 11 from Hughes 2000 contexts over a considerable period of time (figure 4). Dutch material has already been commented upon
Figure 4. Selected British ‘Potbeakers from settlement contexts — the sherd evidence. 1 Bottisham Lock, Cambridgeshire. 2 & 5 Chippenham V, Cambridgeshire. 3 Church Hill, Sussex. 4 Fifty Farm, Suffolk. 6 — 9 Hockwold-cum-Wilton, Site 93, Norfolk. 10 & 11 Lockington, Derbyshire. 1, 3 & 4 from Gibson 1982, 2 & 5-9 from Bamford 1982, 10 & 11 from Hughes 2000 contexts over a considerable period of time (figure 4). Dutch material has already been commented upon
Figure 6. Height:rim diameter ratio Figure 7. Height:belly diameter ratio Figure 5. Height:base diameter ratio
Figure 6. Height:rim diameter ratio Figure 7. Height:belly diameter ratio Figure 5. Height:base diameter ratio
divided into two groups, S-profiled (TPB, BPB) and
divided into two groups, S-profiled (TPB, BPB) and
similar domestic environment that most of the British
similar domestic environment that most of the British
but they are rare in those areas and, as has already been vessels have been found in Scotland, Wales and Ireland,
but they are rare in those areas and, as has already been vessels have been found in Scotland, Wales and Ireland,
identified as huts based on their morphology. They are In central Iberia, all of these structures had been identified as huts based on their morphology. They ar
identified as huts based on their morphology. They are In central Iberia, all of these structures had been identified as huts based on their morphology. They ar
As far as pottery is concerned, excavators indicated pottery from the hut, comprising both Bell Beaker and strategies which were documented for this site: the non-Bell Beaker pottery (Figure 8). Bell Beaker pottery
As far as pottery is concerned, excavators indicated pottery from the hut, comprising both Bell Beaker and strategies which were documented for this site: the non-Bell Beaker pottery (Figure 8). Bell Beaker pottery
lower than the ovicaprid NISP. However, taking into equal values found for porcine and ovicaprids than in
lower than the ovicaprid NISP. However, taking into equal values found for porcine and ovicaprids than in
Figure 5. A: Bone tools recovered from Hut 1: A-1: Awl fragment made from an ovicaprid tibia shaft. A-2.: awl made from a sheep metatarsus. B: Bone tools recovered from Hut 2: B-3: antler used as a handle revealing several saw marks on the shaft and tine (drawing from . B-4: antler rod with old fractures on both ends B-s5, 6: Spatulae made from a rib shaft of cattle and smaller herbivore. B-7: Chisel made from long bone fragment of a large herbivore. B-8, 9: awls made from distal shaft of tibia of ovicaprids. B-10: Ovicaprid radius with a pointed polished end. B-11: Spatula on sheep metacarpus. B-12, 13: Pointed bone fragments of medium size mammals. (Illustration 3 by Gestion del Patrimonio Cultural, S.L.; Illustrations 1, 2, 4-13 by Asuncién Almela)
Figure 5. A: Bone tools recovered from Hut 1: A-1: Awl fragment made from an ovicaprid tibia shaft. A-2.: awl made from a sheep metatarsus. B: Bone tools recovered from Hut 2: B-3: antler used as a handle revealing several saw marks on the shaft and tine (drawing from . B-4: antler rod with old fractures on both ends B-s5, 6: Spatulae made from a rib shaft of cattle and smaller herbivore. B-7: Chisel made from long bone fragment of a large herbivore. B-8, 9: awls made from distal shaft of tibia of ovicaprids. B-10: Ovicaprid radius with a pointed polished end. B-11: Spatula on sheep metacarpus. B-12, 13: Pointed bone fragments of medium size mammals. (Illustration 3 by Gestion del Patrimonio Cultural, S.L.; Illustrations 1, 2, 4-13 by Asuncién Almela)
According to the material retrieved from these three initially similar structures, their functions appear to initially similar structures, their functions appear to According to the material retrieved from these three
According to the material retrieved from these three initially similar structures, their functions appear to initially similar structures, their functions appear to According to the material retrieved from these three
settlement sites. The central posthole, the peripheral
settlement sites. The central posthole, the peripheral
Ventorro (Priego and Quero, 1992: 102-103), which also contained a great amount of decorated pottery, bone tools and a large number of faunal remains related to
