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Jarrige, J.-F., Didier, A. & Quivron, G. (2011) Shahr-i Sokhta and the Chronology of the Indo-Iranian Borderlands. Paléorient 37 (2) : 7-34.

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Abstract

In an article published in 2008 in Paléorient, a series of arguments have been listed which would allow dating the last phase Résumé : Dans un article publié en 2008 dans Paléorient, une série d'arguments a été présentée pour dater la phase fi nale de la période III et la période IV de Shahr-i Sokhta au cours de la seconde moitié du III e millénaire et au tout début du II e millénaire av. J.-C. Une telle datation pourrait impliquer de possibles interactions entre les sites du système de l'Helmand (Shahr-i Sokhta et Mundigak) et la civilisation de l'Indus. Cet article nous conduit tout d'abord à un examen d'ensemble des questions chronologiques à l'échelle des régions indo-iraniennes. Nous passons ensuite en revue les éléments utilisés par les auteurs de l'article précédent pour soutenir une contemporanéité entre les sites de l'Helmand aux périodes III et IV de Shahr-i Sokhta et la civilisation de l'Indus. Puis, en nous fondant notamment sur la séquence des sites de la bordure occidentale de la vallée de l'Indus et du Makran, nous examinons le bienfondé de ces rapprochements proposés entre Shahr-i Sokhta et les sites de la civilisation de l'Indus. Sample Region Site / period 14C Age BP 68 % (1σ) cal BC ranges 95.4 % (2σ) cal BC ranges Beta 18843*

