Marchetti, N. (ed.) (2019-2020), “Recent archaeological discoveries at Karkemish. Anatomy and trajectories of a capital city on the Middle Euphrates”

Nicolò Marchetti

Outline

Marchetti, N. (ed.) (2019-2020), “Recent archaeological discoveries at Karkemish. Anatomy and trajectories of a capital city on the Middle Euphrates”

2020, in De Martino, S. – Marazzi, M. – Mora, C. (eds.), News from the Lands of the Hittites. Scientific Journal for Anatolian Research, vol. 3-4 (2019-2020), pp. 251-400.

visibility

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155 pages

Abstract

Greek πύργος 'tower' as a possible Lydian borrowing MASSIMILIANO MARAZZI Work on the "Textzeugnisse/Erlässe" of the Mainzer Portal: short notes on the new text KBo 3.27+ XVII Recent archaeological discoveries at Karkemish.

Key takeaways
AI

The Turco-Italian Expedition has conducted significant excavations at Karkemish since 2011, revealing complex urban development.
The site spans multiple periods, including Late Neolithic, Iron Age, and Achaemenid, with varied architectural styles and artifacts.
Bioarchaeological studies indicate a well-structured relationship between ancient populations and their environment over 3000 years.
Geophysical surveys have delineated potential structures and fortifications, enhancing our understanding of Karkemish's urban layout.
Public archaeology efforts aim to integrate local cultural heritage with tourism, promoting sustainable engagement with the site.

Figures (147)

Table 3. Kings (only known from Assyrian sources), Great Kings and Country Lords of Karkemish. [N. MARCHETTI] ly within the funerary assemblages.

Chap. 1 - Introduction Fig. 1.2. DTM of Karkemish and Yunus, with the Turco-Italian excavation areas indicated.

Fig. 1.3. Topographic map of Karkemish and Yunus.

Fig. 1.4. The acropolis mound of Karkemish on the Euphrates, view from the north.

Fig. 2.1. Enhanced orthophoto of the western Yunus plateau with interpretation of cropmarks and hypothetical placing of Woolley’s structures from his Yunus Kilns excavations (North Field) and other visible features. Our Sounding | and Sounding 2 are indicated in red in the South Field. Sounding 2 intercepts a circle, which was visi- ble in the magnetogram, but which was not apparent during excavation. Chap. 2 - The Late Neolithic Period

Fig. 2.2. Finds from the survey in the Yunus Kilns area. Left: Late Neolithic pottery. Right: a pestle. a pendant and a stamp seal, all dating to the Halaf period. ble in the magnetogram, but which was not apparent during excavation.

Fig. 2.3. Sounding | in the South Field during the excavation, view from the south-east.

Fig. 2.4. Painted Halaf pottery sherds from Sounding 1.

Fig. 2.5. Selection of Halaf ceramic types from phases | (1-8) and 3 (9-10) in Sounding 1. The pottery recording methods and abbreviations used in this article are explained in Zaina 2018a, 4-7, fig. 1.1

Fig. 3.1. Selection of LC and EB ceramic types.

Chalcolitic and Early Bronze Age pottery

Fig. 4.1. The ramparts, with the Inner West Gate-area N in the foreground, seen from the west in the DTM of Karkemish.

Fig. 4.2. Detail of the MB stratigraphy in area N, to the south of outer SW tower.

Fig. 4.3. Phase 8 MB II structure uncovered on the acropolis, in the deep sounding of area AA.

Fig. 4.4. Phase 7 MB II structure uncovered on the acropolis, in the deep sounding of area AA.

Fig. 4.5. Phase 5 MB II structure uncovered on the acropolis, in the deep sounding of area AA.

Fig. 4.6. The virgin soil at the bottom of the deep sounding in area G, view from the south.

Fig. 4.7. Detail of the transitional MB II/LB I domestic complex in area A, north of the Great Staircase.

Fig. 4.8. Selection of MB I ceramic types. Middle Bronze I pottery

Fig. 4.9. Selection of MB II ceramic types.

Fig. 5.1. General view of the LB I West Gate in area N, view from the east.

Fig. 5.2. Plan of the LB I West Gate in area N.

Fig. 5.4. Phase 3 LB I structures uncovered on the acropolis, in the deep sounding of area AA Fig. 5.3. LB I storeroom in area H, view from the west.

Fig. 5.5. Earthen floor and oven dating to the LB I in area G (Phase 15).

Fig. 5.6. Detail of the LB I domestic structures in area A, view from the south-west.