Ventorro (Priego and Quero, 1992: 102-103), which also contained a great amount of decorated pottery, bone tools and a large number of faunal remains related to
Figure 1. Main sources of lithic raw material utilized in prehistoric Moravia: a — limits of the continental glaciacion with occurrences of silicites from glacial sediments; b — main source area of cherts of the Krumlovsky les type, varieties KL I and KL II); c — source area of cherts of the Krumlovsky les type, variety KL III; d- chert breccias; e — primary deposits of Cretaceous spongolites; f—- Cretaceous spongolites from gravels; g — cherts of the Stranska skala type; h- Moravian Jurassic cherts from gravels; i- the Chmelova Mt. (925 m a.s.1.) near VrSatec (Slovakia) with radiolarite deposits; j — main sources of siliceous weathering products of serpentinites (after Prichystal et a/. 2004)
Figure 1. Main sources of lithic raw material utilized in prehistoric Moravia: a — limits of the continental glaciacion with occurrences of silicites from glacial sediments; b — main source area of cherts of the Krumlovsky les type, varieties KL I and KL II); c — source area of cherts of the Krumlovsky les type, variety KL III; d- chert breccias; e — primary deposits of Cretaceous spongolites; f—- Cretaceous spongolites from gravels; g — cherts of the Stranska skala type; h- Moravian Jurassic cherts from gravels; i- the Chmelova Mt. (925 m a.s.1.) near VrSatec (Slovakia) with radiolarite deposits; j — main sources of siliceous weathering products of serpentinites (after Prichystal et a/. 2004)
Figure 4. Lithic industry of the Moravian Bell Beaker culture. A- “old” MBBC: 1 - Borkovany, okres Bieclav; 2, 3 - Prosiméfice, okres Znojmo; 4-8 — HoleSoy, okres Kroméiiz; 9, 10 — Ivanovice na Hané, okres Vyskov. B - “young” MBBC: 11-17 — Marefy, okres VySkov; 18 - Klenovice na Hané, okres Prostejov; 19 — Brno-Holasky I, okres Brno-mésto; 20-22 — Détkovice, okres VySkov; 23-25 — Stielice II, okres Znojmo; 26 — Brno-Obiany, okres Brno-mésto (after Kopacz, Piichystal, Sebela 2009) Figure 5. Lithic Industry of the Moravian Proto-Unétice culture: 1 - Blu¢ina, okres Brno-venkov; 2, 15 — Sardicky, okres VySkov; 3-6 — Rybniki, okres Znojmo; 7, 18, 22, 24, 27 - Moravska Nova Ves-Hrusky, okres Bieclav; 8, 18, 25, 26 — Pavlov, okres Bieclav; 9, 10, 17 - Ledce, okres Brno-venkov; II-14, 16, 20, 21 — Bediichovice, okres Brno-venkov; 23 — Slapanice, okres Brno-venkov; 28 - Bozice, okres Znojmo (after Kopacz, Sebela 1998)
Figure 4. Lithic industry of the Moravian Bell Beaker culture. A- “old” MBBC: 1 - Borkovany, okres Bieclav; 2, 3 - Prosiméfice, okres Znojmo; 4-8 — HoleSoy, okres Kroméiiz; 9, 10 — Ivanovice na Hané, okres Vyskov. B - “young” MBBC: 11-17 — Marefy, okres VySkov; 18 - Klenovice na Hané, okres Prostejov; 19 — Brno-Holasky I, okres Brno-mésto; 20-22 — Détkovice, okres VySkov; 23-25 — Stielice II, okres Znojmo; 26 — Brno-Obiany, okres Brno-mésto (after Kopacz, Piichystal, Sebela 2009) Figure 5. Lithic Industry of the Moravian Proto-Unétice culture: 1 - Blu¢ina, okres Brno-venkov; 2, 15 — Sardicky, okres VySkov; 3-6 — Rybniki, okres Znojmo; 7, 18, 22, 24, 27 - Moravska Nova Ves-Hrusky, okres Bieclav; 8, 18, 25, 26 — Pavlov, okres Bieclav; 9, 10, 17 - Ledce, okres Brno-venkov; II-14, 16, 20, 21 — Bediichovice, okres Brno-venkov; 23 — Slapanice, okres Brno-venkov; 28 - Bozice, okres Znojmo (after Kopacz, Sebela 1998)
Figure 6. Scheme of transformations of Eneolithic lithic chipped industries in Moravia
Figure 6. Scheme of transformations of Eneolithic lithic chipped industries in Moravia
Figure 2. Kolin (district of Kolin): Finds 1-4 from grave no. 14. Bell Beaker culture. Drawn by J. Brenner. . Jar. Height — 60 mm. Inventory no. 7104. Fig. 3: 1.
Figure 2. Kolin (district of Kolin): Finds 1-4 from grave no. 14. Bell Beaker culture. Drawn by J. Brenner. . Jar. Height — 60 mm. Inventory no. 7104. Fig. 3: 1.
Figure 1. Kolin (district of Kolin): Finds 1-4 from grave no. 12. Bell Beaker culture. Drawn by J. Brenner.
Figure 1. Kolin (district of Kolin): Finds 1-4 from grave no. 12. Bell Beaker culture. Drawn by J. Brenner.
Figure 4. Slatiny (istrict of Jicin): Finds 1-2 from a grave probably of the Bell Beaker culture. Drawn by J. Brenner.
Figure 4. Slatiny (istrict of Jicin): Finds 1-2 from a grave probably of the Bell Beaker culture. Drawn by J. Brenner.