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  1. The article critiques the dating of Shahr-i Sokhta Periods III and IV, challenging claims of contemporaneity with the Indus civilization.
  2. The authors argue for a 2800-2600 BCE timeframe for both Shahr-i Sokhta and Mundigak, based on calibrated 14C dating.
  3. Significant cultural interactions likely occurred between the Helmand system and the Indus civilization during the 3rd millennium BCE.
  4. Recent excavations reveal complexity in pottery styles and technological advancements across Indo-Iranian regions.
  5. The text aims to reassess previous conclusions regarding the chronology of the Indo-Iranian borderlands based on archaeological data.
Figures (22)
Fig. 1 —- Map of the Indo-Iranian Borderlands with archaeological sites mentioned in the text
Fig. 1 —- Map of the Indo-Iranian Borderlands with archaeological sites mentioned in the text
Table 1 - “C datings from Nausharo IB-C and Makran IIIb-IIc. * Radiocarbon dating: Laboratory Beta Analytic, Miami, Florida; ** Radiocarbon dating: Laboratory AMS, University of Arizona, Tucson
Table 1 - “C datings from Nausharo IB-C and Makran IIIb-IIc. * Radiocarbon dating: Laboratory Beta Analytic, Miami, Florida; ** Radiocarbon dating: Laboratory AMS, University of Arizona, Tucson
Fig. 2 — Togau ware with motifs of stylized caprids. 1-2, Buff reddish ware from Mehrgarh III (C. JARRIGE et al., 1995: fig. 3.2, a-c); 3-5, 7-8, Ceramics from Mundigak I (CASAL, 1961: fig. 49.9, 11-12, fig. 50.26, 29a); 6, 9, Ceramics from Sarazm (ISAKOV et LYONNET, 1988: pl. I, 2-3).
Fig. 2 — Togau ware with motifs of stylized caprids. 1-2, Buff reddish ware from Mehrgarh III (C. JARRIGE et al., 1995: fig. 3.2, a-c); 3-5, 7-8, Ceramics from Mundigak I (CASAL, 1961: fig. 49.9, 11-12, fig. 50.26, 29a); 6, 9, Ceramics from Sarazm (ISAKOV et LYONNET, 1988: pl. I, 2-3).
Fig. 3 — Bowls decorated with “pseudo-swastika” motifs. 1-6, Ceramics from Shahr-i Sokhta cemetery, Period I (SAJJADI, 2003: fig. 26); 7-9, Ceramics from Nilag (Dasht Plain, Makran), Period Illa (MUTIN, 2007 : fig. 1.278, 12-14).
Fig. 3 — Bowls decorated with “pseudo-swastika” motifs. 1-6, Ceramics from Shahr-i Sokhta cemetery, Period I (SAJJADI, 2003: fig. 26); 7-9, Ceramics from Nilag (Dasht Plain, Makran), Period Illa (MUTIN, 2007 : fig. 1.278, 12-14).
Fig. 4 - Truncated-conical goblets with polychrome or monochrome painted decorations. 1-3, Ceramics from Mehrgarh IV-V (drawings MAI); 4, Ceramic from Tal-i Iblis (SARRAF, 1981: abb. 26); 5-6, Ceramics from Makran, Period Ila (MUTIN, 2007: fig. I1.194, n° 13-14); 7, Ceramics from Sohr-Damb/Nal I (FRANKE-VOGT, 2005: abb. 8).
Fig. 4 - Truncated-conical goblets with polychrome or monochrome painted decorations. 1-3, Ceramics from Mehrgarh IV-V (drawings MAI); 4, Ceramic from Tal-i Iblis (SARRAF, 1981: abb. 26); 5-6, Ceramics from Makran, Period Ila (MUTIN, 2007: fig. I1.194, n° 13-14); 7, Ceramics from Sohr-Damb/Nal I (FRANKE-VOGT, 2005: abb. 8).
Fig. 7 — Polychrome ware from Sharh-i Sokhta II (SALVATORI and VIDALE, 1997: fig. 161; SAJJADI, 2003: fig. 30). Fig. 6 — Dasht polychrome ware from Makran IIIb (drawings MAFM).
Fig. 7 — Polychrome ware from Sharh-i Sokhta II (SALVATORI and VIDALE, 1997: fig. 161; SAJJADI, 2003: fig. 30). Fig. 6 — Dasht polychrome ware from Makran IIIb (drawings MAFM).
Fig. 5 — Nal polychrome ware from Balochistan. 1-4 (FAIRSERVIS, 1975: fig. 40); 5-7 (FRANKE-VOGT, 2005: fig. 60).
Fig. 5 — Nal polychrome ware from Balochistan. 1-4 (FAIRSERVIS, 1975: fig. 40); 5-7 (FRANKE-VOGT, 2005: fig. 60).
Fig. 8 — Polychrome ware from Mehrgarh VB, VIIA-B and from Nausharo IA-B (drawings MAI).
Fig. 8 — Polychrome ware from Mehrgarh VB, VIIA-B and from Nausharo IA-B (drawings MAI).
Fig. 9 — Kot-Diji pottery. 1-2, Ceramics from Mehrgarh VIA/B (drawings MAI); 3, 7, Ceramics from Nausharo I (JARRIGE, 1993: fig. 1); 4, Ceramic from Mundigak IV.1 (CASAL, 1961: fig. 75.249); 5-6, Ceramics from Harappa 1-2 (DALES, 1991: fig. 5.3).
Fig. 9 — Kot-Diji pottery. 1-2, Ceramics from Mehrgarh VIA/B (drawings MAI); 3, 7, Ceramics from Nausharo I (JARRIGE, 1993: fig. 1); 4, Ceramic from Mundigak IV.1 (CASAL, 1961: fig. 75.249); 5-6, Ceramics from Harappa 1-2 (DALES, 1991: fig. 5.3).
Fig. 10 - Terracotta female figurines. 1, Figurine from Shahr-i Sokhta II (CORTES! et al., 2008: fig. 11); 2-6, Figurines from Mehrgarh VII (photos MAI); 7-8, Figurines from Mundigak (CASAL, 1961: pl. XLI, 8-9); 9-11, Figurines from Damb-Sadaat I-III, site Q8 (FAIRSERVIS, 1956: fig. 16).
Fig. 10 - Terracotta female figurines. 1, Figurine from Shahr-i Sokhta II (CORTES! et al., 2008: fig. 11); 2-6, Figurines from Mehrgarh VII (photos MAI); 7-8, Figurines from Mundigak (CASAL, 1961: pl. XLI, 8-9); 9-11, Figurines from Damb-Sadaat I-III, site Q8 (FAIRSERVIS, 1956: fig. 16).
Fig. 11 - Terracotta cakes: 1-5 from Shahr-i Sokhta I-III (CORTES! et al., 2008: fig. 12) ; 6-14 from Nausharo IB-IC / Mehrgarh VII (drawings and photos MAI).
Fig. 11 - Terracotta cakes: 1-5 from Shahr-i Sokhta I-III (CORTES! et al., 2008: fig. 12) ; 6-14 from Nausharo IB-IC / Mehrgarh VII (drawings and photos MAI).
