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Undid revision 1298288417 by Anywikiuser (talk) It's considered conversion therapy because that's how RS describe it and that's factually what it is. See WP:FRINGE and the talk page |
Anywikiuser (talk | contribs) Undid revision 1298305286 by Your Friendly Neighborhood Sociologist (talk) |
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'''Kenneth J. Zucker''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɛ|n|ɪ|θ|_|'|dʒ|eɪ|_|ˈ|z|ʊ|k|ər}}; born 1950) is an American-Canadian [[psychologist]] and [[sexologist]], known for the
Zucker collaborated with [[Susan Bradley]], collecting clinical and research data over a period of twenty years and became an international authority on [[gender dysphoria in children]] (GDC) and adolescents.<ref name="awad1999">{{cite journal | author = Awad G.A. | year = 1999 | url = https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-43272988 | title = Gender Identity Disorder and the Psychosexual Problems in Children and Adolescents (review) | journal = [[American Journal of Psychotherapy]] | pages = 265–267 | volume = 53 | issue = 2 | doi = 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1999.53.2.265 | archive-date = January 28, 2020 | access-date = January 7, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200128221907/https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-43272988 | url-status = dead | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Zucker's methods included tried to encourage children to accept their birth sex, though believed that [[gender transition]] was appropriate if it persisted into adolescence.<ref name="citynews"/> Zucker's views and therapeutic approach have attracted criticism from several advocates and mental health professionals.<ref name="morton2001">{{cite news |last=Morton |first=Gillian |date=January 11, 2001 |title=Drop the doll! |work=[[Xtra!|Xtra]] |url=https://xtramagazine.com/health/drop-the-doll-46535 |access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Winters et al. 2018">{{cite journal |first1=Kelley |last1=Winters |first2=Julia |last2=Temple Newhook |first3=Jake |last3=Pyne |first4=Stephen |last4=Feder |first5=Ally |last5=Jamieson |first6=Cindy |last6=Holmes |first7=Mari |last7=Lynne Sinnott |first8=Sarah |last8=Pickett |first9=Jemma |last9=Tosh |date=June 18, 2018 |title=Learning to Listen to Trans and Gender Diverse Children: A Response to Zucker (2018) and Steensma and Cohen-Kettenis (2018) |journal=[[International Journal of Transgenderism]] |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=246–250 |doi=10.1080/15532739.2018.1471767 |s2cid=149606144 }}</ref>{{Not verified in body|date=August 2023}}▼
He was named editor-in-chief of ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'' in 2001. In 2007, Zucker was chosen to be a member of the [[American Psychological Association]] Task Force on Gender Identity, Gender Variance, and Intersex Conditions, and in 2008 he was named chair of the [[American Psychiatric Association]] workgroup on "Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders" for the 2012 edition of the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM-5]]. He previously served on workgroups for the DSM-IV and the DSM-IV-TR.<ref name="bradley1991">{{cite journal | last1=Bradley |first1=Susan |last2=Blanchard |first2=Ray |last3=Coates |first3=Susan |last4=Green |first4=Richard |last5=Levine |first5=Stephen B. |last6=Meyer-Bahlburg |first6=Heino |last7=Pauly |first7=Ira |last8=Zucker |first8=Kenneth |year=1991 |title=Interim report of the DSM-IV Subcommittee on Gender Identity Disorders |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=333–343 |doi=10.1007/bf01542614 |pmid=1953325 |s2cid=22048269}}</ref>{{Not verified in body|date=August 2023}}
He was psychologist-in-chief at Toronto's [[Centre for Addiction and Mental Health]] (CAMH)<ref name=CAMH>{{cite web|title=Dr. Kenneth Zucker| url=http://www.camh.ca/en/research/about_research_at_CAMH/scientific_staff_profile/Pages/Kenneth-Zucker.aspx| publisher=Centre for Addiction and Mental Health|access-date=October 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417032252/http://www.camh.ca/en/research/about_research_at_CAMH/scientific_staff_profile/Pages/Kenneth-Zucker.aspx|archive-date=April 17, 2015}}</ref> and head of its Gender Identity Service until December 2015.<ref