Figure 3. Kutna Hora (district of Kutna Hora): Finds 1 - 3 from a grave of the Bell Beaker culture. Drawing by J. Brenner (the pottery is redrawn according to photographic documentation in a paper of Stocky 1926)
Figure 3. Kutna Hora (district of Kutna Hora): Finds 1 - 3 from a grave of the Bell Beaker culture. Drawing by J. Brenner (the pottery is redrawn according to photographic documentation in a paper of Stocky 1926)
no. 12 and from Kutna Hora) are over 1330 mm long, from grave no. 12 in Kolin is 131 mm long and 32 mm hick, while the exemple from Kutna Hora reaches even bigger dimensions (Uength 170 mm, thickness 38 mm). The next two pieces are shorter and thinner. The artefact from the grave no. 14 in Kolin has dimensions 104 mm (length) and 24 mm (thickness) and the piece
no. 12 and from Kutna Hora) are over 1330 mm long, from grave no. 12 in Kolin is 131 mm long and 32 mm hick, while the exemple from Kutna Hora reaches even bigger dimensions (Uength 170 mm, thickness 38 mm). The next two pieces are shorter and thinner. The artefact from the grave no. 14 in Kolin has dimensions 104 mm (length) and 24 mm (thickness) and the piece
Raw materials and methods of their study All of the silicite axes found in the territory of the Bell Beaker culture in Bohemia, have been examined in the scope of the raw material. Because the rocks used for their production are the same as in "classic" chipped stone industries, their determination is based
Raw materials and methods of their study All of the silicite axes found in the territory of the Bell Beaker culture in Bohemia, have been examined in the scope of the raw material. Because the rocks used for their production are the same as in "classic" chipped stone industries, their determination is based
application of water, the raw material becomes at least scope of colour, clarity or tarnishing of the silicite possibly also embedded silicate minerals. Based on this three-dimensional description, an artefact is compared with the rock samples collected from geological localities. As silicites are composed of various SiO2
application of water, the raw material becomes at least scope of colour, clarity or tarnishing of the silicite possibly also embedded silicate minerals. Based on this three-dimensional description, an artefact is compared with the rock samples collected from geological localities. As silicites are composed of various SiO2
14 in Kolin is represented by silicite of the Krakéw- banded silicite of the Krzemionki type from central 9oland was used for the artefact from Slatina. All of the archaeological finds. Glacigene (glacigenic, glacial) sediments with erratic silicites were deposited in the northernmost parts of slacigene (glacigenic, glacial) sediments with erratic silicites were deposited in the northernmost parts of
14 in Kolin is represented by silicite of the Krakéw- banded silicite of the Krzemionki type from central 9oland was used for the artefact from Slatina. All of the archaeological finds. Glacigene (glacigenic, glacial) sediments with erratic silicites were deposited in the northernmost parts of slacigene (glacigenic, glacial) sediments with erratic silicites were deposited in the northernmost parts of
Figure 9. Distribution of the Bell Beaker culture finds in Bohemia, in the western part of the Czech Republic (according to Hajek 1968). Red dots show locations with finds of silicite axes (compiled by P. Jansa)
Figure 9. Distribution of the Bell Beaker culture finds in Bohemia, in the western part of the Czech Republic (according to Hajek 1968). Red dots show locations with finds of silicite axes (compiled by P. Jansa)
Figure ro. Distribution of silicite axes in Bohemia, in the western part of the Czech Republic. Red dots show finds of the axes in graves of the Bell Beaker culture (compiled by P. Jansa)
Figure ro. Distribution of silicite axes in Bohemia, in the western part of the Czech Republic. Red dots show finds of the axes in graves of the Bell Beaker culture (compiled by P. Jansa)
Which object in which areas? Geographic distribution and morphological types The Atlantic area In the first Atlantic area, we find a majority of gold It seems that we must distinguish two main daggers. In this region, it is particularly interesting that
