Kim M Cohen
My research covers:
* Palaeogeography, GIS and subsurface databases
* Subsurface geological architecture of modern deltas
* Quaternary Geology of the North Sea Basin
* Lowland Geomorphology: from landform forward to deposit preservation.
* Fluvial sedimentology: from architecture back to depositional process.
* Sediment budgets at basin scale, for series of 500 to 500,000 yr time steps.
* Rare river flood frequency-magnitude reconstruction.
* Proglaciation and periglaciation in NW Europe's low lands.
Topics
* Netherlands' Rhine-Meuse delta paleogeographic evolution
* Southern North Sea onshore-and-offshore paleolithic landscapes
* Mixed 3D subsurface information below major delta cities
* German Lower Rhine Embayment paleogeographic evolution
* North Sea Basin subsidence, neotectonics and sea level rise
* Global Quaternary Chronostratigraphy
I spend the other half of my time at Deltares and TNO Geological Survey of the Netherlands, working on the same topics.
Address: Utrecht, Netherlands
* Palaeogeography, GIS and subsurface databases
* Subsurface geological architecture of modern deltas
* Quaternary Geology of the North Sea Basin
* Lowland Geomorphology: from landform forward to deposit preservation.
* Fluvial sedimentology: from architecture back to depositional process.
* Sediment budgets at basin scale, for series of 500 to 500,000 yr time steps.
* Rare river flood frequency-magnitude reconstruction.
* Proglaciation and periglaciation in NW Europe's low lands.
Topics
* Netherlands' Rhine-Meuse delta paleogeographic evolution
* Southern North Sea onshore-and-offshore paleolithic landscapes
* Mixed 3D subsurface information below major delta cities
* German Lower Rhine Embayment paleogeographic evolution
* North Sea Basin subsidence, neotectonics and sea level rise
* Global Quaternary Chronostratigraphy
I spend the other half of my time at Deltares and TNO Geological Survey of the Netherlands, working on the same topics.
Address: Utrecht, Netherlands
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Papers
Quaternary International, 2006
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact- ENGLISH - This digital dataset and brief explanation contains an updated reconstruction of succ... more - ENGLISH - This digital dataset and brief explanation contains an updated reconstruction of successive channel belts in the subsurface of the Rhine-Meuse delta in the Netherlands. These channel belts were formed and abandoned by natural processes, starting ca. 9000 years ago, and affected by humans in the last two millennia. The channel belts are shallow-subsurface sand bodies that are important substrate architectural elements in the delta plain, both hydrologically and archeologically. Since 1999, Utrecht University has maintained a GIS system (K.M. Cohen, Utrecht University) storing the reconstruction. The mapping is based on borehole data (Utrecht University; Geological Survey of the Netherlands), lidar imagery (www.ahn.nl) and sedimentological and geomorphological principles. The dating is based on 14C, archaeological findings, historical sources and maps, and geological cross-cutting principles. See references for research history. The current version, produced in 2011-2012 is a completely revised and expanded 2.0 edition. A science valorization grant of NWO-ALW made this effort possible. UU, TNO Geological Survey of the Netherlands and Deltares supplied co-funding. This map succeeds earlier versions produced and partially revised since 2001. This shapefile is produced as a query from the original GIS (method: Berendsen, Cohen, Stouthamer, 2007). -- NEDERLANDS -- Deze dataset en beknopte toelichting bevat de reconstructie van de ontwikkeling van het netwerk van stroomgordels in de Rijn-Maas delta in het Holoceen. Vanaf 9000 jaar geleden werden nieuwe riviertakken gevormd, weer