He was previously affiliated with the [[University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine]] as a status-only professor in the Department of Psychiatry.<ref name="varsity-camh-settles-lawsuit">{{cite news |last=Khabra |first=Simrit |date=October 14, 2018 |title=CAMH settles with U of T professor Kenneth Zucker over 2015 report |url=https://thevarsity.ca/2018/10/14/camh-settles-with-u-of-t-professor-kenneth-zucker-over-2015-report/ |work=[[The Varsity (newspaper)|The Varsity]] |url-status=live |access-date=January 9, 2025}}</ref><ref name="his-cv">{{cite web |last1=Zucker |first1=Kenneth |title=Kenneth Zucker - Research |url=https://www.kenzuckerphd.com/research |access-date=10 January 2025}}</ref>
▲Zucker collaborated with [[Susan Bradley]], collecting clinical and research data over a period of twenty years and became an international authority on [[gender dysphoria in children]] (GDC) and adolescents.<ref name="awad1999">{{cite journal | author = Awad G.A. | year = 1999 | url = https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-43272988 | title = Gender Identity Disorder and the Psychosexual Problems in Children and Adolescents (review) | journal = [[American Journal of Psychotherapy]] | pages = 265–267 | volume = 53 | issue = 2 | doi = 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1999.53.2.265 | archive-date = January 28, 2020 | access-date = January 7, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200128221907/https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-43272988 | url-status = dead | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Zucker's views and therapeutic approach have attracted criticism from several advocates and mental health professionals.<ref name="morton2001">{{cite news |last=Morton |first=Gillian |date=January 11, 2001 |title=Drop the doll! |work=[[Xtra!|Xtra]] |url=https://xtramagazine.com/health/drop-the-doll-46535 |access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Winters et al. 2018">{{cite journal |first1=Kelley |last1=Winters |first2=Julia |last2=Temple Newhook |first3=Jake |last3=Pyne |first4=Stephen |last4=Feder |first5=Ally |last5=Jamieson |first6=Cindy |last6=Holmes |first7=Mari |last7=Lynne Sinnott |first8=Sarah |last8=Pickett |first9=Jemma |last9=Tosh |date=June 18, 2018 |title=Learning to Listen to Trans and Gender Diverse Children: A Response to Zucker (2018) and Steensma and Cohen-Kettenis (2018) |journal=[[International Journal of Transgenderism]] |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=246–250 |doi=10.1080/15532739.2018.1471767 |s2cid=149606144 }}</ref>{{Not verified in body|date=August 2023}}
==Life==
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== Living in your own skin model ==
{{See also|Gender identity change efforts}}
The
Zucker's underlying premise was his belief that pre-pubertal youth had malleable [[gender identities]]. He argued that preventing children growing up transgender would protect them from social discrimination and the need for [[gender-affirming care]].<ref name="forcier_2020_177"/> Echoing early theories on homosexuality that blamed mothers for the [[gender non-conformity]] of their children, Zucker argued that the mothers of gender-variant children who are assigned male at birth (AMAB) were overbearing and contributed to gender dysphoria by transferring unresolved [[psychological trauma|trauma]] to their children.<ref name="spurlin_2019_03">{{cite journal |last1=Spurlin |first1=William J. |date=March 2019 |title=Queer Theory and Biomedical Practice: The Biomedicalization of Sexuality/The Cultural Politics of Biomedicine |journal=Journal of Medical Humanities |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=7–20 |doi=10.1007/s10912-018-9526-0 |pmid=30073625 |pmc=6373286}}</ref> Zucker has argued the belief that [[socialization]] played a major role in transition, citing lower number of [[female-to-male]] transitions at the time.<ref name="dingfelder2004">{{cite journal |url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/apr04/gender.html |access-date=2023-08-25 |last=Dingfelder |first=Sadie F. |title=Gender bender |year=2004 |journal=Monitor on Psychology |volume=35 |issue=4 |page=48}}</ref> Zucker has stated he has tried to encourage children to accept their birth sex and supports them in transitioning if they still experience gender dysphoria into adolescence.<ref name="citynews">{{cite news |last=Rizza |first=Alanna |date=October 9, 2018|title=Former CAMH psychologist defends his work at youth gender identity clinic |url=https://toronto.citynews.ca/2018/10/09/former-camh-psychologist-defends-his-work-at-youth-gender-identity-clinic/ |work= CityNews}}</ref>▼