Which object in which areas? Geographic distribution and morphological types The Atlantic area In the first Atlantic area, we find a majority of gold It seems that we must distinguish two main daggers. In this region, it is particularly interesting that
spiral, and few beads. Comparisons are numerous with (rectangular, perforated or not), thick wires rolled in (fig. 3 n°4, 5 and 6). edges), but we also find some little hammered sheets
spiral, and few beads. Comparisons are numerous with (rectangular, perforated or not), thick wires rolled in (fig. 3 n°4, 5 and 6). edges), but we also find some little hammered sheets
only three sites that could to demonstrate beaker metallurgy in France.
only three sites that could to demonstrate beaker metallurgy in France.
long distance exchanges of ore/objects?
long distance exchanges of ore/objects?
Figure 8. Elemental analysis of composition from Bell Beaker metal objects. D: Dagger; P : Palmela points; A : Awl; F: Fragment; C : Chisel; Di: Disc; (levels in parentheses are measured by differences; -: around; tr.: Traces -: element not measured)
Figure 8. Elemental analysis of composition from Bell Beaker metal objects. D: Dagger; P : Palmela points; A : Awl; F: Fragment; C : Chisel; Di: Disc; (levels in parentheses are measured by differences; -: around; tr.: Traces -: element not measured)
necessary to try to understand the adaptation of Bell
necessary to try to understand the adaptation of Bell
Figure 1. Sandwich effect and the particularly large inclusions Figure 2. Fracturing along joins of coils (accompanying pottery) larger round quartz grains, which are visible even on most frequent are small cups, jugs, bowls and jars.
Figure 1. Sandwich effect and the particularly large inclusions Figure 2. Fracturing along joins of coils (accompanying pottery) larger round quartz grains, which are visible even on most frequent are small cups, jugs, bowls and jars.
Figure 3. Detail from the inner part of vessel, regular undulation of the surface of a beaker. One of the rare imperfections of the surface treatments — evidence of the technique of coiling, horizontal facets and a burnt organic rest in the surface layer.
Figure 3. Detail from the inner part of vessel, regular undulation of the surface of a beaker. One of the rare imperfections of the surface treatments — evidence of the technique of coiling, horizontal facets and a burnt organic rest in the surface layer.
between the vertical decoration lines or around handles.
between the vertical decoration lines or around handles.
layer were supposed, first by application of a slip made Two different techniques of production of the surface layer were supposed, first by application of a slip made Two different techniques of production of the surface
layer were supposed, first by application of a slip made Two different techniques of production of the surface layer were supposed, first by application of a slip made Two different techniques of production of the surface
Figure 9. Temperatures of the firing were measured by four sensors placed in different parts of the hearth. The highest temperature was measured in the centre of the hearth, rapid elevation on the edges and the lowest at the bottom (centre) radient with the “sandwich-effect”, a difference of g temperature, and probably even the fuel (broadleaf
Figure 9. Temperatures of the firing were measured by four sensors placed in different parts of the hearth. The highest temperature was measured in the centre of the hearth, rapid elevation on the edges and the lowest at the bottom (centre) radient with the “sandwich-effect”, a difference of g temperature, and probably even the fuel (broadleaf
than the number of teeth if necessary. The sequence of
than the number of teeth if necessary. The sequence of
Figure 10. Two different terminations of the firing in open hearth - first: the vessels rest in the hearth until the decrease of the temperature, the second: removing of the vessels on the maximal temperature (photos Richard Ther)
Figure 10. Two different terminations of the firing in open hearth - first: the vessels rest in the hearth until the decrease of the temperature, the second: removing of the vessels on the maximal temperature (photos Richard Ther)
explanations focusing on a possibly local development o the point where there is now a tendency towards
explanations focusing on a possibly local development o the point where there is now a tendency towards