Fig. 6.1. General view of the excavations in area P.

Fig. 6.2. Schematic composite plan of the LB I] phases of the fortress in area P.

Fig. 6.3. View of the LB II palace on the acropolis (area AA).

Fig. 6.4. Schematic plan of the second phase of the LB II palace on the acropolis (area AA). Secondarily added walls are marked as such.

Fig. 6.5. The LB IIB administrative complex in area C during the 2017 excavations.

Fig. 6.6. The documentation of clay sealings in situ in a room in the LB II administrative complex in area C.

Fig. 6.7. LB IIB clay sealings from the 2017 excavations in area C.

Fig. 6.8. LB IIB clay sealings from the 2019 excavations in area C.

Fig. 6.9. LB IIB clay sealings from the 2017 excavations in area C.

Fig. 6.10. Network analysis for some attested Hittite officials on LB IIB clay sealings from the 2017 season (elaboration by G. Benati).

Fig. 7.1. Orthophoto of the IA I storage complex in area S.

Fig. 7.2. The IA I storage complex in area S during the 2017 excavation.

Fig. 7.3. Section of the IA I storage complex, the pebbled preparation for the beaten earthen floor in foreground, view from the south.

Fig. 7.4. Schematic plan of the IA I structures in area C.

Fig. 7.5. IA I ovens and storage installation in the south-western sector of area C, view from the south. Fig. 7.5. IA I ovens and storage installation in the

Fig. 7.6. [A I structures and installations west of the ovens, view from the south.

Fig. 8.1. The South Gate, view from the west.

Fig. 8.2. Detailed composite plan of the South Gate complex.

Fig. 8.3. Schematic plan of the Lower Palace area in the IA II.

Fig. 8.5. The “Hilani” complex, view from the south.

Fig. 8.6. 3D reconstruction of the “Hilani” complex during the IA II (elaboration by J. Monastero). Fig. 8.6. 3D reconstruction of the “Hilani” complex

Fig. 8.7. Detailed composite plan of the Storm-God temple and temenos and the Great Staircase.

Fig. 8.8. Orthophoto of the Storm-God temple and temenos and the Great Staircase.

Fig. 8.9. Overview of the Storm-God temple, view from the north.

Fig. 8.10. Orthophoto of the Lower Palace area (areas C and S) at the end of 2019 excavation.

Fig. 8.11. 3D reconstruction of the buildings of the Lower Palace area in the IA II, view from the east (elaboration by J. Monastero).

Fig. 8.12. Basalt orthostat with two rampant griffins found in 2017, belonging to the decoration of the Herald's Wall built by the ruler Katuwa (end of the 10" century BCE).

Fig. 8.13. Overview of the palace area, view from the south.

Fig. 8.14. Dawn on the sculpted orthostats in the Palace of Katuwa (end of the 10" century BCE).

Fig. 8.15. An orthostat with a human-headed winged ibex from the eastern sector of the palace of Katuwa (end of the 10" century BCE).

Fig. 8.16. An orthostat with a winged bull from the eastern sector of the palace of Katuwa (900 BCE).

Fig. 8.17. The basalt stele of Suhi I from the acropolis (beginning of the 10" century BCE).

‘ig. 8.18. The now complete basalt stele of the goddess Kubaba by the ruler Kamani (beginning of the 8" century BCE).

Fig. 9.1. Schematic plan of the palatial compound of Sargon II in area C (Phase 9).

Fig. 9.2. The checkerboard cobblestone pavement (L.4649) from the palatial compound of Sargon II in Area C.

Fig. 9.3. Overview of the eastern sector of the palatial compound of Sargon I, view from the south.

Fig. 9.4. Baked bricks from area C (except the one to the right, from the British Museum dig house) with the cuneiform inscription "Palace of Sargon, king of the world, king of Assyria", c. 710 BCE.

Fig. 9.5. Two clay cuneiform tablets each registering a loan by the Assyrian governor of Karkemish of 20 kgs of silver weighed according to the “mina of Karkemish”, 7 century BCE. Fig. 9.5. Two clay cuneiform tablets each registering a loan by the Assyrian governor of Karkemish

Fig. 9.6. Stamp seal made of rock crystal with the Luwian hieroglyphic name Tarhunta- walwi from the last phase of the palatial compound, end of 7 century BCE.

Fig. 9.7. The palatial compound under excavation in 2015, view from the south-west.

Fig. 9.8. The Neo-Assyrian well in the palatial compound of Sargon II during the 2015 campaign: entering the well.

