Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism

The objectives of this research were to determine if motivational differences existed between tourists from the same country visiting two different geographical destinations and across those from two different countries visiting the same destination. The analysis of findings was based upon 'pull' and 'push' motivations of 1872 British and German tourists visiting Mallorca and Turkey in the summer of 1998. A series of cross-tabulations were conducted to test for differences between sub-samples of respondents and self-reported motivations. Content analysis was employed to process qualitative data. Factor analysis and a series of independent ttests were used to evaluate quantitative data. Findings demonstrated that some tourist motives differed between nationalities and place visited. r

DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 2011

AAU and involved with the Tourism Master's Programme. Her main research areas are: tourist experiences, consumption and identity, with a particular interest in cultural aspects of these. kvarter akademisk academic quarter Volume 02 • 2011 brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by Open Access Journals at Aalborg Universit kvarter akademisk academic quarter Volume Tales of Tourism Karina M. Smed 02 238 everywhere. Traditionally, although somewhat undiscriminating, it has been the privileged few of rich, developed countries touring poorer and less developed destinations, whereby perspectives and effects of tourism are very different across these actors in a tourism setting. The tourists are in a specific place at a specific time by choice, whereas locals 1 , or so-called hosts, are often by no choice of their own part of a tourism product that tends to trivialise and commoditise the culture that these locals represent (Greenwood, 1989)-thereby reducing these locals to servants of the tourism industry. This relationship is underlined by the very discourse, hosts vs. guests, which places emphasis on the specific roles that tourists and locals are assumed to play. It is hereby articulated not as an equal but a very uneven relationship, in which power is distributed unevenly between the parties involved. This presumably affects the dynamics of tourism and the very way in which it becomes part of globalisation processes and the dominant discourse-among tourists, locals at tourism destinations, the tourism industry, as well as in academia relating to tourism. The activity of actually being a so-called global tourist, the voluntary, temporary, guest role, has largely been a phenomenon reserved for certain people, although many communities around the world are involved in tourism and heavily affected by it. It has been assumed that tourists as well as local hosts have been fairly one-dimensional at a general level, and therefore, the dominant discourse has been self-explanatory, e.g. what the host/guest distinction implies. But current changes in economies and social structures, e.g. in China, India and Russia, which are at the moment viewed as the new emerging markets in tourism (WTO, 2010), have caused somewhat of a reversal in the traditional flow of tourists on a global scale. This means that flows are now increasing from these new emerging markets to the traditional tourism generating countries, and one could perhaps claim that there is no longer any specific flow in world tourism, as patterns of tourism have become much more complex. This could cause a broader spectrum of tourists/guests and possibly change the overall effects of tourism as well. Although structures are now changing and people around the world take on different roles in relation to tourism, it seems that meanings of tourism will always be manifold and characterised by diverse relationships at various levels. It could be claimed that academic quarter Volume Tales of Tourism Karina M. Smed 02 243 personal and social factors play into the positioning of the tourist, as implied by social identity theory mentioned previously.

E3S web of conferences, 2022

Different types of tourists require a diverse demand. Moving from a descriptive explanation, this study offers a further investigative dialog to understand a tourism destination impacts as well as tourist requirements particularly from Gen-Z as the future tourism consumer and succeeding demographic cohort of millennials. The aim is to recognize Indonesian Gen-Z tourist's behavior and to some extent their motivation to travel for holiday. This study employs a qualitative research methodology which utilize 5W1H questioning technique and Keywords-in-Context (KWIC) method for data collection and analysis through the pioneer study of tourist typology by as tourism anthropologist. The current study rouses the tourist's distinctions as an important aspect when planning for tourism destination management since 'individual mass tourist' and 'explorer' including 'drifter' are likely to look for inter-cultural contact with a host comparing to 'organized mass tourist' group. This research enhances anthropology of tourism literature, methodology and the route for establishing and maintaining tourism development at destination from the relationship of guest (tourist) and host (destination) perspectives.