close to the site and in Sintra (previously indicated by This study was aimed at improving the analysis of The analytical techniques used were thin section
close to the site and in Sintra (previously indicated by This study was aimed at improving the analysis of The analytical techniques used were thin section
Figure 3. Differences between the clays in a cross-section of bell beaker pottery (A, B, and C) compared to a fragment of grooved ware (D), using SEM. The red circle shows the study number of the piece used the mountain range of Sierra/Cascais as the area where
Figure 3. Differences between the clays in a cross-section of bell beaker pottery (A, B, and C) compared to a fragment of grooved ware (D), using SEM. The red circle shows the study number of the piece used the mountain range of Sierra/Cascais as the area where
Figure 5. Principal component analysis based on the logarithmic transformation of the elemental concentrations from 109 samples. Representation of the samples and their groupings in the first and second component. In red, the representative sets of the groups obtained by the cluster analysis the resources required to manufacture the pottery
Figure 5. Principal component analysis based on the logarithmic transformation of the elemental concentrations from 109 samples. Representation of the samples and their groupings in the first and second component. In red, the representative sets of the groups obtained by the cluster analysis the resources required to manufacture the pottery
Figure 6. Discriminant analysis based on the logarithmic transformation of the elemental concentrations of 109 samples and the groupings established in the cluster and principal component analysis. Representation of the samples according to the score in the first two canonical variables. Proximity relationship for the samples according to the centroid. The three final groups are shown inside the circles
Figure 6. Discriminant analysis based on the logarithmic transformation of the elemental concentrations of 109 samples and the groupings established in the cluster and principal component analysis. Representation of the samples according to the score in the first two canonical variables. Proximity relationship for the samples according to the centroid. The three final groups are shown inside the circles
Figure 7. Distribution of the percentages of the elemental concentrations by groups, using a box and whisker graph
Figure 7. Distribution of the percentages of the elemental concentrations by groups, using a box and whisker graph
Figure 8.Main sources of clay in the local council of Torres Vedras and in the area near to the site of Zambujal (adapted from the Municipal Map of Natural Resources of Torres Vedras, and maps of water and geological resources)
Figure 8.Main sources of clay in the local council of Torres Vedras and in the area near to the site of Zambujal (adapted from the Municipal Map of Natural Resources of Torres Vedras, and maps of water and geological resources)
features is very tenuous, as this type of decoration is
features is very tenuous, as this type of decoration is
category still maintains a certain degree of abstraction.
category still maintains a certain degree of abstraction.
(6) Although only 8 sites offer reliable datings, the C14 analyses carried out at the Japanese laboratory are not considered as reliable, although we do belive it is worth including this information in the table of sites (table 3). (7) To date, it has not been possible to demonstrate using the archaeological information from Galician sites that the bell-beaker societies shre the same levels of occupation as communities from the Late Neolithic, either because the material comes from surface prospecting (meaning the stratigraphy cannot be defined), or because during the digs, the Penha and bell-beaker type pottery was not documented in the same deposits, or it was not possible to demonstrate any clear stratigraphic connection between them. To some extent, this is the same situation as that found in sites from the south-western Iberian Peninsula, where there are fortified settlements from the Copper Age that were reoccupied in the bell-beaker period, although in which it is n ot possible to demonstrate any strict contemporary occupation, but instead a sucession of occupations. For example, in the Spanish region of Extremadura, in the province | Badajoz, Hurtado and Hunt (1999) describe the difficulties in knowing if the settlements found were newly created in the bell-beaker period or not, with the most reliable information obtained in connection with the settlemtns indicating that there was a single mome: of bell-beaker occupation, with the only well documented exception in the zone indicating the presence of two well-differentiated moments of occupation (pre-bell-beaker and bell-beaker); this is the case of ‘Palacio Quemado’ (‘the Burnt Palace’), in which a phase of destruction was found ‘between its two periods of occupation, and which probably occurred during the Bell-Beaker period’ (Hurtado & Hunt 1999: 255).