▲The approach became best known through the work of Susan Bradley, Zucker, and their colleagues at CAMH in Toronto, where it became known as the "living in your own skin" approach.<ref name="forcier_2020_177"/><ref name="niemi_2020_505">{{Cite book |last1=Martino |first1=Wayne |last2=Kuhl |first2=Diana |last3=Omercajic |first3=Kenan |editor-last1=Niemi |editor-first1=Nancy S. |editor-last2=Weaver-Hightower |editor-first2=Marcus B. |date=2020 |title=The Wiley Handbook of Gender Equity in Higher Education |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |chapter=Epistemological Significance of Transgender Studies |pages=505–507 |isbn=978-1119257585}}</ref> Zucker has stated that children with [[gender dysphoria]] should be treated to eliminate peer ostracism, treating underlying psychopathology, and preventing the child from becoming transgender.<ref name="zucker_1990_27">{{cite book |last=Zucker |first=Kenneth J. |editor1-last=Blanchard |editor1-first=Ray |editor2-last=Steiner |editor2-first=Betty W. |date=1990 |chapter=Treatment of Gender Identity Disorders in Children |title=Clinical Management of Gender Identity Disorders in Children and Adults |publisher=American Psychiatric Publications |pages=27–30 |isbn=978-0880481878}}</ref><ref name="zucker_1995_265">{{cite book |last1=Zucker |first1=Kenneth J. |last2=Bradley |first2=Susan J. |date=1995 |chapter=Treatment |title=Gender Identity Disorder and Psychosexual Problems in Children and Adolescents |location=New York, NY |publisher=The Guilford Press |pages=265–269 |isbn=978-0898622669}}</ref><ref name="lev_2019_9">{{cite book |last1=Lev |first1=Arlene I. |editor-last1=Lev |editor-first1=Arlene I. |editor-last2=Gottlieb |editor-first2=Andrew R. |date=2019 |chapter=Approaches to the Treatment of Gender Diverse Children and Transgender Youth |title=Families in Transition: Parenting Gender Diverse Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults |location=New York, NY |publisher=Harrington Park Press, LLC |isbn=978-1939594303}}</ref> Zucker saw preventing children from becoming trans adults as justifiable in part due to the perceived difficulties posed by [[gender transition]].<ref name="zucker_1990_27" /><ref name="tosh_2016_62">{{cite book |last=Tosh |first=Jemma |title=Psychology and Gender Dysphoria: Feminist and Transgender Perspectives |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1138013926 |location=New York, NY |pages=62–63 |chapter=Psychiatric constructions of transgender identities and gender nonconformity}}</ref><ref name="ashley_2022_4" />
▲Zucker's underlying premise was his belief that pre-pubertal youth had malleable [[gender identities]]. He argued that preventing children growing up transgender would protect them from social discrimination and the need for [[gender-affirming care]].<ref name="forcier_2020_177"/> Echoing early theories on homosexuality that blamed mothers for the [[gender non-conformity]] of their children, Zucker argued that the mothers of gender-variant children who are assigned male at birth (AMAB) were overbearing and contributed to gender dysphoria by transferring unresolved [[psychological trauma|trauma]] to their children.<ref name="spurlin_2019_03">{{cite journal |last1=Spurlin |first1=William J. |date=March 2019 |title=Queer Theory and Biomedical Practice: The Biomedicalization of Sexuality/The Cultural Politics of Biomedicine |journal=Journal of Medical Humanities |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=7–20 |doi=10.1007/s10912-018-9526-0 |pmid=30073625 |pmc=6373286}}</ref> Zucker has argued the belief that [[socialization]] played a major role in transition, citing lower number of [[female-to-male]] transitions at the time.<ref name="dingfelder2004">{{cite journal |url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/apr04/gender.html |access-date=2023-08-25 |last=Dingfelder |first=Sadie F. |title=Gender bender |year=2004 |journal=Monitor on Psychology |volume=35 |issue=4 |page=48}}</ref> Zucker has stated he has tried to encourage children to accept their birth sex and supports them in transitioning if they still experience gender dysphoria into adolescence.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rizza |first=Alanna |date=October 9, 2018|title=Former CAMH psychologist defends his work at youth gender identity clinic |url=https://toronto.citynews.ca/2018/10/09/former-camh-psychologist-defends-his-work-at-youth-gender-identity-clinic/ |work= CityNews}}</ref>
