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Psychoanalysis and Psychology
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Anthropology
Cultural Studies

Culture of Shame / Culture of Guilt

Profile image of Thomas Paul SchirrmacherThomas Paul Schirrmacher

2013, World of Theology Series

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91 pages

Abstract

Applying the Word of God in Different Situations “Until now theology has hardly paid sufficient attention to the difference between cultures that are primarily guilt-oriented and those that are primarily shame-oriented. Thomas Schirrmacher’s work is noteworthy for the way he informs the reader not only as it relates to missionary theology and activity. It goes on to inform the reader on this important topic as it relates to educational theory, ethics, and counseling from the points of view of both cultural anthropological and theology. The work demonstrates that a total contrast between shame and guilt orientations does not correspond to the Biblical message, nor is it derived from the tradition of the Occident and from churches of Reformation origin. Rather, shame was already considered in and integrated into these perspectives. The work is particularly challenging insofar as it calls for closer attention to be paid to the significance of the undisputed differences between shame-oriented and guilt-oriented cultures for the Christian doctrine of sin and also of reconciliation with God through Christ.” (Prof. Dr. Ulrich Eibach, Professor for Systematic Theology, Bonn, Germany)

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Eugene Nida's distinction between " shame cultures, " " fear cultures, " and " guilt cultures " has become a foundational assumption of the " global Gospel " / " honor-shame " streams of missiology. It is periodically necessary to test such assumptions, particularly in the light of later developments within the disciplines of anthropology and sociology and the availability of empirical evidence. I argue here that the shame/guilt division is not clearly demarcated and that subsequent critique has cast doubt on its validity as a categorical concept. Missiology operating under its assumptions needs to reflect both the conceptual complexity and the limited empirical evidence for such a distinction.

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References (179)