Fig. 12 - Bowls and dishes decorated with vegetal motifs. 1, Ceramic from Lal Shah, Period Nausharo IC (PRACCHIA, 1985: fig. 4a); 2, Ceramic from Rehman Dheri IIIB, scale not available (DURRANI, 1988: Pl. XXXVII); 3, Ceramic from Shahr-i Sokhta IV, Scale not avail- able (BISCIONE, 1990: fig. 6); 4-5, Ceramics from Nausharo IC (drawing MAI); 6, Ceramic from Miri Qalat IIIc (BESENVAL and DIDIER, 2004: fig. 8.2); 7, Ceramic from Mundigak IV.3 (CASAL, 1961: fig. 94.429); 8, 10, Ceramics from Shahr-i Sokhta IV, Grave 1705, n° 32 and 21 (SAJJADI, 2003: fig. 17); 9, Ceramic from the Dasht Plain (Makran), Period IIIb (drawing MAFM); 11, Ceramic from Mehrgarh VIIA/B (drawing MAI).
Fig. 12 - Bowls and dishes decorated with vegetal motifs. 1, Ceramic from Lal Shah, Period Nausharo IC (PRACCHIA, 1985: fig. 4a); 2, Ceramic from Rehman Dheri IIIB, scale not available (DURRANI, 1988: Pl. XXXVII); 3, Ceramic from Shahr-i Sokhta IV, Scale not avail- able (BISCIONE, 1990: fig. 6); 4-5, Ceramics from Nausharo IC (drawing MAI); 6, Ceramic from Miri Qalat IIIc (BESENVAL and DIDIER, 2004: fig. 8.2); 7, Ceramic from Mundigak IV.3 (CASAL, 1961: fig. 94.429); 8, 10, Ceramics from Shahr-i Sokhta IV, Grave 1705, n° 32 and 21 (SAJJADI, 2003: fig. 17); 9, Ceramic from the Dasht Plain (Makran), Period IIIb (drawing MAFM); 11, Ceramic from Mehrgarh VIIA/B (drawing MAI).
Fig. 13 — Pedestal beakers decorated with geometric and naturalistic motifs. 1, 5, Ceramics from Nausharo IC (drawings MAI); 3, 7-8, Buff ware from Shahr-i Sokhta IV, Grave 731, n° 8094, 8081, 8059 (PIPERNO and SALVATORI, 2007: fig. 675); 2, 4, 6, 9, Ceramics from Mundigak IV.1 (CASAL, 1961: fig. 65.179, 181-182, fig. 66.192).
Fig. 13 — Pedestal beakers decorated with geometric and naturalistic motifs. 1, 5, Ceramics from Nausharo IC (drawings MAI); 3, 7-8, Buff ware from Shahr-i Sokhta IV, Grave 731, n° 8094, 8081, 8059 (PIPERNO and SALVATORI, 2007: fig. 675); 2, 4, 6, 9, Ceramics from Mundigak IV.1 (CASAL, 1961: fig. 65.179, 181-182, fig. 66.192).
Fig. 14 - Ceramics with “fish” motifs. 1, Buff ware bowl from Shahr-i Sokhta IV, Grave 731, n° 8075 (PIPERNO and SALVATORI, 2007. fig. 681); 2, Faiz Mohammad Grey ware from Mehrgarh VIA/B (drawing MAI); 3, Streak burnished ware dish from Miri Qalat IIc (BESENVAL and DIDIER, 2004: fig. 9.5); 4, Buff ware bowl from Shahr-i Sokhta lV, Grave 1705, n° 50 (SAJJADI, 2003: fig. 17); 5, Surface potsherd from Shahr- i Sokhta (CORTES! et al., 2008: fig. 7.4); 6, Bowl from Nausharo IC (drawing MAI); 7, Pinkish buff bowl from Mundigak IV.2 (CASAL, 1961: fig. 92.398); 8, Fine ware bowl from the Dasht Plain (Makran), Period IIIb (drawing MAFM).
Fig. 14 - Ceramics with “fish” motifs. 1, Buff ware bowl from Shahr-i Sokhta IV, Grave 731, n° 8075 (PIPERNO and SALVATORI, 2007. fig. 681); 2, Faiz Mohammad Grey ware from Mehrgarh VIA/B (drawing MAI); 3, Streak burnished ware dish from Miri Qalat IIc (BESENVAL and DIDIER, 2004: fig. 9.5); 4, Buff ware bowl from Shahr-i Sokhta lV, Grave 1705, n° 50 (SAJJADI, 2003: fig. 17); 5, Surface potsherd from Shahr- i Sokhta (CORTES! et al., 2008: fig. 7.4); 6, Bowl from Nausharo IC (drawing MAI); 7, Pinkish buff bowl from Mundigak IV.2 (CASAL, 1961: fig. 92.398); 8, Fine ware bowl from the Dasht Plain (Makran), Period IIIb (drawing MAFM).
Fig. 15 - Parallels between Shahr-i Sokhta and Jiroft objects. 1, Wooden game-board from Shahr-i Sokhta IV, Grave 731, n° 8087, Scale not available (PIPERNO and SALVATORI, 2007. fig. 691); 2, “Chlorite” board from Jiroft, Scale not available (MADJIDAZADEH, 2003: 108).
Fig. 15 - Parallels between Shahr-i Sokhta and Jiroft objects. 1, Wooden game-board from Shahr-i Sokhta IV, Grave 731, n° 8087, Scale not available (PIPERNO and SALVATORI, 2007. fig. 691); 2, “Chlorite” board from Jiroft, Scale not available (MADJIDAZADEH, 2003: 108).
Fig. 16 — Fragment of “chlorite” vessel from Nausharo, Period IC (photograph MAI © C. JARRIGE).
Fig. 16 — Fragment of “chlorite” vessel from Nausharo, Period IC (photograph MAI © C. JARRIGE).
Fig. 17 — Parallels between Shahr-i Sokhta I-Ila surface seals 1-5 (CORTES! et al., 2008: fig. 13, 1 and fig. 15, 1-2, 4, 8 and Nausharo I terracotta seals 6-12 (drawings MAI).
Fig. 17 — Parallels between Shahr-i Sokhta I-Ila surface seals 1-5 (CORTES! et al., 2008: fig. 13, 1 and fig. 15, 1-2, 4, 8 and Nausharo I terracotta seals 6-12 (drawings MAI).
Fig. 18 — Parallels between canister pots decorated with ibex motifs. 1, Ceramic from Shahr-i Sokhta IV (TOSI, 1983: fig. 55); 2-7, Ceramics from Miri Qalat IIIc and IV (drawings MAFM); 8, Ceramic from Hili, tomb M (VOGT et al., 2011: fig. 53, HM/v55); 9-10, Ceramics from Hili, tomb 1059 (BIBBY, 1966: fig. 11); 11, Ceramic from Hili, tomb B (AL-TIKRITI, 1981: Pl. 81H, 3); 12, Ceramic from Hili Nord, tomb A (VOGT et al., 2011: fig. 204, DLA/v260); 13-14, Ceramics from Bampur V.2 (DE CARDI, 1970: fig. 38.361-362); 15-17, Ceramics from Bampur V1 (DE CARDI, 1970: fig. 43.477, 479, 481).
Fig. 18 — Parallels between canister pots decorated with ibex motifs. 1, Ceramic from Shahr-i Sokhta IV (TOSI, 1983: fig. 55); 2-7, Ceramics from Miri Qalat IIIc and IV (drawings MAFM); 8, Ceramic from Hili, tomb M (VOGT et al., 2011: fig. 53, HM/v55); 9-10, Ceramics from Hili, tomb 1059 (BIBBY, 1966: fig. 11); 11, Ceramic from Hili, tomb B (AL-TIKRITI, 1981: Pl. 81H, 3); 12, Ceramic from Hili Nord, tomb A (VOGT et al., 2011: fig. 204, DLA/v260); 13-14, Ceramics from Bampur V.2 (DE CARDI, 1970: fig. 38.361-362); 15-17, Ceramics from Bampur V1 (DE CARDI, 1970: fig. 43.477, 479, 481).