(6) Although only 8 sites offer reliable datings, the C14 analyses carried out at the Japanese laboratory are not considered as reliable, although we do belive it is worth including this information in the table of sites (table 3). (7) To date, it has not been possible to demonstrate using the archaeological information from Galician sites that the bell-beaker societies shre the same levels of occupation as communities from the Late Neolithic, either because the material comes from surface prospecting (meaning the stratigraphy cannot be defined), or because during the digs, the Penha and bell-beaker type pottery was not documented in the same deposits, or it was not possible to demonstrate any clear stratigraphic connection between them. To some extent, this is the same situation as that found in sites from the south-western Iberian Peninsula, where there are fortified settlements from the Copper Age that were reoccupied in the bell-beaker period, although in which it is n ot possible to demonstrate any strict contemporary occupation, but instead a sucession of occupations. For example, in the Spanish region of Extremadura, in the province | Badajoz, Hurtado and Hunt (1999) describe the difficulties in knowing if the settlements found were newly created in the bell-beaker period or not, with the most reliable information obtained in connection with the settlemtns indicating that there was a single mome: of bell-beaker occupation, with the only well documented exception in the zone indicating the presence of two well-differentiated moments of occupation (pre-bell-beaker and bell-beaker); this is the case of ‘Palacio Quemado’ (‘the Burnt Palace’), in which a phase of destruction was found ‘between its two periods of occupation, and which probably occurred during the Bell-Beaker period’ (Hurtado & Hunt 1999: 255).
Figure 2. Requean site. Example of an open-air site from the Late Neolithic, in which two fragments from a bell-beaker vessel were found in a superficial level (Gonzalez 2000)
Figure 2. Requean site. Example of an open-air site from the Late Neolithic, in which two fragments from a bell-beaker vessel were found in a superficial level (Gonzalez 2000)
Figure 8. Reconstruction in AutoCAD of a number of significant types of pottery from the early Bronze Age. The three categories of pottery are shown
Figure 8. Reconstruction in AutoCAD of a number of significant types of pottery from the early Bronze Age. The three categories of pottery are shown
marks of the instruments used, the type of finish and
marks of the instruments used, the type of finish and
Graph 1. Percentage of sites with stylistic tendencies from the bell-beaker category percentage in each group, as well as having well
Graph 1. Percentage of sites with stylistic tendencies from the bell-beaker category percentage in each group, as well as having well
Table 4. Summary of the most outstanding features of each Stylistic Tendency classified in bell-beaker pottery introduced on a large scale in the decoration, with the
Table 4. Summary of the most outstanding features of each Stylistic Tendency classified in bell-beaker pottery introduced on a large scale in the decoration, with the
Figure 10. The four Galician bell-beaker styles documented in domestic contexts In burials, the most frequently found types of pottery are European (LV, C/ZM, HV and GV), which tendencies of the decorative techniques, profiles and designs, they are different and individual.
Figure 10. The four Galician bell-beaker styles documented in domestic contexts In burials, the most frequently found types of pottery are European (LV, C/ZM, HV and GV), which tendencies of the decorative techniques, profiles and designs, they are different and individual.