verlaten en opgevolgd door jongere takken. Ook de mens heeft de vorming van het netwerk beinvloed, in de jongste millennia. De zandbanen zijn hydrologische en archeologisch belangrijke elementen in de bovenste meters van de ondergrond van de delta. Het zijn zandige grondwatervoerende zandbanen die pakketten klei en veen in de delta versnijden. Deze vorm(d)en subtiel hogere ruggen in de van nature drassige delta, waarlangs bewoning zich concentreerde en verplaatste en van waar uit ontginning begon. Op de Universiteit Utrecht wordt sinds 1999 een GIS bijgehouden waarin de reconstructie van het riviernetwerk door de tijd wordt bijgehouden (K.M. Cohen, UU; Berendsen & Stouthamer, 2001; Berendsen, Cohen & Stouthamer, 2001; 2007). Anno 2012 baseert de kartering van beddinggordels zich op (i) boorgegevens, (ii) het actueel hoogtebestand Nederland (www.ahn.nl) en (iii) sedimentologische en geomorfologische interpretatie principes. De datering ervan volgt met name uit (i) 14C dateringen, (ii) archeologische vondst complexen, (iii) historische bronnen, en (iv) geologische versnijdingsprincipes. De hier gedeponeerde versie is geproduceerd in 2011-2012. Het betreft een volledige herziening en aanzienlijke uitbreiding van het eerder gekarteerde gebied. Een valorisatie subsidie van NWO-ALW, aangevuld met financiering vanuit UU, TNO Geologische Dienst van Nederland en Deltares, hebben het herzieningsproject mogelijk gemaakt. De kaart volgt eerdere publieke versies (uit 2001) en interne versies van de UU (2003-2007) op. -- REFERENCES -- Earlier versions / research history: -Berendsen, H.J.A. & Stouthamer, E. (2000: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 161: 311-335), -Berendsen, H.J.A., Cohen, K.M. & Stouthamer, E. (2001: Maps and Cross-sections, Chapter and addendums in Berendsen & Stouthamer, 2001: Palaeogeographic development of the Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands, Assen: Koninklijke Van Gorcum, 268 p.), -Berendsen, H.J.A., Cohen, K.M. & Stouthamer, E. (2007: International Journal of GIS, 21:589-602). Actual version: -K.M. Cohen, E. Stouthamer (2012) VERNIEUWD DIGITAAL BASISBESTAND PALEOGEOGRAFIE VAN DE RIJN-MAAS DELTA. Beknopte toelichting bij het Digitaal Basisbestand Paleogeografie van de Rijn-Maas Delta. Dept. Fysische Geografie. Univ. Utrecht. -K.M. Cohen, E. Stouthamer, H.J. Pierik, A.H. Geurts (2012) Digitaal Basisbestand Paleogeografie van de Rijn-Maas Delta / Rhine-Meuse Delta Studies’ Digital Basemap for Delta Evolution and Palaeogeography. Dept. Physical Geography. Utrecht University. Digital Dataset. http://persistent-identifier.nl/?identifier=urn:nbn:nl:ui:13-nqjn-zl
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactDit rapport betreft het project archeologische verwachtingskaart uiterwaarden rivierengebied (‘UI... more Dit rapport betreft het project archeologische verwachtingskaart uiterwaarden rivierengebied (‘UIKAV 2014’), uitgevoerd door Deltares, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen en Universiteit Utrecht, in opdracht van Rijkswaterstaat en de Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed. Het rapport en de bijbehorende producten (een archeologische verwachtingskaart, met onderliggende databases, basiskaarten en documentatie op detailniveau in catalogusvorm, en verdere digitale bijlagen) bieden een overzicht van in de uiterwaarden van het Nederlandse riviergebied te verwachten archeologie. Het doel van het project was het maken van een gedetailleerde, tijd-specifieke, archeologische verwachtingskaart voor de uiterwaarden. Er zijn een aantal eisen gesteld aan dit product. Een belangrijke eis was dat de nieuwe archeologische kennis en gegevens zoals opgedaan en verzameld binnen het programma Ruimte voor de Rivier met dit product zouden worden geborgd. Daarnaast was een eis dat de kaart een transparant en repr...