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  8. Roland Muller. Honor and Shame: Unlocking the Door. Philadelphia (PA): Xlibris Publications, 2000. pp. 79-99.
  9. Hanna-Maria Schmalenbach. "Die Lüge als Überlebensstrategie in schamorientier- ten und furchtbestimmten Kulturen." Mexico Report June 2002: 17-23 as a sum- mary by Hanna-Maria Schmalenbach. "Die Lüge als Überlebensstrategie: Gedan- ken und Erfahrungen aus einer Missionsarbeit in Mexico." Unpublished Unveröffentlichte term paper. Columbia International University German Campus, Korntal, 2001.
  10. Melford E. Spiro. The Children of the Kibbutz: A study in child training and per- sonality. Cambridge (MS): Harvard University Press, 1958; revised edition. 1975.
  11. Jean G. Peristiany (ed.). Honor and Shame: The Values of a Mediterranean Socie- ty. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1965; Chicago: University of Chicago, 1966 (= 1970; 1974); comp. later independent anthology John George Peristiany, Julian Pitt-Rivers (eds.). Honour and Grace in Anthropology. Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press, 1992; Cambridge University Press -Digital Printing, 1999. Lomen and Wiher date this one year later in the in the American edition, yet the actual conference was published in London. One can name additionally as an- thologies above all David D. Gilmore (ed.). Honour and Shame and the Unity of the Mediterranean. AAA Special Publication 22. Washington: American Anthro- pological Association, 1987.
  12. Among the most important critics there is: Ward Keeler. "Shame and Stage Fright in Java". Ethos: Journal of the Society for Psychological Anthropology 2 (1983) 3: 152-165; Takie Sugiyama Lebra. "Shame and Guilt: A Psychocultural View of the Japanese Self." Ethos: Journal of the Society for Psychological Anthropology 2 (1983) 3: 192-209;
  13. David P. Ausubel. Theory and Problems of Child Develop- ment. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1958 1 ; 1970 2 ; 1980 3 ; David P. Ausubel, Ed- mund V. Sullivan. Das Kindesalter: Fakten, Probleme, Theorie. München: Juven- ta Verlag, 1974 (part. p. 507);
  14. Douglas Graham. Moral Learning and Development. London: Batsdorf, 1972; Rolf Kühn, Michael Raub. Michael Titze (eds.). Scham -ein menschliches Gefühl: Kulturelle, psychologische und philoso- phische Perspektiven. Köln: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1997; Wolfgang Blankenburg. "Zur Differenzierung von Scham und Schuld". pp. 45-56 in: Rolf Kühn, Michael Raub. Michael Titze (eds.). Scham -ein menschliches Gefühl: Kulturelle, psycho- logische und philosophische Perspektiven. Köln: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1997;
  15. Ronald T. Potter-Efron. Shame, Guilt and Alcoholism: Treatment Issues in Clini- cal Practice. New York, London: Haworth Press, 1989; Patricia und Ronald Pot- ter-Efron. Schamgefühle verstehen und überwinden. Heyne: München, 1992 (Eng- lish edition. Letting Go of Shame. Minnesota (USA): Hazelden Foundation, 1989).
  16. Comp. with Freud as a starting point of the discussion on shame and guilt, e.g., Freud: "Die Bedeutung der Scham in der Seelsorge: Scham -die Nachseite der Liebe." Dissertation -Theologie: Bonn, 2002. pp. 50-51; Sighard Neckel. Status und Scham: Zur symbolischen Reproduktion sozialer Ungleichheit. Theorie und Gesellschaft 21. Frankfurt: Campus, 1991. pp. 46-49. Comp. basically to Freud's view of guilt feelings and feelings of shame Joseph Sandler. "Zum Begriff des Überichs." pp. 45-81 in: Karola Brede (ed.). Das Überich und die Macht seiner Objekte: [50 Jahre Psyche]. Stuttgart: Verlag Internationale Psychoanalyse, 1996;
  17. Melvin R. Lansky, Andrew P. Morrison. "The Legacy of Freud's Writings on Shame." pp. 3-40 in: Melvin R. Lansky, Andrew P. Morrison (eds.). The Widening Scope of Shame. Hillsdale (NJ): The Analytic Press, 1997.
  18. Comp. R. L. Timpe. "Shame." pp. 1074-1075 in: David G. Benner (ed.). Baker's Encyclopedia of Psychology. Grand Rapids (MI): Baker Books, 1985.
  19. Comp. on the importance of Freud for cultural anthropology Mario Erdheim. "Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)." pp. 137-150 in: Wolfgang Marschall (ed.). Klassi- Donald L. Nathanson. Shame and Pride: Affect, Sex, and the Birth of the Self. New York: Norton, 1992; Günter H. Seidler. Der Blick der Anderen: Eine Analyse der Scham. Stuttgart: Verlag Internationale Psychoanalyse, 1995 1 ; Stuttgart: Klett- Cotta, 2001 2 ; Leon Wurmser. Die Flucht vor dem Gewissen. Heidelberg: Springer, 1987; Leon Wurmser. The Mask of Shame. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981; Leon Wurmser. Die Maske der Scham. Heidelberg: Springer, 1990 1 ; 1993 2 ; 1998 3 ; Charles Mariauzouls. "Psychophysiologie von Scham und Erröten." München: Dissertation, 1996.
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  21. Z. B. Leon Wurmser. Die Maske der Scham. op. cit., and Günter H. Seidler. Der Blick der Anderen. 2001 2 . In part. pp. 114-125, as well as the comprehensive liter- ature list in the newest editions.
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  25. So in part. J. P. Danaher. "Love in Plato and the New Testament." European Journal of Theology 7 (1998) 2: 119-126.
