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Hendrickx, S., The relative chronology of the Naqada culture: Problems and possibilities [in:] Spencer, A.J. (ed.), Aspects of Early Egypt. London: British Museum Press, 1996: 36-69.

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Abstract
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The relative chronology of the Naqada culture in early Egypt, as discussed by Hendrickx, addresses several prevailing ambiguities in terminology and periodization that challenge the understanding of this significant archaeological phase. The author emphasizes the necessity for systematic re-evaluation due to the increased body of information and the lack of universally accepted definitions, advocating for a careful reconsideration of the archaeological framework to clarify the cultural and chronological placements of the Naqada phases.

Key takeaways
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  1. Terminological confusion in Naqada culture chronology necessitates systematic re-examination of existing frameworks.
  2. Petrie's Sequence Dating relies on 900 graves, yet underrepresents earlier periods due to sampling biases.
  3. Kaiser's Stufen chronology extends into the First Dynasty but lacks comprehensive methodological detail.
  4. Studies using spatial distribution improve understanding of regional variations in Naqada culture.
  5. Recent excavations and analyses provide critical data but highlight ongoing issues with typological definitions.
Figures (12)
Tab. 1. Absolute chronological implications of Petrie’s Sequence Dates. PUL ee ee eee Tn nee en een ene en ee EEE It is obvious that Petrie makes no clear distinction between typology and chronology. He postulates the evolution of the Wavy Handled class without sufficient evidence for the earlier stages of its evolu- tion (Kaiser 1956b: 93-5). Also, the criteria used for the definition of the pottery classes (Petrie 1921) are heterogeneous. The basic criterion may be either the fabric (Rough class), the method of firing and/or finishing (Black-Top and Polished Red), the decoration (White Cross Lined and Decorated), the shape (Fancy), a morphological detail (Wavy Handled) or the relative chronology (Late). This last class causes a special problem because of the lack of consistency in pottery fabric (cf. Patch 1991: 171). Furthermore, the definition of the individual types within these classes is not bound by strict rules (cf. Petrie 1921: 5). Also, the types are not distinguished in the same way for each of the pottery classes. All these factors will cause problems for any type of seriation, including the one devised by Petrie. When subsequent use is made of this kind of typological corpus for typing objects in the grave registers of excavations not carried out by Petrie himself, it is only to be expected that errors are bound to arise. As already stated, the system was developed using only nine hundred graves containing five or more pottery types. Since it is now obvious that the average number of objects in a grave increased through time (cf. Seidlmayer 1988), it is generally accepted that this causes the earlier periods to be under-represented by Petrie (e.g. Petrie 1920: 4; Kaiser 1956b: 92). However, if we test this idea with the currently accepted absolute chronology, a rather puzzling image appears (table 1). The importance of the final phase of the predynastic period, as defined by Petrie, seems not over-represented, although it remains a fact that the earliest phase is under-represented. This is most probably the result of the numerically dominating role of the Main Cemetery at Naqada when Petrie developed his the Sequence Dates. Indeed, at this cemetery the number of graves belonging to the Naqada II period is restricted (cf. Payne 1992: fig. 1-2).
Tab. 1. Absolute chronological implications of Petrie’s Sequence Dates. PUL ee ee eee Tn nee en een ene en ee EEE It is obvious that Petrie makes no clear distinction between typology and chronology. He postulates the evolution of the Wavy Handled class without sufficient evidence for the earlier stages of its evolu- tion (Kaiser 1956b: 93-5). Also, the criteria used for the definition of the pottery classes (Petrie 1921) are heterogeneous. The basic criterion may be either the fabric (Rough class), the method of firing and/or finishing (Black-Top and Polished Red), the decoration (White Cross Lined and Decorated), the shape (Fancy), a morphological detail (Wavy Handled) or the relative chronology (Late). This last class causes a special problem because of the lack of consistency in pottery fabric (cf. Patch 1991: 171). Furthermore, the definition of the individual types within these classes is not bound by strict rules (cf. Petrie 1921: 5). Also, the types are not distinguished in the same way for each of the pottery classes. All these factors will cause problems for any type of seriation, including the one devised by Petrie. When subsequent use is made of this kind of typological corpus for typing objects in the grave registers of excavations not carried out by Petrie himself, it is only to be expected that errors are bound to arise. As already stated, the system was developed using only nine hundred graves containing five or more pottery types. Since it