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Edited by: Martin Stokes, Alberto Gomes and Pedro Cunha Conference convenors: Pedro Cunha, Jorge ... more Edited by: Martin Stokes, Alberto Gomes and Pedro Cunha Conference convenors: Pedro Cunha, Jorge Dinis (Universidade de Coimbra), António Martins (Universidade de Évora), Alberto Gomes (Universidade do Porto), Martin Stokes (University of Plymouth) and Geert-Jan Vis (VU University Amsterdam/TNO Geological Survey of the Netherlands). Cover photo by Jorge Gouveia (AEAT) Vila Velha de Rodão, Portugal 5-10 September, 2010
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactThe Rhine–Meuse delta is a product of frequent flooding and occasional avulsion of its rivers, wi... more The Rhine–Meuse delta is a product of frequent flooding and occasional avulsion of its rivers, with last major avulsions evolving in the first millennium AD. Since the 12th century all branches of the delta are embanked, protecting former floodplain from flooding. The dikes flank the channels and remaining floodplain of the youngest generations of rivers, but overlie sandy channel belts of older generations. In assessment of safety of dikes, that have been raised and broadened to withstand extreme floods of millennial recurrence, not just the dike but also its deltaic substrate is of importance. At locations where strong, high embankments overlie a channel belt sand body, risen water tables of the embanked river drive groundwater flow and pressure gradients underneath the dike. In places, can trigger upwards bursts of seepage water at the protected side of the dike connecting groundwater in sandy strata at depth to surface waters (ditches). If such seepage-pathways are established a...
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IAHS-AISH publication, 2006
Holocene sedimentation in the Rhine-Meuse Delta is facilitated by sea-level rise and tectonics, b... more Holocene sedimentation in the Rhine-Meuse Delta is facilitated by sea-level rise and tectonics, but most important is the result of the sediment flux received through rivers from the hinterland. The majority of Rhine and Meuse sediment entering the delta was trapped between the apex and coastal barrier, at least during the Middle and Late Holocene. It is not known how much sediment was delivered to the delta over longer periods of time (>100 years), or how delivery rates vary over millennial time scales. Increased amounts of sedimentation owing to human land-use change (on top of climatic variability) are expected, but so far it has not been possible to quantify that impact or to establish since when it has been significant. Based on a multitude of subsurface data (borehole database, complementary digital maps, radio-carbon dates), deposited volumes for successive 1000-year time slices spanning the Holocene have been calculated.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactDit is de volledige digitale dataset bij het project ‘Archeologische verwachtingskaart uiterwaard... more Dit is de volledige digitale dataset bij het project ‘Archeologische verwachtingskaart uiterwaarden rivierengebied’, uitgevoerd door Deltares, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen en Universiteit Utrecht, in opdracht van Rijkswaterstaat en de Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed. De totstandkoming en documentatie van de dataset is gerapporteerd in: K.M. Cohen, S. Arnoldussen, G. Erkens, Y.T. van Popta, L.J. Taal (2014) ARCHEOLOGISCHE VERWACHTINGSKAART UITERWAARDEN RIVIERENGEBIED. Deltares Rapport 1207078 + Bijlagen + Digitale bijlagen. De dataset omvat (i) digitale kaart- en database-producten, die het projectgebied definieren en de fysisch geografische en archeologische gegevensbasis ontsluiten (00_Projectgebieddefinitie; 10_Basiskaarten_Landschap; 20_Basiskaarten_Archeologie). Dit betreft een geologische-geomorfologische kartering van de uiterwaarden ('landschapsouderdom') en de inventaris aan archeologische gegevens (vondsten, beschermde terreinen, aandachtsgebieden) uit landeli...
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactThe Bienener Altrhein is an abandoned channel of the Lower Rhine (Germany). Following a late 16th... more The Bienener Altrhein is an abandoned channel of the Lower Rhine (Germany). Following a late 16th century abandonment event, the channel was disconnected from the main stream and the oxbow lake gradually filled with 8 meters of flood deposits. This process still continues today. During annual floods, a limited proportion of overbank discharge is routed across the oxbow lake. Large floods produce individual flood layers, which are visually recognized in the sedimentary sequence. Based on the sedimentary characteristics of these event layers, we created a 450-year flood chronology for the Lower Rhine. Laser-diffraction grain size measurements were used to assess relative flood magnitudes for individual flood event layers. Continuous sampling at a 2 cm interval provided a high-resolution record, resolving the record at an annual scale. Standard descriptive techniques (e.g., mean grain size, 95th percentile, % sand) and the more advanced ‘end member modelling’ were applied to zoom in on...