‘ig. 9.9. Excavation of the Neo-Assyrian well in the palatial compound of Sargon II during the 2015 campaign.

Fig. 9.10. The three fragments of terracotta pseudo-cylinders inscribed in cuneiform which Sargon II dedi- cated within his palace (c. 710 BCE), and of which the two larger ones were found in the palace well.

Fig. 9.11. Stone vessels from the Neo-Assyrian inventory found in the well sealed in 605 BCE.

Fig. 9.12. A clay sealing with strings inside and five stamp-seal impressions on top of it, found in the well sealed in 605 BCE.

Fig. 9.13. A bone scaraboid with an Assyrian- looking figure striding left, 7 century BCE, from the well sealed in 605 BCE. Fig. 9.14. Interpretation of excavated IA III houses in area V.

Fig. 9.18. Turco-Italian excavation areas at Yunus (2013-2019).

Fig. 9.20. An IA III funerary assemblage from Yunus (G.9977).

Fig. 9.21. Different types of scarab seals from an Iron HI cremation urn at Yunus (G.9977)

Fig. 10.1. Schematic plan of the Iron age IV domestic buildings and distribution of finds from area C (Phase 8b). Chap. 10 - The Iron IV Period

Fig. 10.3. Selection of IA IV ceramic types. Nos. 1-7 date to the 6"-5" centuries BCE, while nos. 8-14 date to the 4” century BCE.

Chap. 11 - The Classical and Late Antique periods Fig. 11.1. Schematic topographic map of Europos.

Fig. 11.2. The Roman South Gate during the British Museum excavation in 1912- 1913 before its removal. Seen from north-west. In the background the Euphrates river and the railway under construction (courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum). Fig. 11.2. The Roman South Gate during the British Museum excavation in 1912-

Fig. 11.3. The southern wall of the Roman forum, the foundation of which is set right above the Iron age paved street. The details show Greek letters incised as marks on the blocks. Fig. 11.3. The southern wall of the Roman forum, the foundation of which is set right above the Iron age paved

Fig. 11.4. Late Hellenistic and Roman stelae and reliefs with Greek inscriptions (the one on top proves the identification of the site with Europos).

Fig. 11.6. Selection of architectural elements discovered during the excavation of the Late Roman building of area M and belonging to earlier Roman structures.

Fig. 11.7. View of the Late Roman villa in area M from north-west.

Fig. 11.9. Selection of Roman ceramic types.

Fig. 11.10. Selection of Late Roman/Early Byzantine ceramic types. Late Roman pottery

Fig. 12.1. DTM with Early Islamic buildings excavated and surveyed in the Lower Palace area and its surroundings. Chap. 12 - The Early Islamic Period

Fig. 12.2. Schematic plan of Early Islamic structures in area C.

Fig. 12.3. An Early Islamic building in area G, view from the west.

Fig. 12.4. Selection of Early Islamic glass bracelets.

Fig. 13.2. The ruins of the British Museum dig house after our excavations, in background the acropolis. Fig. 13.2. The ruins of the British Museum dig house

after our excavations, in background the acropolis. Fig. 13.3. Orthophoto (2014) of the British Museum dig house.

Fig. 13.1. The foremen Dahoum, Abd es-Salaam, Gregori, and Hamoudi in front of the liv- ing room in the old British Museum dig house (note the lintel sculpted by T.E. Lawrence, now lost; courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum).

Fig. 13.4. The mosaic dating to the 5" century CE in the living room of the British Museum dig house. g g ry

Fig. 13.5. Iron age basalt and limestone hieroglyphic inscriptions and sculptures found in 2013 in the ruins of the British Museum dig house.

Fig. 13.6. The 20"-century CE Turkish military barrack built above the Iron age Great Staircase (both the stone tile and the concrete floors are modern, while the orthostats are ancient), view from the north.

Fig. 13.7. The excavated portion of the 20"-century CE watermill, view from the north-east.

Fig. 14.1. Shade area along the Roman Colonnaded Street, with Syria in the background, view from the north.

Fig. 14.2. Detail of devices for the visit of the Karkemish Archaeological park.

Fig. 14.3. Opening ceremony of the Karkemish Archaeological park on 19" July 2019 at the presence of national and local authorities.

Fig. 14.4. The land art installation (and its inception phases) outside area N, in the midle of an old cemetery whict in 1956, after the killing by smugglers of a customs officer buried there, became the first stretch of the mined borde between Turkey and Syria and which became one of the first stretches cleared again from mines in 2011.