is now obvious that the average number of objects in a grave increased through time (cf. Seidlmayer 1988), it is generally accepted that this causes the earlier periods to be under-represented by Petrie (e.g. Petrie 1920: 4; Kaiser 1956b: 92). However, if we test this idea with the currently accepted absolute chronology, a rather puzzling image appears (table 1). The importance of the final phase of the predynastic period, as defined by Petrie, seems not over-represented, although it remains a fact that the earliest phase is under-represented. This is most probably the result of the numerically dominating role of the Main Cemetery at Naqada when Petrie developed his the Sequence Dates. Indeed, at this cemetery the number of graves belonging to the Naqada II period is restricted (cf. Payne 1992: fig. 1-2).
studying the spatial distribution within the Naqada III cemeteries of Lower Egypt. However, a number of tombs from other sites are dated by typical objects they contained.
studying the spatial distribution within the Naqada III cemeteries of Lower Egypt. However, a number of tombs from other sites are dated by typical objects they contained.
WiSGes Gow ts Awe eee For the Naqada II period, which was the main topic of interest in this article, the following sum- mary can be given (table 9). The earliest royal tombs at Abydos date to Naqada IJIA2. Naqada IIB can be linked with the earliest tombs for which serekh’s are known and thus also with Kaiser’s Horizont A. Two of the kings of Dynasty 0, Irj-Hor and Ka, are also to be placed in Naqada IIIB. Since the inscrip- tions which were previously attributed to Scorpion are now no longer considered to belong to his reign, no inscriptions of this king remain, except of course on the Hierakonpolis mace head, nor is his tomb known at Abydos. Therefore his very existence becomes questionable. Naqada IIIC1 is certainly identical with the reigns of Narmer, Hor-Aha, and Djer. Naqada IIIC2 covers the reigns of Djed, Den and Adjib. The very limited evidence available for Semerkhet, from tomb U at Umm el-Qaab, does not allow a choice between Nagada IIIC2 and IMD. Naqada IND might be found to commence with Semerkhet, but it can certainly be recognised already in the tombs attributed to the time of Qa-a. Because of the lack of historically dated material from the early Second Dynasty, a limit to Naqada TMD cannot be defined. The inconsistencies regarding the archaeological description of the differences between the princi- pal periods of the Naqada culture are important enough to enforce a change in terminology. However, it seems to be too early to do so. It is to be expected that more data will become available within the next few years, than has through the last fifty years. These will come both from old excavations which still remain to be (re)published (el Ahaiwa, Mesaid, Mesheikh, Naqa ed Deir, Naga el Hay, Shurafa, Deir el Ballas, Hierakonpolis, cf. note 9), and from recent ones (Minshat Abu Omar, Abusir, Umm el Qaab, el Adaima, Elkab, Hierakonpolis). Therefore, it is better to wait until the chronological conse- quences of these data have been evaluated before accepting a far-reaching change, such as proposing a new chronological terminology.
WiSGes Gow ts Awe eee For the Naqada II period, which was the main topic of interest in this article, the following sum- mary can be given (table 9). The earliest royal tombs at Abydos date to Naqada IJIA2. Naqada IIB can be linked with the earliest tombs for which serekh’s are known and thus also with Kaiser’s Horizont A. Two of the kings of Dynasty 0, Irj-Hor and Ka, are also to be placed in Naqada IIIB. Since the inscrip- tions which were previously attributed to Scorpion are now no longer considered to belong to his reign, no inscriptions of this king remain, except of course on the Hierakonpolis mace head, nor is his tomb known at Abydos. Therefore his very existence becomes questionable. Naqada IIIC1 is certainly identical with the reigns of Narmer, Hor-Aha, and Djer. Naqada IIIC2 covers the reigns of Djed, Den and Adjib. The very limited evidence available for Semerkhet, from tomb U at Umm el-Qaab, does not allow a choice between Nagada IIIC2 and IMD. Naqada IND might be found to commence with Semerkhet, but it can certainly be recognised already in the tombs attributed to the time of Qa-a. Because of the lack of historically dated material from the early Second Dynasty, a limit to Naqada TMD cannot be defined. The inconsistencies regarding the archaeological description of the differences between the princi- pal periods of the Naqada culture are important enough to enforce a change in terminology. However, it seems to be too early to do so. It is to be expected that more data will become available within the next few years, than has through the last fifty years. These will come both from old excavations which still remain to be (re)published (el Ahaiwa, Mesaid, Mesheikh, Naqa ed Deir, Naga el Hay, Shurafa, Deir el Ballas, Hierakonpolis, cf. note 9), and from recent ones (Minshat Abu Omar, Abusir, Umm el Qaab, el Adaima, Elkab, Hierakonpolis). Therefore, it is better to wait until the chronological conse- quences of these data have been evaluated before accepting a far-reaching change, such as proposing a new chronological terminology.