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactDuring sediment transport downstream, river systems mix sediments from different parts of their c... more During sediment transport downstream, river systems mix sediments from different parts of their catchments. During deposition, sediments are often unmixed again in different depositional environments (facies). During fluvial transport, between erosion and deposition of sediment, the sediment is sorted too. Sediment released by erosion during agricultural practises may be different than the sediments that erode under conditions of forest cover. If this is true, the Late Holocene floodplain sediments have different characteristics in terms of grain size and texture than older floodplain deposits (Middle Holocene). For this study, we used an end-member modelling algorithm EMMA, which is frequently used on for instance deep marine sediment cores and loess-paleosol sequences to unravel different source of sediment input. We collected 15 cores from three large stretches along the trunk Rhine River: the Upper Rhine Graben, the Lower Rhine Valley, and the Rhine Delta. On a local sale, grain...
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactAanleiding: Tussen 1 juli en 14 september 2011 is in opdracht van Initiatief Domplein een proefon... more Aanleiding: Tussen 1 juli en 14 september 2011 is in opdracht van Initiatief Domplein een proefonderzoek uitgevoerd op het Domplein te Utrecht. Het onderzoek vond plaats in het noordelijke deel van de voormalige werkput XIX die in 1949 aangelegd was onder leiding van prof. A.E. van Giffen van het Biologisch en Archeologisch Instituut (BAI) te Groningen. De put lag ter plaatse van het in 1674ingestorte schip van de Dom.De hoofddoelstelling van het onderzoek was informatie verkrijgen over de mogelijkheden tot het duurzaam behoud van de archeologische waarden van het rijksmonument Domplein bij de realisatie van het bezoekerscentrum Schatkamer II (het huidige DOMunder). Om daarnaast ook informatie te verkrijgen die nodig was voor de mogelijke inrichting van de ondergrondse ruimte en het beleefbaar maken van de archeologische resten en bodemprofielen, is er ook inhoudelijk naar de profielen gekeken. Bijdrage M van Dinter & K.M. Cohen: In 2011 en in 2013 is bij gelegenheid op de bodem van...
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The two youngest interglacials, the current Holocene and the Last Interglacial, are very widely g... more The two youngest interglacials, the current Holocene and the Last Interglacial, are very widely geologically studied. Dating techniques such as radiocarbon (for the Holocene) and Uranium/Thorium (for the Last Interglacial) allow quite precise numeric dating. Annually layered sequences, such as the Greenland ice core records (for the Holocene) and varved sequences (for the Last Interglacial) provide further dating control, especially where estimating durations is involved. Correlation techniques and event-stratigraphy (whether short-lived climatic events, volcanic eruptions or other semi-instantaneous events such as sea-level jumps) provide yet further control. In this presentation, we will compare the currently used chronostratigraphic divisions for the Termination I and the Holocene to those in use for Termination II and the Last Interglacial. Three important events in the former are [1]: • Base MIS1, at maximum change of benthic δ18O within Termination I, c. 14.7 ka • Base Holocen...
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactHet betreft de volledige digitale dataset van het project ‘Archeologische Landschappenkaart van N... more Het betreft de volledige digitale dataset van het project ‘Archeologische Landschappenkaart van Nederland’ , onderdeel van het programma Kenniskaart Archeologie van de Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed (RCE). Het project is uitgevoerd van november 2013 tot en met mei 2015 door medewerkers van de afdeling Landschap en de afdeling Archeologie van de Rijksdienst. De kaart maakt de landschappelijke en hiermee verbonden archeologische diversiteit van Nederland inzichtelijk. Het kaartbeeld is zowel landschappelijk als archeologisch relevant en betekenisvol op nationale schaal. Anders geformuleerd: de op de Archeologische Landschappenkaart afgebeelde ruimtelijke eenheden (landschappen en landschapszones) zijn ook uit archeologische oogpunt onderscheidend. Op de Archeologische Landschappenkaart worden 26 landschappen onderscheiden en daarbinnen landschapszones. Deze zoneringen zijn niet alleen gebaseerd op landschappelijke kenmerken, maar ook op verwachte archeologische verschillen. Ze...