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  31. In part. Jay Adams. Ich liebe mich. p. 72, who defends the latter.
  32. Comp. on the understanding of conscience in pietism Chr. Ernst Luthardt. Ge- schichte der christlichen Ethik. Bd. 1: Bis zur Reformation. Dörffling & Franke: Leipzig, 1888. pp. 310-313 and often.
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  36. Emil Brunner. Das Gebot und die Ordnungen. Zwingli Verlag: Zürich, 1939 4 . p. 140.
  37. Comp. on the role of thought in the Bible Thomas Schirrmacher. Ethik. 2 vols. Hänssler: Neuhausen, 1994. Vol. 1. pp. 769-800.
  38. 163 Further information on the relationship between body parts and mankind's func- tions are found in the good, if in part, biblically critical book: Hans W. Wolff. Anthropologie des Alten Testamentes. Kaiser: München, 1977 2 .
  39. According to Hendrik van Oyen. Ethik des Alten Testaments. Gütersloher Ver- lagshaus Gerd Mohn: Gütersloh, 1967. pp. 62-63.
  40. Johannes Chrysostomus, 'Homilien zu Genesis' 17, quoted in Alfons Heilmann (ed.). Texte der Kirchenväter. 5 vols. vol. 1. Kösel: München, 1963. p. 320. 166 According to Hans W. Wolff. Anthropologie des Alten Testaments. op. cit., pp. 105-106. In the Old Testament: Conscience = "Kidney" (all instances) (in its literal meaning "kidney" appears in connection with ritual sacrifice: Exodus 29:13+22; Leviticus 3:4+10+ 15; 4:9; 7:4; 8:16+25; 9:10+19; Deu- teronomy 32:14; Isaiah 34:6)
  41. Job 16:13: "Without pity, he pierces my kidneys." (There are pangs of con- science.)
  42. Job 19:27: "How my heart yearns within me!" ("My reins [= kidneys] are consumed within me" -English Revised Version.)
  43. Psalm 7:9: "O righteous God, who searches minds and hearts . . ." (". . . for the righteous God trieth the hearts and reins [= kidneys]" -English Re- vised Version. God is above the conscience.)
  44. Psalm 16:7: "I will praise the Lord, who counsels me; even at night my heart instructs me." (". . . my reins [= kidneys] instruct me in the night sea- sons" -English Revised Version.)
  45. Psalm 26:2: "Test me, O Lord, and try me, examine my heart and my mind . . ." (". . . try my reins [= kidneys] and my heart" -English Revised Ver- sion.) Psalm 73:21: "When my heart was grieved and my spirit embittered . . ." (". . . and I was pricked in my reins [= kidneys] . . .") Psalm 139:13: "For you created my inmost being; you knit me together in my mother's womb." ("For thou hast possessed my reins [= kidneys]: thou hast covered me in my mother's womb" -English Revised Version.) Proverbs 23:15-16: "My son, if your heart is wise, then my heart will be glad; my inmost being will rejoice when your lips speak what is right." ("Yea, my reins [= kidneys] shall rejoice, when thy lips speak right things" -English Revised Version, verse 16.)
  46. Jeremiah 11:20: "But, O Lord Almighty, you who judge righteously and test the heart and mind . . ." ("But, O Lord of hosts, that judgest righteous- ly, that triest the reins [= kidneys] and the heart . . ." -English Revised Version.)
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  85. Ronald C. Johnson et al. "Guilt, Shame and adjustment in three cultures." Journal of Individual Differences 8 (1987) 3: 357-364.
  86. Lothar Käser. Fremde Kulturen: Eine Einführung in die Ethnologie. VLM: Lahr & Verlag der Evang.-Luth. Mission: Erlangen, 1998 2 . Chapter 10. "Kultur und Über-Ich (Gewissen)," pp. 129-167.
  87. Jerome Kagan. Die Natur des Kindes. München: Piper, 1987 1 ; 1987 2 ; Weinheim: Beltz, 2001 3 .
  88. Gershen Kaufman. Shame: The Power of Caring. Cambridge, MA: Schenckman. 1980 1 ; 1992 2 .
  89. Gershen Kaufman. The Psychology of Shame: Theory and Treatment of Shame-Based Syndromes. New York: Springer, 1989.
  90. Gershen Kaufman, L. Raphael. "Shame: A Perspective on Jewish Identity." Journal of Psychology and Judaism 11 (1987): 30-40.
  91. Ward Keeler. "Shame and Stage Fright in Java." Ethos: Journal of the Society for Psy- chological Anthropology 2 (1983) 3: 152-165.
  92. Shinobu S. Kitayama (ed.). Emotion and Culture: Empirical Studies of Mutual Influ- ence. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press, 1994.
  93. Martin A. Klopfenstein. Scham und Schande nach dem Alten Testament: Eine be- griffsgeschichtliche Untersuchung zu den hebräischen Wurzeln bôs, klm und hpr. Theologischer Verlag: Zürich, 1972.
  94. Walter Krämer et al. Das neue Lexikon der populären Irrtümer. Eichborn: Frankfurt, 1998. pp. 290-291.
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  96. C. Norman Kraus. Jesus Christ Our Lord: Christology from a Disciple's Perspective. Rev. ed. Scottdale: Herald Press, 1987 1 ; 1990 2 .
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  98. Timothy S. Laniak. "Shame and Honor in the Book of Esther." SBL Dissertation Se- ries 165. Atlanta (GE): Scholars Press, 1998.
  99. Melvin R. Lansky, Andrew P. Morrison. "The Legacy of Freud's Writings on Shame." pp. 3-40 in: Melvin R. Lansky, Andrew P. Morrison (ed.). The Widening Scope of Shame. Hillsdale (NJ): The Analytic Press, 1997.
  100. Melvin R. Lansky, Andrew P. Morrison (ed.). The Widening Scope of Shame. Hills- dale (NJ): The Analytic Press, 1997.