Fig. 14.5. Map of the archaeological park: numbers refer to the series of information panels (red introductory, buff archaeological, light blue naturalistic), tourist visit paths are in ochre, areas to be visited in light yellow.

Table 1. Number of individuals from each archaeological period at Karkemish.

Fig. 1. Skeletal age estimation categories for the combined archaeological periods. divided by sex groups in different colours.

Fig. 2. Urn of G9117 showing fragments of cremated bones together with burial objects (beads, two metal bracelets and two fibulas).

Fig. 3. Domestic faunal composition in the two major occupation phases.

Fig. 4. Knucklebones deposed in the urn of G.1908

Fig. 5. Carpological remains and their statistical distributions in the different excavation areas at Karkemish.

Fig. 1. Field post-processing of the excavations’ 3D documentation.

Fig. 2. 3D reconstruction of the LB II palace on the acropolis in area AA, view from the west (elaboration by G. Luglio).

Fig. 3. Results of the geo-magnetic survey performed in the northern part of the Outer Town in 2019.

Fig. 4. Photographic documentation of ancient artefacts on the field and at the expedition house.

Fig. 5. Impressed clay sealing and related fieldnotes at its arrival in the conservation laboratory at the expedition house.

Fig. 6. 3D rendering of an LB IIB clay sealing with impression of a hieroglyphic stamp seal (elaboration by J. Monastero).

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FAQs

What insights have the recent excavations provided about Karkemish's occupation history?add

Research indicates that Karkemish's occupational narrative spans from the Halaf period to the Iron Age, with significant new findings revising traditional timelines for various phases, particularly in the Iron Age.

How have geophysical methods enhanced understanding of Karkemish's urban layout?add

Recent geophysical surveys identified numerous anomalies indicative of buried structures, revealing previously unknown architectural features in the Outer Town, enhancing urban planning interpretations.

What evidence supports changes in Karkemish's socio-political landscape during the Iron Age?add

Artifacts such as seal impressions and pottery suggest a shift to more centralized administrative practices, correlating with the ascendancy of local elites and increased trade networks.

How has bioarchaeology contributed to understanding Karkemish's demographic makeup?add

The analysis of over 142 skeletal remains highlights gender disparities, with 38 females recorded, suggesting complex social practices, possibly related to ritualistic behaviors observed in burial contexts.

What does the new ceramic assemblage reveal about Karkemish's Iron Age economy?add

The ceramic repertoire, featuring distinct storage and cooking vessels, reflects advanced trade connections and a reliance on local agricultural products, particularly barley and various fruits.

About the author

Nicolò Marchetti

Università di Bologna, Faculty Member

Full Professor of Near Eastern Archaeology, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna Director of the joint Turco-Italian Archaeological Expedition of the Universities of Bologna, Istanbul and Gaziantep to Karkemish (Turkey), 2011- Director of the joint Iraqi-Italian Archaeological Expedition of the University of Bologna and the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage to East Nineveh (Iraq), 2019- Director of the joint Iraqi-Italian Archaeological Expedition of the University of Bologna and the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage for the surface survey of the eastern Qadisiyah region (QADIS), 2016-2018 Director of the joint Turco-Italian Archaeological Expedition of the University of Bologna, the University of Istanbul and the Museum of Gaziantep to Tilmen Höyük (Turkey), 2003-2008 and to Tasli Geçit Höyük (Turkey), 2009-2010 Co-director, together with L. Nigro and H. Taha, of the joint expedition of «La Sapienza» University of Rome and the Palestinian Department of Antiquities to Tell es-Sultan, ancient Jericho, 1997-2000 Coordinator of the European project BANUU (Erasmus+ CBHE in in partnership with the universities of Turin, Koç Istanbul and, in Iraq, Baghdad, Qadisiyah, Mosul, Kufa and the Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education), 2020-2022 [www.banuu.unibo.it] Coordinator of the European projects WALADU (Erasmus+ CBHE in partnership with the universities of LMU Munich, Koç Istanbul and, in Iraq, Baghdad, Qadisiyah and Kufa) and EDUU (EuropeAid in partnership with the universities of Turin, Baghdad, Qadisiyah and Kufa), 2017-2019 [www.waladu.unibo.it, www.eduu.unibo.it] Beneficiary of the research project EBLA CHORA of the ERC programme, Advanced Grant, 2010-2014 [www.orientlab.net/eblachora] Chair of the Organizing Committee of the 12th ICAANE, 2021 [www.12icaane.unibo.it] Scientific editor of the research website www.orientlab.net and associated projects

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