Figure 12. Variations of the undecorated pottery style Table 5. Summary of the stylistic tendencies comprising the undecorated pottery category
Figure 12. Variations of the undecorated pottery style Table 5. Summary of the stylistic tendencies comprising the undecorated pottery category
Table 6. Summary of the stylistic tendencies comprising the non-bell-beaker decorated pottery category
Table 6. Summary of the stylistic tendencies comprising the non-bell-beaker decorated pottery category
Figure 13. Variations of the decorated non- bell-beaker pottery category
Figure 13. Variations of the decorated non- bell-beaker pottery category
extent, we may affirm that the manufacturing
extent, we may affirm that the manufacturing
Figure 14. Illustrations of significant bell-beaker pottery from Galician sites
Figure 14. Illustrations of significant bell-beaker pottery from Galician sites
Figure 15. Illustrations of significant bell-beaker pottery from Galician barrows
Figure 15. Illustrations of significant bell-beaker pottery from Galician barrows
Figure 18. Distribution of known sites from the early Bronze Age in Galicia. The triangles pointing upwards are sites, the triangles pointing downwards are shelters, the stars are meeting points, the circles are barrows, the diamonds are cists, and the squares represent pits range of O Bocelo (in the centre of Galicia). Both
Figure 18. Distribution of known sites from the early Bronze Age in Galicia. The triangles pointing upwards are sites, the triangles pointing downwards are shelters, the stars are meeting points, the circles are barrows, the diamonds are cists, and the squares represent pits range of O Bocelo (in the centre of Galicia). Both
spatial scales are of interest when observing
spatial scales are of interest when observing
On the coast, all of the tendencies are also present, but
On the coast, all of the tendencies are also present, but
floodplain edge and the occupation soils on the higher The Beaker occupation occurred largely above the
floodplain edge and the occupation soils on the higher The Beaker occupation occurred largely above the
the present study however given the homogenous
the present study however given the homogenous
Figure 4. Opening agents as a percentage of Sherd Groups by Structure (context group)
Figure 4. Opening agents as a percentage of Sherd Groups by Structure (context group)
Figure 5. Rim Diameter by Fabric Group. Vertical Axis — percentage of estimatable rims. Horizontal axis — estimated rim diameters
Figure 5. Rim Diameter by Fabric Group. Vertical Axis — percentage of estimatable rims. Horizontal axis — estimated rim diameters
Figure 6. Fabric against decoration. The vertical axis represents the percentage of sherd groups while the horizontal axis shows the main decorative technique. F1 and F2 have been combined and Quartz Sand and Grog (QSG) has been omitted as the vessel numbers are too few whilst impressed sherds are rare in all structures. The
Figure 6. Fabric against decoration. The vertical axis represents the percentage of sherd groups while the horizontal axis shows the main decorative technique. F1 and F2 have been combined and Quartz Sand and Grog (QSG) has been omitted as the vessel numbers are too few whilst impressed sherds are rare in all structures. The
Figure 7. Main decorative techniques. The vertical axis represents the percentage of the total assemblage
Figure 7. Main decorative techniques. The vertical axis represents the percentage of the total assemblage
Figure 8. Primary decoration as a percentage of the assemblage by Structure (Context Group). In the final column of each group the incised and comb impressed sherds have been combined as both techniques may be found on fine ware Beakers
Figure 8. Primary decoration as a percentage of the assemblage by Structure (Context Group). In the final column of each group the incised and comb impressed sherds have been combined as both techniques may be found on fine ware Beakers
incised triangular may be reminiscent of Later Figure 9. Selection of Beaker fine and coarse wares
incised triangular may be reminiscent of Later Figure 9. Selection of Beaker fine and coarse wares
to obtain. As a result we are left to estimate dating by Some vessels show sufficient form and decoration to
to obtain. As a result we are left to estimate dating by Some vessels show sufficient form and decoration to