  101. Takie Sugiyama Lebra. "On Social Mechanisms of Guilt and Shame": The Japanese case." Anthropological Quarterly 44 (1971): 241-245.
  102. Takie Sugiyama Lebra. "Shame and Guilt: A Psychocultural View of the Japanese Self." Ethos: Journal of the Society for Psychological Anthropology 2 (1983) 3: 192-209.
  103. Zuk-Nae Lee. "Koreanische Kultur und Schamgefühl." pp. 75-86 in: Rolf Kühn, Mi- chael Raub. Michael Titze (eds.). Scham -ein menschliches Gefühl: Kultu- relle, psychologische und philosophische Perspektiven. Köln: Westdeut- scher Verlag, 1997.
  104. Helen B. Lewis. Shame and Guilt in Neurosis. New York: International Universities Press, 1971.
  105. Michael Lewis. Scham: Annäherung an ein Tabu. Hamburg: Kabel, 1993.
  106. Ruth Lienhard. "Ehre und Recht." pp. 253-263 in: Klaus W. Müller (ed.). Mission in fremden Kulturen: Festschrift für Lothar Käser. edition afem -edition academics 15. Nürnberg: VTR, 2004.
  107. Jacob Abram Loewen. Culture and Human Values: Christian Intervention in Anthro- pological Perspective. Pasadena (CA): William Carey Library, 1975 (= 1977).
  108. Jacob Abram Loewen. The Bible in Cross-Cultural Perspective. Pasadena: William Carey Library, 2000.
  109. Martin Lomen. Sünde und Scham im biblischen und islamischen Kontext: Ein ethno- hermeneutischer Beitrag zum christlich-islamischen Dialog. Edition afem - mission scripts 21. Nürnberg: VTR, 2003.
  110. Helen Merell Lynd. On Shame and the Search of Identity. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1958; New York: Science Editions, 1961.
  111. Ulrich Mack. "Die Bedeutung der Scham in der Seelsorge: Scham -die Nachseite der Liebe." Dissertation -Theologie: Bonn, 2002.
  112. Bruce J. Manila. The New Testament World: Insights from Cultural Anthropology. Atlanta: John Knox, 1981.
  113. Bruce J. Manila. Christian Origins and Cultural Anthropology: Practical Models for Biblical Interpretation. Atlanta: John Knox, 1986.
  114. Charles Mariauzouls. Psychophysiologie von Scham und Erröten. München: Disserta- tion, 1996.
  115. John G. McKenzie. Guilt: Its Meaning and Significance. New York, Nashville: Ab- ingdon Press, 1962.
  116. Margret Mead (Hg.). Cooperation and Competition Among Primitive Peoples. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1937; Rev. Ed. Boston: Beacon Press, 1961. Margaret Mead. "Apprenticeship Under Boas." pp. 29-45 in: Walter Goldschmidt (ed.). The Anthropology of Franz Boas: Essays on the Centennial of His Birth. Washington, D.C., The American Anthropological Association, 1959.
  117. Christa Meves. Plädoyer für das Schamgefühl. Weißes Kreuz: Vellmar-Kassel, 1985.
  118. Andrew P. Morrison. Shame: The Underside of Narcissism. Hillsdale (NJ): The Ana- lytic Press, 1989.
  119. Andrew P. Morrison. The Culture of Shame. Northvale (NJ)/London: Jason Aronson, 1998.
  120. Klaus W. Müller. "Elenktik: Die Lehre vom scham-und schuldorientierten Gewissen". Evangelikale Missiologie 12 (1996): 98-110.
  121. Klaus W. Müller. "Elenktik: Gewissen im Kontext." pp. 416-451 in: Hans Kasdorf, Klaus W. Müller (eds.). Bilanz und Plan: Mission an der Schwelle zum Dritten Jahrtausend. Festschrift für George W. Peters zu seinem achtzigs- ten Geburtstag. Bad Liebenzell: Verlag der Liebenzeller Mission, 1988.
  122. Klaus W. Müller. "Gewissen: Wertezerfall in Gesellschaft und Gemeinde." Dennoch 2/2002: 44-47.
  123. Klaus W. Müller. "Entwicklung und Funktionsablauf des schuldorientierten Gewis- sens." pp. 264-290 in: Klaus W. Müller (ed.). Mission in fremden Kulturen: Festschrift für Lothar Käser. edition afem -edition academics 15. Nürn- berg: VTR, 2004.
  124. Roland Muller. Honor and Shame: Unlocking the Door. Philadelphia (PA): Xlibris Publications, 2000.
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  126. Donald L. Nathanson (ed.). The Many Faces of Shame. New York: Guilford Press, 1987.
  127. Donald L. Nathanson. Shame and Pride: Affect, Sex, and the Birth of the Self. New York: Norton, 1992.
  128. Sighard Neckel. Status und Scham: Zur symbolischen Reproduktion sozialer Un- gleichheit. Theorie und Gesellschaft 21. Frankfurt: Campus, 1991.
  129. Jerome H. Neyrey (ed.). The World of Luke-Acts: A Handbook of Social Science Mod- els for Biblical Interpretation. Peabody (MA): Hendrickson, 1991 (= 1993).
  130. Bruce J. Nicholls. "The Role of Shame and Guilt in a Theology of Cross-Cultural Mis- sion." Evangelical Review of Theology 25 (2001) 3: 231-241.
  131. Lowell L. Noble. Naked and Not Ashamed: An Anthropological, Biblical, and Psycho- logical Study of Shame. Jackson (MI): Jackson Pr., 1975.
  132. Neil F. Pembroke. "Toward a Shame-Based Theology of Evangelism." Journal of Psychology and Christianity 17 (1998) 1: 15-24.
  133. Jean G. Peristiany (ed.). Honor and Shame: The Values of a Mediterranean Society. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1965; Chicago: University of Chicago, 1966 (= 1970; 1974).
  134. John George Peristiany, Julian Pitt-Rivers (ed.). Honour and Grace in Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992; Cambridge University Press -Digital Printing, 1999.
  135. Kenneth L. Pike. "Christianity and Culture: I. Conscience and Culture." Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation 31 (1979): 8-12.