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactPeat comes in many kinds. Within the Holocene of the Netherlands, various types of deltaic, coast... more Peat comes in many kinds. Within the Holocene of the Netherlands, various types of deltaic, coastal and lagoonal peat are recognised. Over adjacent inlands even more types are known. We can look at them with ecological eyes (plant species, nutrient availability), hydrological eyes (maintaining their own local groundwater table, or obeying a regional one), with the eyes of miners, farmers and builders (opportunity for fuel and need for drainage and foundations), or with the eyes of palaeogeographers (past marshes, swamps, cushions, away from active sedimentary systems).
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A joint research project (two PhD’s, 2016-2020) has been granted to Utrecht University and the Un... more A joint research project (two PhD’s, 2016-2020) has been granted to Utrecht University and the University of Twente, on the topic of detailed hydraulic modelling of selected largest-known historic river floods affecting the Lower Rhine valley and delta (The Netherlands and adjacent Germany). Besides the abstract authors, a wide group of advisors from academic, engineering and river management (government) positions takes part in the project, that contributes to the Water Safety theme. Design standards for flood protection in deltas require magnitude estimates of extreme (millennial) floods. For the Rhine River, design discharges of 16,000 to 18,000 m3/s are considered appropriate (upper) values (for the station at the Dutch-German border). However, annual peak discharge obser-vational records are insufficiently long, and the actual recurrence times of the adopted design values that result from statistical extrapolation are quite uncertain. In recent years, major advances have been ...
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Earth Surface Dynamics
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactQuaternary International, 2006
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact- ENGLISH - This digital dataset and brief explanation contains an updated reconstruction of succ... more - ENGLISH - This digital dataset and brief explanation contains an updated reconstruction of successive channel belts in the subsurface of the Rhine-Meuse delta in the Netherlands. These channel belts were formed and abandoned by natural processes, starting ca. 9000 years ago, and affected by humans in the last two millennia. The channel belts are shallow-subsurface sand bodies that are important substrate architectural elements in the delta plain, both hydrologically and archeologically. Since 1999, Utrecht University has maintained a GIS system (K.M. Cohen, Utrecht University) storing the reconstruction. The mapping is based on borehole data (Utrecht University; Geological Survey of the Netherlands), lidar imagery (www.ahn.nl) and sedimentological and geomorphological principles. The dating is based on 14C, archaeological findings, historical sources and maps, and geological cross-cutting principles. See references for research history. The current version, produced in 2011-2012 is a completely revised and expanded 2.0 edition. A science valorization grant of NWO-ALW made this effort possible. UU, TNO Geological Survey of the Netherlands and Deltares supplied co-funding. This map succeeds earlier versions produced and partially revised since 2001. This shapefile is produced as a query from the original GIS (method: Berendsen, Cohen, Stouthamer, 2007). -- NEDERLANDS -- Deze dataset en beknopte toelichting bevat de reconstructie van de ontwikkeling van het netwerk van stroomgordels in de Rijn-Maas delta in het Holoceen. Vanaf 9000 jaar geleden werden nieuwe riviertakken gevormd, weer verlaten en