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  376. Simpson, D.D.A., Murphy, E.M. & Gregory, R.A. 2006. Excavations at Northton, Isle of Harris. British.

FAQs

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What explains the diversity in Bell Beaker burial practices across Europe?add

Recent excavations have revealed a variety of burial structures and grave goods, indicating significant regional differences in funerary practices. For instance, wooden architectures found in France contrast with simpler grave forms observed elsewhere, suggesting localized traditions and cultural adaptations.

How did Bell Beaker metallurgy differ across regions in Europe?add

In France, the Bell Beaker phenomenon reveals varied metallurgical practices, with regions like the Atlantic coast showcasing gold objects, whereas the Mediterranean exhibits a mix of copper and indigenous types. Overall, a synthesis of 274 metal objects indicates distinct regional trends and exchanges.

When did the transition from Neolithic to Bronze Age occur among Bell Beaker communities?add

Radiocarbon dating suggests that the Bell Beaker occupation ranged approximately from 2600 to 1400 cal BC, marking a significant transition into the Bronze Age. Changes in burial customs and pottery styles signify this transformative period.

What novel insights have emerged regarding the social structure of Bell Beaker societies?add

The separation of decorated and undecorated pottery types indicates social stratification within Bell Beaker communities, revealing a complexity of social dynamics that influenced burial practices and domestic activities. This division likely reflects underlying societal tensions and power relationships.

How were Bell Beaker pottery styles linked to identity and circulation mechanisms?add

Analysis shows that Bell Beaker pottery represented both regional identity and a mechanism for social unification, with decorative styles indicating broader social connections, while functional domestic pottery highlighted internal diversity. The pottery's widespread distribution across Europe reflects its role in connecting communities.

About the author
Laure Salanova
Université Paris Nanterre, Department Member
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Related papers

A.M.S.BETTENCOURT & S. LUZ (2013). A corded-mixed Bell Beaker vase at the monumental enclosure of Forca, Maia, North of Portugal . In M.P. Prieto Martínez & L. Salanova (coords.) Current Researches on Bell Beakers. Santiago de Compostela: Galician ArchaeoPots: wikipot.com: 15-20.
Ana M . S . Bettencourt, Sara Luz
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[with Jorge A. Soler Díaz, eds.], Bell Beakers. Exchanged in prehistory. Exchange between museums / Campaniforme. Intercambio en la prehistoria. Intercambio entre museos, Alicante (2014).
Vincent Van Vilsteren

2014

The booklet (published on the occesion of an exchange of collections tiems between the museums of Assen (NL) and Alicante (E)) contains a few articles on the bell beaker culture in Europe, decoration and form of Spanish bell-beakers and the excavation in 1929 of an exceptionally rich bell beaker grave near Odoorn in The Netherlands.

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Camino de las Yeseras (San Fernando de Henares, Madrid): Impact of Bell Beaker ware on a Chalcolitic settelment within the central a rea of the Iberian Peninsula
Corina Liesau von Lettow-Vorbeck

"The aim of this paper is double. Our first aim is to evaluate the most relevant architectural characteristics and artifacts of the site at Camino de las Yeseras, in Madrid region, during pre-Bell Beaker and Bell Beaker periods. The second purpose in our minds is to find out what could be the social implications of integrating the Bell-Beaker culture into a Chalcolitic hut pit settlement, firmly rooted from the beginning of the third millennium to the beginning of the second (cal BC). Without discarding that this location works as a central place, due to its size, its strategic location -an area in which most basic resources were available — and its architectural complexity — great excavated hut pits, ditched enclosures, high number of pits, channels, postholes, trenchs burials in pit- what really makes Bell Beaker phase different is its domestic architecture due to of its reduction in size, its spatial concentration with its remarkable development of pits in which previous phase house structures are maintained. Although Bell-Beaker ware introduces new shapes and decoration, at first of the comb decorated maritime style and latter on with incised decoration of Ciempozuelos style, the traditional pottery manufacture is maintained. It has to be taken into account that the use of Bell Beaker ware is not domestic but mainly burial in purpose. This Bell-Beaker ware is linked to single or double burials in pit that present richer grave goods than collective burials. This fact seems to confirm the existence of a relation between Bell-Beaker ware and metallurgic production, as well as other resources exploitation, probably as a mark of exclusiveness on the part of some of Bell-Beaker individuals."

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2013: Achievements and blunders in the application archaeometric techniques for the study of a chalcolithic site with Bell Beakers
Patricia Ríos Mendoza
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"Bell Beakers in Iberia". In M. Almagro (ed) (2014): Iberia. Protohistory of the far west of Europe : from Neolithic to roman conquest. Universidad de Burgos. Fundación de Burgos.
Rafael Garrido-Pena
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Related topics

  • Archaeology
  • Prehistoric Archaeology
  • Funerary Archaeology
  • Neolithic Archaeology
  • Funerary Practices
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