  136. Gerhart Piers, Milton B. Singer. Shame and Guilt: A Psychoanalytic and Cultural Study. Springfield (IL): Charles C. Thomas, 1953; New York: Norton, 1971. Paul Ricoeur. Symbolik des Bösen. Phänomenologie der Schuld II. Freiburg: Alber, 1960; 1971.
  137. Paul Ricoeur. Die Fehlbarkeit des Menschen. Phänomenologie der Schuld I. Freiburg: Alber, 1960; 1971.
  138. Julian Pitt-Rivers. The Fate of Shechem or The Politics of Sex: Essays in the Anthro- pology of the Mediterranean. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1977.
  139. Patricia und Ronald Potter-Efron. Schamgefühle verstehen und überwinden. Heyne: München, 1992 (English Letting Go of Shame. Minnesota (USA): Hazelden Foundation, 1989).
  140. Ronald T. Potter-Efron. Shame, Guilt and Alcoholism: Treatment Issues in Clinical Practice. New York, London: Haworth Press, 1989.
  141. Robert J. Priest. "Cultural Anthropology, Sin and the Missionary." pp. 85-105 in: D. A. Carson und John D. Woodbridge (eds.). God and Culture: Essays in honor of Carl F. Henry. Grand Rapids (MI): Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1993.
  142. Robert J. Priest. Missionary Elenctics: Conscience and Culture. Missiology: An Inter- national Review 22 (1994) 3: 291-315.
  143. Joseph Sandler. "Zum Begriff des Überichs." pp. 45-81 in: Karola Brede (ed.). Das Überich und die Macht seiner Objekte: [50 Jahre Psyche]. Stuttgart: Ver- lag Internationale Psychoanalyse, 1996.
  144. Christine Schirrmacher. Kleines Lexikon der islamischen Familie. Holzgerlingen: Hänssler, 2002. Eintrag "Ehre und Schande", pp. 58-67.
  145. Christine Schirrmacher. Herausforderung Islam. Holzgerlingen: Hänssler, 2002. Kapi- tel "Terroanschläge gegen den Ehrverlust", pp. 72-86.
  146. Thomas Schirrmacher. Ethik. 7 vols. VTR: Nürnberg & RVB: Hamburg, 2002 3 . Thomas Schirrmacher (ed.) Die vier Schöpfungsordnungen Gottes: Kirche, Staat, Wirtschaft und Familie bei Dietrich Bonhoeffer und Martin Luther. VTR: Nürnberg, 2001.
  147. Thomas Schirrmacher, Christine Schirrmacher et. al. Harenberg Lexikon der Religio- nen. Harenberg Verlag: Düsseldorf, 2002.
  148. Thomas Schirrmacher. Führen in ethischer Verantwortung, Die drei Seiten jeder Ent- scheidung. Gießen: Brunnen, 2002.
  149. Hanna-Maria Schmalenbach. "Die Lüge als Überlebensstrategie in schamorientierten und furchtbestimmten Kulturen." Mexico Report Juni 2002: 17-23 (Kurz- fassung von:)
  150. Hanna-Maria Schmalenbach. "Die Lüge als Überlebensstrategie: Gedanken und Erfah- rungen aus einer Missionsarbeit in Mexico." Unveröffentlichte Semesterar- beit. Columbia International University Deutscher Zweig, Korntal, 2001.
  151. "Schuld/Schuldgefühle". pp. 242-247 in: Lexikon der Bioethik. 3 vols. vol. 3. Güters- loher Verlagshaus: Gütersloh, 1998. pp. 246-247.
  152. Günter H. Seidler. Der Blick der Anderen: Eine Analyse der Scham. Stuttgart: Verlag Internationale Psychoanalyse, 1995 1 ; Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 2001 2 .
  153. Melford E. Spiro. The Children of the Kibbutz: A study in child training and person- ality. Cambridge (MS): Harvard University Press, 1958; Rev. edition. 1975.
  154. Gary Stansell. "Honor and Shame in the David Narratives." pp. 94-114 in: Frank Crüsemann et. al. (ed.). Was ist der Mensch ...? Beiträge zur Anthropologie des Alten Testaments. Hans-Walter Wolff zum 80. Geburtstag. München: Chr. Kaiser Verlag, 1989 (reprinted as:)
  155. Gary Stansell. "Honor and Shame in the David Narratives." Semeia 68 (1994): 55-79.
  156. Helm Stierlin. Adolf Hitler: Familienperspektiven. Suhrkamp taschenbuch 2361. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, new edition 1995 (1975).
  157. Deborah Stipek. "Differences between Americans and Chinese in the circumstances evoking pride, shame, and guilt." Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology 29 (1998) 5: 616-629.
  158. Denise L. Sweetnam. Kurdish Culture: A Cross-Cultural Guide. Untersuchungen zur kurdischen Sprache und Kultur 4. Bonn: VKW, 2004 2 . pp. 59-114.
  159. June Price Tangney, Kurt W. Fischer (ed.). Self-conscious Emotions: The Psychology of Shame, Guilt, Embarrassment, and Pride. New York: Guilford Press, 1995.
  160. Bruce Thomas. "The Gospel for Shame Cultures." Evangelical Missions Quarterly 30 (1994) 3: 284-290.
  161. R. L. Timpe. "Shame." pp. 1074-1075 in: David G. Benner (ed.). Baker's Encyclope- dia of Psychology. Grand Rapids (MI): Baker Books, 1985.
  162. Colin M. Turnbull. Das Volk ohne Liebe: Der soziale Untergang der Ik. Rowohlt: Reinbek, 1973.
  163. Hannes Wiher. Missionsdienst in Guinea: Das Evangelium für eine schamorientierte, von Animismus und Volksislam geprägten Gesellschaft. edition afem, mis- sion scripts 14. Bonn: Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft, 1998 (French edition:)
  164. Hannes Wiher. L´Évangile et la Culture de Honte en Afrique Occidentale. edition iwg, mission scripts 21. Bonn: Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft, 2003.
  165. Hannes Wiher. Shame and Guilt: A Key to Cross-Cultural Ministry. edition iwg -mis- sion academics 10. Bonn: Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft, 2003.