In 2003, Zucker and Susan Bradley wrote "In none of our publications have we ever endorsed prevention of homosexuality as a therapeutic goal in the treatment of children with GID, although we note that this might have been a goal of some therapists and also of some parents".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Bradley |first1=Susan J. |last2=Zucker |first2=Kenneth J. |date=2003 |title=Children with gender nonconformity |url=https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200303000-00004 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=266–268 |doi=10.1097/00004583-200303000-00004 |issn=0890-8567 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 2006, Zucker stated the prevention of homosexuality and transsexualism were a rationale for treatment for "[[gender identity disorder of childhood]]" but stated the former was "problematic".<ref name="tosh_2011_10">{{Cite journal |last=Tosh |first=Jemma |date=2011 |title='Zuck Off'! A commentary on the protest against Ken Zucker and his 'treatment' of Childhood Gender Identity Disorder |url=https://transreads.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/2019-03-25_5c98e665d319b_Zuck_Off.pdf |journal=Psychology of Women Section Review |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=10 |quote=Zucker and Bradley (2004) emphasize homosexuality as a common 'psychosexual outcome' of childhood GID and Zucker (2006) states that the prevention of transsexualism and homosexuality are both rationales for its treatment (although he considers the prevention of homosexuality somewhat 'problematic'). Subsequently, this 'treatment' has been compared to reparative therapy (Pickstone-Taylor, 2003) that was condemned by the American Psychiatric Association in 2000 (APA, 2000).}}</ref> In 2018, Diane Kuhl and Wayne Martino reviewed Zucker and Bradley's 1995 work, ''Gender Identity Disorder and Psychosexual Problems in Children and Adolescents'', and stated that the work endorses the treatment of boys deemed "pre-homosexual" as "both therapeutic and ethical."<ref name="kuhl_2018_47">{{cite book |last1=Kuhl |first1=Diane |last2=Martino |first2=Wayne |date=2018 |editor-last=Talburt |editor-first=Susan |title=Youth Sexualities: Public Feelings and Contemporary Cultural Politics |volume=1 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=Praeger |pages=47–48 |chapter=Chapter 2: 'Sissy' Boys and the Pathologization of Gender Nonconformity |isbn=978-1440850394}}</ref> Kuhl and Martino cite a case history published in this 1995 work as evidence that Zucker and Bradley engaged in conversion therapy practices aimed at preventing homosexuality, and that they referred clinicians to the approaches of [[Masters and Johnson]], and [[Joseph Nicolosi]].<ref name="kuhl_2018_47"/> In 2020, Zucker stated “there is little evidence that treatment of children with GD alters their eventual sexual orientation“, citing the work of [[Richard Green (sexologist)|Richard Green]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zucker |first=Kenneth |url=https://google.com/books/edition/Principles_and_Practice_of_Sex_Therapy/t7_nDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=isbn:9781462543397&printsec=frontcover |title=Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy |publisher=Guilford Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1462543397 |veditors=Hall K, Bink Y |edition=6th |pages=408 |lccn=2020018448}}</ref> According to Pomara et al., Zucker has stated it "has not been shown that any form of treatment for GID during childhood affects later sexual orientation and from an ethical standpoint… the clinician has an obligation to inform parents about the state of the empiric database".<ref>{{Citation |last=Pomara |first=Cristoforo |title=Ethical Issues for the Practitioner Work in the Transgender Care |date=2015 |work=Management of Gender Dysphoria |pages=325–335 |editor-last=Trombetta |editor-first=Carlo |url=https://rdcu.be/d52Tk |access-date=2025-01-13 |place=Milano |publisher=Springer Milan |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-88-470-5696-1_38 |isbn=978-88-470-5695-4 |last2=Brincat |first2=Andrea |last3=Cassar |first3=Daniel |last4=Martelloni |first4=Massimo |last5=Turillazzi |first5=Emanuela |last6=D’Errico |first6=Stefano |editor2-last=Liguori |editor2-first=Giovanni |editor3-last=Bertolotto |editor3-first=Michele |url-access=limited}}</ref>