The rationale behind this study is to explore psychological matters relative to the satisfaction process of rural tourists. The Mediterranean Island of Cyprus was selected for this study, in which an ethnographic journey was undertaken. Towards this end, active participation, informal interviews and casual conversations with rural tourists were employed. The study's fieldwork findings reveal information of valuable importance to the tourism academic community and practitioners alike. The ethnographic techniques which attempted to gain insights into rural tourist psychological matters, such as motivation and expectations, shed clear light in the rather shady tourists' inners.

This paper addresses the decision-making processes observed in Portuguese tourists who have travelled to exotic places by developing a conceptual framework that focuses on information sources, motivations, perceptions, satisfaction and behavioural intentions. Determinants such as publicity and promotion are used to measure the role of information sources on activating motivations and on the learning process that leads to these perceptions. Such a decision process could be assessed in two phases: pre- ...

Annals of Tourism Research, 1994

Palestinians need to be told that Jerusalem is contested, but sometimes the scholars conducting research need to be reminded of this. Black Paris is not a unified site, and in Yugoslavia, touristic settings have practically been eradicated. These settings are contested and mutable. This discussion leads one to the notion of touristic enclaves and mass tourism. Questions raised in the papers about mass tourism were not entirely resolved. Dean MacCannell stated that mass tourism was a fiction created by economists. David Harrison (University of Sussex, UK) retorted that mass tourism should be watched, since there is an elitist tendency to belittle mass tourism in recent research. The applied studies presented warned against the negative effects of mass tourism. Tourist arts and crafts also deserve more attention. The manufacturing and consumption of souvenir items and artistic objects are a means of communication between ethnic groups, across cultures, and between tourists and their hosts. In addition, tourist arts and crafts have explicit political, economic, and cultural connotations. The symbolic exchanges of tourist art deserve more study, as Graburn, Shenhav-Keller, Mac-Cannell, and Jules-Rosette stressed in their papers. Tourism is a stage in a process that has different configurations in relation to modernity and postmodernity. Jean Poirier (University of Nice, France) illustrated this point clearly. Tourism is in evolution. It may disappear and be replaced by a televisual apparatus that simulates the vacation resort as a virtual reality. People shall use earphones and go on vacation with their computers. These possibilities suggest a wide field to exploit and explore in future research. Thus, there is no definitive conclusion for these discussions. Sociologists and anthropologists need to continue to reflect on these problems. It should be emphasized that the touristic encounter is less monolithic, more dialogical, more layered, more complex, more divergent, more processual, more experimental than previous scholarship has indicated. Indeed, tourism studies constitute an important challenge to sociological theory. c] 0

From Tourist to Person: The Value of Intimacy in Touristic Cuba. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 12(3), 280-292., 2014

Building on tourism scholarship on existential authenticity, touristic intimacy, and the limitations of the tourist role, the article provides an empirically grounded analysis of how the value of intimacy was expressed and negotiated in the course of encounters between foreign tourists and members of the visited population in Cuba. Tourism-related identifications in this Caribbean country are shaped by local notions of tourism hustling and pose a challenge to the development of mutually gratifying relationships between tourists and Cubans. The exploration of Cubans' concerns and informal ways of approaching tourists, and of the ways in which friendships, partying, and sexual engagements between them were enacted, highlights the efforts of the protagonists of these encounters to achieve relationships that could help them move beyond negative identifications and lead to the recognition of their individuality and shared humanity as persons. Intimacy appears as a fundamental regime of value informing these processes. The reflections that the article develops on the concrete manifestations of intimacy in touristic encounters and the kind of alliances it prompted open the way for further research on the role played by international tourism in the diffusion and actualization of this regime of value.