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  1. position according to 'best polished result' (.POLISH) with initial orders being shortest hamiltonian circuits (.HAMIL).
  2. position according to 'best hamiltonian circuit' (.HAMIL)
  3. position according to 'best polished result' (.POLISH) using Kaiser's original order as starting order.
  4. This study is not yet published and therefore the following suurmary has kindly been provided by T.A.H. Wilkinson (October 1993). Since the study iSelf has not been seen by the author no further conments can be made for the time being.
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FAQs

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What explains the confusion in Naqada culture terminology?add

Terminology in Naqada culture lacks consensus, with terms like Semainean and Protodynastic often overlapping, as stated by multiple authors in recent studies.

How did Petrie's Sequence Dating influence Naqada chronology?add

Petrie’s Sequence Dating, initiated in the early 1900s, provided a framework for relative chronology based on grave goods, creating 50 Sequence Dates from 900 graves.

What are the key limitations of Petrie's methodology?add

Petrie's system underrepresents earlier periods and lacks consistency in defining pottery types, which introduces significant chronological inaccuracies.

How does Kaiser's Stufen chronology improve upon Petrie's work?add

Kaiser incorporates the spatial distribution of artifacts into his Stufen chronology, proposing a three-phase framework informed by typological developments observed at Armant.

What regional variations exist in Naqada cemetery findings?add

Most artifacts show a homogeneity across regions, with limited regional variation found in grave goods, particularly in Upper Egypt's Naqada cemeteries.

About the author
Stan Hendrickx
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SEQUENCE-DATING: A BRIEF HISTORICAL REVIEW. Submitted to Prof. A. J. Mills for NES 4140, Archaeology of Egypt (Toronto 1973)
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The system of sequence-dating was originated at the turn of the century by Flinders Petrie, who sought to establish a reliable internal chronology of prehistoric Egyptian material through pottery types. Petrie explains how he developed the system in his memoir on Diospolis Parva.(1) Nine pottery types were included:

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Before the pyramids: the origins of Egyptian civilization
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Hendrickx, S., Predynastic – Early Dynastic chronology [in:] Hornung, E.; Krauss, R. & Warburton, D.A., (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section One. The Near and Middle East, vol. 83. Leiden, 2006: 55-93, 487-488
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Hendrickx, S., “Badarian”, “Naqada”, “Predynastic” [in:] Bagnall, R.S.; Brodersen, K.; Champion, C.B.; Erskine, A. & Huebner, S.R. (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. 2012
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Hendrickx, S., Naqada IIIA-B, a crucial phase in the relative chronology of the Naqada culture. Archéo-Nil, 21 (2011): 65-80.
Stan Hendrickx

The early Naqada III Period is of great importance for the relative chronology of Predynastic and Early Egypt because it includes the final phase of state formation in Egypt, just before the commencement of the First Dynasty. In Kaiser’s fundamental revision of Petrie’s Sequence Dating, the Stufen IIIA and IIIB are not very well defined due to the paucity of available data at the time. The revision of Kaiser’s work allowed a better description of the archaeological characteristics of the Naqada IIIA-B periods. In addition, the chronological position of two important tombs is discussed, tomb 32 at Abu Zeidan and tomb U-j at Abydos.

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