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If parents consented to treatment, Zucker's interventions involved encouraging the same-sex parent to be more active in the child's life and the other parent to step back, introducing same-sex playmates to replace other ones, removing "cross-gender" toys and activities to replace them with more "gender-appropriate" ones, and involving both parents and the child in pyschotherapy.<ref name="forcier_2020_177"/><ref name="Hart">{{Cite book |title=Banning 'conversion therapy': legal and policy perspectives |date=2023 |publisher=Hart |isbn=978-1-5099-6117-7 |editor-last=Trispiotis |editor-first=Ilias |location=Oxford London New York New Delhi Sydney |pages=134 |editor-last2=Purshouse |editor-first2=Craig}}</ref>
Early models for treating gender-variant children involved attempts to change their gender identity and behavior to conform to [[gender role|social expectations]] for their [[sex assignment|assigned gender at birth]] (AGAB) and are now regarded as a form of "[[conversion therapy]]" or "[[reparative therapy]]".<ref name="Hart"/> In 2017, Diane Ehrensaft, an advocate of the "affirmative model", suggested that contemporary methods including the "live-in-your-own-skin" model were distinct from these earlier, reparative approaches<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ehrensaft |first=Diane |date=2017 |title=Gender nonconforming youth: current perspectives |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5448699/ |journal=Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics |volume=8 |pages=57–67 |doi=10.2147/AHMT.S110859 |issn=1179-318X |pmc=5448699 |pmid=28579848}}</ref> In 2020 Ehrensaft considered the "live-in-your-own-skin" model to be a form of reparative therapy, that had now been "rejected by major professional societies as unethical and harmful".<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Ehrensaft |first=Diane |title=Treatment Paradigms for Prepubertal Children |date=2020 |work=Pediatric Gender Identity |pages=171–185 |editor-last=Forcier |editor-first=Michelle |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-38909-3_13 |access-date=2025-06-05 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-38909-3_13 |isbn=978-3-030-38908-6 |editor2-last=Van Schalkwyk |editor2-first=Gerrit |editor3-last=Turban |editor3-first=Jack L.}}</ref>
According to the bioethicist and transgender activist [[Florence Ashley]], a 2015 external review of Zucker's clinic found that the clinic considered being [[cisgender]] and [[heterosexual]] to be the preferred treatment outcome.<ref name="ashley_2022_4">{{Cite book |last1=Ashley |first1=Florence |title=Banning Transgender Conversion Practices: A Legal and Policy Analysis |date=2022 |publisher=University of British Columbia Press |isbn=978-0774866958 |location=Vancouver, BC |pages=4–6}}</ref> The external review recommended that the clinic's methodology should be changed to be more in line with current clinical practices, and recommended a patient-centered, affirmative approach.<ref name="ashley_2022_4"/> CAMH later concluded that this report contained various errors and apologized to Zucker.<ref name="CAMH_Reaches" />▼
▲
== DSM-5 and WPATH ==
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===Closure===
In December 2015, CAMH announced that it was "winding down" the clinic and that Zucker was no longer employed there. [[Kwame McKenzie]], medical director of CAMH's child, youth, and family services, said "We want to apologize for the fact that not all of the practices in our childhood gender identity clinic are in step with the latest thinking".<ref>{{cite
Conservative media figures argued that the closure of the clinic and Zucker's firing were evidence that "trans militants" were censoring scientists. A petition signed by over 500 people, including many known for their anti-trans views and activism, opposing Zucker's firing and arguing it was politically motivated.<ref name="ashley_2022_4"/>
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