  166. Hannes Wiher. "Der Animismus als schamorientiertes System." pp. 291-305 in: Klaus W. Müller (ed.). Mission in fremden Kulturen: Festschrift für Lothar Käser. edition afem -edition academics 15. Nürnberg: VTR, 2004.
  167. Leon Wurmser. The Mask of Shame. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981. Leon Wurmser. The Mask of Shame. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981. Leon Wurmser. Die Flucht vor dem Gewissen. Heidelberg: Springer, 1987. About the Author Books by Thomas Schirrmacher in chronological or- der (With short commentaries)
  168. For a full book list see www.thomasschirrmacher.net/eine-seite/books-published. Selection from the author's books: Theodor Christlieb und seine Missionsthe- ologie. Verlag der Evangelischen Ge- sellschaft für Deutschland: Wuppertal, 1985. 308 pp.
  169. Theodor Christlieb and his theology of mission] A study of the biography, the- ology and missiology of the leading German Pietist, professor of practical theology and international missions leader in the second half of the nine- teenth century. Marxismus: Opium für das Volk? Schwengeler: Berneck (CH), 1990 1 , 1997 2 . 150 pp. [Marxism: Opiate for the People?] Marx- ism is proven to be a religion and an opiate for the masses. Empasizes the differences between Marxist and Bibli- cal work ethics. Paul in Conflict with the Veil!? VTR: Nürnberg, 2002 1 ; 2007 2 . 130 pp. Exegetical examination of 1. Corinthians 11,2-16, following an alternative view of John Lightfoot, member of the West- minster assembly in the 16th century.
  170. Ethik. Neuhausen: Hänssler, 1994 1 . 2 vol. 883 & 889 pp.; Hamburg: RVB & Nürnberg: VTR, 2001 2 . 3 vol. 2150 pp.; 2002 3 , 2009 4 ; 2011 5 . 8 volumes. 2850 pp. [Ethics] Major Evangelical ethics in Ger- man covering all aspects of general, special, persocial and public ethics. Legends About the Galilei-Affair. RVB International: Hamburg, 2001 1 ; 2008. 2 . 120 pp. Law or Spirit? An Alternative View of Galatians. RVB International: Ham- burg, 2001 1 ; 2008. 2 . 160 pp. - nents, who were totally opposed to the Old Testament and the Law. God Wants You to Learn, Labour and Love. Reformation Books: Hamburg, 1999. 120 pp. Four essays for Third World Christian Leaders on Learning with Jesus, Work Ethic, Love and Law and Social In- volvement.
  171. World Mission -Heart of Christianity. RVB International: Hamburg, 1999 1 ; 2008. 2 . 120 pp. Articles on the Biblical and systematic fundament of World Mission, especially on mission as rooted in God's being, on 'Mission in the OT', and 'Romans as a Charter for World Mission'.
  172. Human Rights Threatened in Europe: Eu- thanasia -Abortion -Bioethicconven- tion. RVB International: Hamburg, 2001 1 ; 2008. 2 . 100 pp.
  173. Updated Lectures on euthanasia and bio- medicine at the 1st European Right to Life Forum Berlin, 1998, and articles on abortion.
  174. and Christian Faith", "There Has to Be a Social Ethic". Indulgences: A History of Theology and Reality of Indulgences and Purgatory. VKW: Bonn, 2011. 164 pp. History and theology of the Catholic view on indulgences.
  175. Thomas Schirrmacher, Richard Howell. Racism. With an essay on Caste in In- dia. VKW: Bonn, 2011. 100 pp. History and scientific errors of racism Menschenrechte: Anspruch und Wirklich- keit. Holzgerlingen: SCM Hänssler, 2012. 120 pp.
  176. Human Rights]: Ethical arguments for human rights versus the present stage of the violation of human rights world- wide. Christ and the Trinity in the Old Testa- ment. Edited by James E. Anderson. RVB: Hamburg, 2013. 82 pp.
  177. On Christ and the Trinity in the Old Tes- tament and on 'the Angel of the Lord'. Taken from 'Ethik'. Selection from the books edited by the author: Scham-und Schuldorientierung in der Diskussion: Kulturanthropologische, missiologische und theologische Ein- sichten (mit Klaus W. Müller). VTR: Nürnberg & VKW: Bonn, 2006 [Shame-and Guiltorientation] A selection of experts from all continents on the dif- ference between shame-and guiltori- ented cultures and its implications for world missions. HIV und AIDS als christliche Herausfor- derung (mit Kurt Bangert). Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft: Bonn, 2008. 211 pp. [HIV and AIDS as Christian Challenge] Essay on how the Christian church should react to HIV and AIDS and how it does react. Published together with World Vision Germany.
  178. Der Kampf gegen die weltweite Armut - Aufgabe der Evangelischen Allianz? Zur biblisch-theologischen Begründung der Micha-Initiative. (with Andreas Kusch). VKW/Idea: Bonn, 2009. 230 pp. [The fight against poverty -task of the Evangelical Alliance?] Essays by theo- logians, missiologists, activists etc. in favour of the MICAH initiative of the World Evangelical Alliance.
  179. Tough-Minded Christianity: Honoring the Legacy of John Warwick Montgomery. (with William Dembski). (2009) B&H Academic Publ.: Nashville (TN). 830 pp. Large Festschrift with essays by many ma- jor Evangelical theologians and law- yers. Calvin and World Mission: Essays-VKW: Bonn, VTR: Nürnberg, 2009. 204 pp. Collection of essays from 1882 to 2002.
About the author
Thomas Paul Schirrmacher
Universitatea de Vest din Timisoara, Faculty Member