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FAQs

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What new evidence supports the dating of Shahr-i Sokhta's occupation periods?add

Recent excavations by S.M.S. Sajjadi revealed tombs at Shahr-i Sokhta dating to Period IV, providing clearer chronological links with Mehrgarh and Nausharo, suggesting continuity in cultural trends.

How does Shahr-i Sokhta relate to the Helmand civilization?add

The study indicates that Shahr-i Sokhta may be contemporaneous with key Helmand sites, with evidence linking its pottery styles and cultural artifacts to the Helmand River hydrographic system.

What is the significance of bichrome and polychrome pottery in this research?add

The introduction of bichrome and polychrome pottery in the region indicates complex exchange networks, particularly in the tradition of decoration techniques emerging around the mid-4th millennium BC.

What methodologies were used for the analysis of ceramic sequences in this study?add

The research employed calibrated radiocarbon dating and stratigraphic comparisons across various key archaeological sites to critically evaluate periods of occupation and cultural exchange.

What are the implications of vessel designs found at Shahr-i Sokhta?add

Vessels displayed stylistic links to both local and regional traditions, revealing a dynamic exchange of artistic concepts and techniques across the Indo-Iranian region during the 3rd millennium BC.

About the authors
Aurore Didier
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique / French National Centre for Scientific Research, Faculty Member
Gonzague Quivron
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique / French National Centre for Scientific Research, Department Member

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