opgevolgd door jongere takken. Ook de mens heeft de vorming van het netwerk beinvloed, in de jongste millennia. De zandbanen zijn hydrologische en archeologisch belangrijke elementen in de bovenste meters van de ondergrond van de delta. Het zijn zandige grondwatervoerende zandbanen die pakketten klei en veen in de delta versnijden. Deze vorm(d)en subtiel hogere ruggen in de van nature drassige delta, waarlangs bewoning zich concentreerde en verplaatste en van waar uit ontginning begon. Op de Universiteit Utrecht wordt sinds 1999 een GIS bijgehouden waarin de reconstructie van het riviernetwerk door de tijd wordt bijgehouden (K.M. Cohen, UU; Berendsen & Stouthamer, 2001; Berendsen, Cohen & Stouthamer, 2001; 2007). Anno 2012 baseert de kartering van beddinggordels zich op (i) boorgegevens, (ii) het actueel hoogtebestand Nederland (www.ahn.nl) en (iii) sedimentologische en geomorfologische interpretatie principes. De datering ervan volgt met name uit (i) 14C dateringen, (ii) archeologische vondst complexen, (iii) historische bronnen, en (iv) geologische versnijdingsprincipes. De hier gedeponeerde versie is geproduceerd in 2011-2012. Het betreft een volledige herziening en aanzienlijke uitbreiding van het eerder gekarteerde gebied. Een valorisatie subsidie van NWO-ALW, aangevuld met financiering vanuit UU, TNO Geologische Dienst van Nederland en Deltares, hebben het herzieningsproject mogelijk gemaakt. De kaart volgt eerdere publieke versies (uit 2001) en interne versies van de UU (2003-2007) op. -- REFERENCES -- Earlier versions / research history: -Berendsen, H.J.A. & Stouthamer, E. (2000: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 161: 311-335), -Berendsen, H.J.A., Cohen, K.M. & Stouthamer, E. (2001: Maps and Cross-sections, Chapter and addendums in Berendsen & Stouthamer, 2001: Palaeogeographic development of the Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands, Assen: Koninklijke Van Gorcum, 268 p.), -Berendsen, H.J.A., Cohen, K.M. & Stouthamer, E. (2007: International Journal of GIS, 21:589-602). Actual version: -K.M. Cohen, E. Stouthamer (2012) VERNIEUWD DIGITAAL BASISBESTAND PALEOGEOGRAFIE VAN DE RIJN-MAAS DELTA. Beknopte toelichting bij het Digitaal Basisbestand Paleogeografie van de Rijn-Maas Delta. Dept. Fysische Geografie. Univ. Utrecht. -K.M. Cohen, E. Stouthamer, H.J. Pierik, A.H. Geurts (2012) Digitaal Basisbestand Paleogeografie van de Rijn-Maas Delta / Rhine-Meuse Delta Studies’ Digital Basemap for Delta Evolution and Palaeogeography. Dept. Physical Geography. Utrecht University. Digital Dataset. http://persistent-identifier.nl/?identifier=urn:nbn:nl:ui:13-nqjn-zl
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactDit rapport betreft het project archeologische verwachtingskaart uiterwaarden rivierengebied (‘UI... more Dit rapport betreft het project archeologische verwachtingskaart uiterwaarden rivierengebied (‘UIKAV 2014’), uitgevoerd door Deltares, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen en Universiteit Utrecht, in opdracht van Rijkswaterstaat en de Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed. Het rapport en de bijbehorende producten (een archeologische verwachtingskaart, met onderliggende databases, basiskaarten en documentatie op detailniveau in catalogusvorm, en verdere digitale bijlagen) bieden een overzicht van in de uiterwaarden van het Nederlandse riviergebied te verwachten archeologie. Het doel van het project was het maken van een gedetailleerde, tijd-specifieke, archeologische verwachtingskaart voor de uiterwaarden. Er zijn een aantal eisen gesteld aan dit product. Een belangrijke eis was dat de nieuwe archeologische kennis en gegevens zoals opgedaan en verzameld binnen het programma Ruimte voor de Rivier met dit product zouden worden geborgd. Daarnaast was een eis dat de kaart een transparant en repr...