Archbishop and Professor Thomas Paul Schirrmacher, Dr. theol., Dr. phil., PhD, ThD, DD, DHL (born 1960) is President of the International Council of the International Society for Human Rights (Frankfurt), President of the International Institute for Religious Freedom (Costa Rica, Vancouver, Bonn), Co-President of Religions for Peace (New York) and President of the Bonn Abrahamic Center for Global Peace, Justice and Sustainability (BAC). Schirrmacher was Secretary General of the World Evangelical Alliance 2021–2024, which connects Protestant churches belonging to 143 National Evangelical Alliances with a total of 600 million members. Before becoming Secretary General, Schirrmacher served WEA in various leadership roles over the last two decades, including being the Associate Secretary General for Theological Concerns and Intrafaith and Interfaith Relations. Schirrmacher has been ordained and consecrated in the Anglican tradition and is Archbishop Coadjutor of the Communio Christiana under Archbishop William Mikler, a global independent Anglican community with a Reformed and Charismatic emphasis having historic succession lines from Anglican, Old Catholic, Orthodox and Oriental churches. In this function he works closely with the Communio Messianca, which connects believers and churches from an Oriental background in 75 countries. He has visited and worked with the heads of most leading Christianchurches, as well as leaders from the whole Muslim world and other major religions. He has collaborated with the last two Popes, the Ecumenical Patriarch of the Orthodox Churches, and many other global church leaders on behalf of religious freedom. Schirrmacher is known for his lead role in developing the first-ever joint statement by the Vatican, the World Council of Churches, and the World Evangelical Alliance, “Christian Witness in a Multi-Religious World,” published in 2011, a milestone in church history. Schirrmacher has earned four doctorates—in ecumenical theology (Dr. theol., The Netherlands, 1985), cultural anthropology (PhD, USA, 1989), in ethics (ThD, USA, 1996, and sociology of religion (Dr. phil., Germany, 2007)—and has received three honorary doctorates in the USA and in India. Since 1986 he taught at many state and private institutions on three continents. He still serves as extraordinary professor of the sociology of religion at the state University of the West in Timisoara (Romania) and lectures human rights and religious freedom at Oxford Universities Regent’s Park College. 1996–2018 he was President of the Martin Bucer European Theological Seminary and Research Institutes (Berlin, Bielefeld, Bonn, Chemnitz, Hamburg, Innsbruck, Istanbul, Izmir, Munich, Pforzheim, Prague, Sao Paulo, Tirana, Zurich), where he taught social ethics and comparative religions. Schirrmacher has delivered guest lectures at more than 200 universities and institutions around the globe and visits 50 countries per year. He visited most countries of the world and many of their governments and highest religious leaders. He is recognized as one of the leading human rights experts worldwide and frequently testifies before parliaments, high courts, the United Nations and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. He has addressed commissions of the German parliament (Deutscher Bundestag), the British House of Lords, the EU Parliament, the US House of Representatives and the Supreme Court of Brazil. The major German newspaper Die Welt calls him one of the three leading experts on religious freedom globally. Schirrmacher has authored and edited more than 100 books, which have been translated into 18 languages.