Identity Tourism With a rapidly evolving tourism scenario, the traveller’s motive to venture out has also undergone rapid change, ranging from varying motives for leisure to a need for the search for identity. One of the evident consequences of tourism is defying the monotony of routine life and seeking out an “authentic” experience. Wang (1999) indicates that tourists are not only searching for the “Other”, but are also on a quest for self-identity and that tourism is a vessel for self discovery. Bandyopadhyay (2008) has indicated that identity is essentially an individual notion. Regarding touristic experiences, “both remembering and forgetting also underlie a “subjective sense of identity” that is only inadequately reproduced in language. Transformation of Self We are, not what we are, but what we make of ourselves. It would not be true to say that the self is regarded as entirely empty of content, for there are psychological processes of self-formation, and psychological needs, which provide the parameters for the reorganized self. Otherwise, however, what the individual becomes is dependent on the reconstructive endeavors in which he or she engages. These are far more than just “getting to know oneself‟ better: self-understanding is subordinated to the more inclusive and fundamental aim of building/rebuilding a coherent and rewarding sense of identity. The involvement of such reflexivity with social and psychological research is striking, and a pervasive feature of the therapeutic outlook advocated (Giddens, 1991, p. 75). The idea of “personhood” in tourism studies, such as identity, subjectivity, and the self, are supplemented in this paper through an empirical approach to identity and tourism consumption patterns. Anthony Giddens' analysis of contemporary self-identity is adopted as a research strategy for analysing“travel biographies”. In-depth interviews with tourists will lead to an understanding of which tourism consumption is mobilized for self-identity. This paper will endeavour to ascertain positive and negative correlates between a tourist and his identity like tourist experience, distance travelled etc. Keywords: Tourism self, tourist self-identification, travel distance REFERENCES Boorstin, D. (1964). The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America. New York: Harper. Cohen, E. (1979). A phenomenology of tourist experiences. Sociology, 13, 179-201. Galani-Moutafi, V. (2000). The self and the other: Traveler, ethnographer, tourist. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(1), 203-224.

Purpose -Current study is an attempt to look into the various theoretical concepts/ theories that help to understand what motivates individuals, especially young people, to travel and which are the practical implications of the analysed theories. In particular, we chose Maslow's Theory of Needs to analyse youth travel motivations. Research Design -The study draws its base from two streams of literature, one being associated with motivations and the other dealing with the question of how motivations can influence travelling patterns of an individual. The literature review was done extensively and articles published in the domain of tourist motivations and related areas were traced and reviewed. Findings -Our analysis of youth tourism centred on Maslow's hierarchy of needs and confirmed its validity as an explanation of the most important youth travellers' motivations. The results also indicate that, due to recent technological developments affecting societies and young tourists' behavioursespecially those of Millennialsnew needs have emerged, which are discussed in detail. Research Limitations -The research has been carried out in light of the available literature and it fails to address empirical evidence. Also, the analysis of youth tourism needs to be extended to other motivation theories as those which are presented in this work.

A Book Review: Tourism Research Frontiers: beyond the boundaries of Knowledge * In only eight chapters and 165 pages, this book discusses the needs of introducing new themes of investigation in the specialized literature of tourism research. Likely, this globalized world looks pretty different from a couple of decades back, when the discipline was founded. New times, new horizons and new challenges need new thinking. As a part of prestigious Emerald Series, Chambers and Rakic present an edited book, oriented to expand the epistemological boundaries of tourism research, imagining not only new themes and issues to explore but new problems. Based on the legacy of Jafar Jafari, the editors worked hard to compile different voices, dotted of different arguments, into a shared viewpoint. In the first chapter, the editors introduce the concept of frontiers as the fringe between the known and unknown. The fieldwork suggests that we shed light on some issues while others remain unchecked. The legitimacy of academic disciplines rests on their explanatory capacity. These borders, far from being stable, are in continuous renegotiation. Though tourism-research has been consolidated as a promising academic option for graduate and postgraduate students, a radical turn undermines the dominant understanding of tourism as it has been formulated by the founding parents. Most certainly, beyond tourism, critical scholars unveiled a commoditized discourse where the " Other " is subordinated to a ruling class of developed countries. As something else than a peace-making industry, tourism covers racialized allegories which lead to control of the periphery. This paradigm sees in tourism an alienatory mechanism of surveillance. Nonetheless, this book proposes an alternative way. Instead of proclaiming the dismantling of epistemological borders of tourism, the editors suggest a shift offering a fertile ground to shore up new paradigms. Through the second chapter, Gyimothy et al, discuss the ebbs and flows of popculture tourism which represents an extension of cultural behaviour in a globalized and multiculturalist universe. In chapter 3, Mondoca presents a study case based on the relationships of stakeholders in Ilha do Grande, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Those communities