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactEdited by: Martin Stokes, Alberto Gomes and Pedro Cunha Conference convenors: Pedro Cunha, Jorge ... more Edited by: Martin Stokes, Alberto Gomes and Pedro Cunha Conference convenors: Pedro Cunha, Jorge Dinis (Universidade de Coimbra), António Martins (Universidade de Évora), Alberto Gomes (Universidade do Porto), Martin Stokes (University of Plymouth) and Geert-Jan Vis (VU University Amsterdam/TNO Geological Survey of the Netherlands). Cover photo by Jorge Gouveia (AEAT) Vila Velha de Rodão, Portugal 5-10 September, 2010
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactThe Rhine–Meuse delta is a product of frequent flooding and occasional avulsion of its rivers, wi... more The Rhine–Meuse delta is a product of frequent flooding and occasional avulsion of its rivers, with last major avulsions evolving in the first millennium AD. Since the 12th century all branches of the delta are embanked, protecting former floodplain from flooding. The dikes flank the channels and remaining floodplain of the youngest generations of rivers, but overlie sandy channel belts of older generations. In assessment of safety of dikes, that have been raised and broadened to withstand extreme floods of millennial recurrence, not just the dike but also its deltaic substrate is of importance. At locations where strong, high embankments overlie a channel belt sand body, risen water tables of the embanked river drive groundwater flow and pressure gradients underneath the dike. In places, can trigger upwards bursts of seepage water at the protected side of the dike connecting groundwater in sandy strata at depth to surface waters (ditches). If such seepage-pathways are established a...
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactIAHS-AISH publication, 2006
Holocene sedimentation in the Rhine-Meuse Delta is facilitated by sea-level rise and tectonics, b... more Holocene sedimentation in the Rhine-Meuse Delta is facilitated by sea-level rise and tectonics, but most important is the result of the sediment flux received through rivers from the hinterland. The majority of Rhine and Meuse sediment entering the delta was trapped between the apex and coastal barrier, at least during the Middle and Late Holocene. It is not known how much sediment was delivered to the delta over longer periods of time (>100 years), or how delivery rates vary over millennial time scales. Increased amounts of sedimentation owing to human land-use change (on top of climatic variability) are expected, but so far it has not been possible to quantify that impact or to establish since when it has been significant. Based on a multitude of subsurface data (borehole database, complementary digital maps, radio-carbon dates), deposited volumes for successive 1000-year time slices spanning the Holocene have been calculated.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactDit is de volledige digitale dataset bij het project ‘Archeologische verwachtingskaart uiterwaard... more Dit is de volledige digitale dataset bij het project ‘Archeologische verwachtingskaart uiterwaarden rivierengebied’, uitgevoerd door Deltares, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen en Universiteit Utrecht, in opdracht van Rijkswaterstaat en de Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed. De totstandkoming en documentatie van de dataset is gerapporteerd in: K.M. Cohen, S. Arnoldussen, G. Erkens, Y.T. van Popta, L.J. Taal (2014) ARCHEOLOGISCHE VERWACHTINGSKAART UITERWAARDEN RIVIERENGEBIED. Deltares Rapport 1207078 + Bijlagen + Digitale bijlagen. De dataset omvat (i) digitale kaart- en database-producten, die het projectgebied definieren en de fysisch geografische en archeologische gegevensbasis ontsluiten (00_Projectgebieddefinitie; 10_Basiskaarten_Landschap; 20_Basiskaarten_Archeologie). Dit betreft een geologische-geomorfologische kartering van de uiterwaarden ('landschapsouderdom') en de inventaris aan archeologische gegevens (vondsten, beschermde terreinen, aandachtsgebieden) uit landeli...
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactThe Bienener Altrhein is an abandoned channel of the Lower Rhine (Germany). Following a late 16th... more The Bienener Altrhein is an abandoned channel of the Lower Rhine (Germany). Following a late 16th century abandonment event, the channel was disconnected from the main stream and the oxbow lake gradually filled with 8 meters of flood deposits. This process still continues today. During annual floods, a limited proportion of overbank discharge is routed across the oxbow lake. Large floods produce individual flood layers, which are visually recognized in the sedimentary sequence. Based on the sedimentary characteristics of these event layers, we created a 450-year flood chronology for the Lower Rhine. Laser-diffraction grain size measurements were used to assess relative flood magnitudes for individual flood event layers. Continuous sampling at a 2 cm interval provided a high-resolution record, resolving the record at an annual scale. Standard descriptive techniques (e.g., mean grain size, 95th percentile, % sand) and the more advanced ‘end member modelling’ were applied to zoom in on...