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Stephanie Arel

2015

This dissertation examines the function of shame within Christian texts and practice through the lens of affect theory and trauma studies. A focus on the deleterious effects of interred shame and shame's role in attachment presses theology to name corporeal shame, understand it as distinguished from guilt, and recognize how it relates to attachment and human bonding. Distinguishing shame from guilt provides conceptual markers of shame, shifting the focus away from the image of the lonely, guilty sinner and toward a self both attached to others and to God. An analysis of classic theological texts along with an exploration of touch in Christian practice discloses that shame must be disinterred and faced in order to repair its negative effects and to restore its natural function in attachment. An analysis of Augustine's The City of God reveals shame's emergence in Augustine's theology embodied by the notion of "covering-up," which impedes attachment to God. In The Nature and Destiny of Man, Reinhold Niebuhr's notions of sensuality and pride reflect shame, yet Niebuhr subsumes shame under other terms. Examining the place of shame in these major works and displaying the continual covering-over of shame in these theologian's descriptions of the human condition CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Not everything that can be faced can be changed, but nothing can be changed until it is faced. 1 James Baldwin Christian rhetoric not only shapes minds but also bodies. 2 The idea that rhetoric "shapes speech" is not new, but recent attention in the theological reception of the work of Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu turns to rhetoric to think about how it uniquely shapes Christian bodies. 3 Turning attention to the creation and repair of "shamed" bodies reveals that shame becomes interred, 4 or stored in the body, and therefore functions maladaptively in the formation of the Christian self. In this process, messages about shame internalized as beliefs, values, and norms, or externalized through projection onto 1 James Baldwin, accessed January 16, 2015, http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/14374-noteverything-that-is-faced-can-be-changed-but-nothing. 2 Rhetoric in this dissertation refers to persuasive doctrine, liturgical sources, and theological writing that forms the Christian self. This dissertation's frame concurs with Mark D. Jordan's method articulated in Recruiting Young Love: How Christian's Talk about Homosexuality (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2011): "studying the effects of rhetoric means studying its circulation into lives," (xvi).

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Related topics

  • Cultural Studies
  • Shame and Guilt
  • Honor and Shame
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