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactDuring sediment transport downstream, river systems mix sediments from different parts of their c... more During sediment transport downstream, river systems mix sediments from different parts of their catchments. During deposition, sediments are often unmixed again in different depositional environments (facies). During fluvial transport, between erosion and deposition of sediment, the sediment is sorted too. Sediment released by erosion during agricultural practises may be different than the sediments that erode under conditions of forest cover. If this is true, the Late Holocene floodplain sediments have different characteristics in terms of grain size and texture than older floodplain deposits (Middle Holocene). For this study, we used an end-member modelling algorithm EMMA, which is frequently used on for instance deep marine sediment cores and loess-paleosol sequences to unravel different source of sediment input. We collected 15 cores from three large stretches along the trunk Rhine River: the Upper Rhine Graben, the Lower Rhine Valley, and the Rhine Delta. On a local sale, grain...
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactAanleiding: Tussen 1 juli en 14 september 2011 is in opdracht van Initiatief Domplein een proefon... more Aanleiding: Tussen 1 juli en 14 september 2011 is in opdracht van Initiatief Domplein een proefonderzoek uitgevoerd op het Domplein te Utrecht. Het onderzoek vond plaats in het noordelijke deel van de voormalige werkput XIX die in 1949 aangelegd was onder leiding van prof. A.E. van Giffen van het Biologisch en Archeologisch Instituut (BAI) te Groningen. De put lag ter plaatse van het in 1674ingestorte schip van de Dom.De hoofddoelstelling van het onderzoek was informatie verkrijgen over de mogelijkheden tot het duurzaam behoud van de archeologische waarden van het rijksmonument Domplein bij de realisatie van het bezoekerscentrum Schatkamer II (het huidige DOMunder). Om daarnaast ook informatie te verkrijgen die nodig was voor de mogelijke inrichting van de ondergrondse ruimte en het beleefbaar maken van de archeologische resten en bodemprofielen, is er ook inhoudelijk naar de profielen gekeken. Bijdrage M van Dinter & K.M. Cohen: In 2011 en in 2013 is bij gelegenheid op de bodem van...
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactThe two youngest interglacials, the current Holocene and the Last Interglacial, are very widely g... more The two youngest interglacials, the current Holocene and the Last Interglacial, are very widely geologically studied. Dating techniques such as radiocarbon (for the Holocene) and Uranium/Thorium (for the Last Interglacial) allow quite precise numeric dating. Annually layered sequences, such as the Greenland ice core records (for the Holocene) and varved sequences (for the Last Interglacial) provide further dating control, especially where estimating durations is involved. Correlation techniques and event-stratigraphy (whether short-lived climatic events, volcanic eruptions or other semi-instantaneous events such as sea-level jumps) provide yet further control. In this presentation, we will compare the currently used chronostratigraphic divisions for the Termination I and the Holocene to those in use for Termination II and the Last Interglacial. Three important events in the former are [1]: • Base MIS1, at maximum change of benthic δ18O within Termination I, c. 14.7 ka • Base Holocen...
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactHet betreft de volledige digitale dataset van het project ‘Archeologische Landschappenkaart van N... more Het betreft de volledige digitale dataset van het project ‘Archeologische Landschappenkaart van Nederland’ , onderdeel van het programma Kenniskaart Archeologie van de Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed (RCE). Het project is uitgevoerd van november 2013 tot en met mei 2015 door medewerkers van de afdeling Landschap en de afdeling Archeologie van de Rijksdienst. De kaart maakt de landschappelijke en hiermee verbonden archeologische diversiteit van Nederland inzichtelijk. Het kaartbeeld is zowel landschappelijk als archeologisch relevant en betekenisvol op nationale schaal. Anders geformuleerd: de op de Archeologische Landschappenkaart afgebeelde ruimtelijke eenheden (landschappen en landschapszones) zijn ook uit archeologische oogpunt onderscheidend. Op de Archeologische Landschappenkaart worden 26 landschappen onderscheiden en daarbinnen landschapszones. Deze zoneringen zijn niet alleen gebaseerd op landschappelijke kenmerken, maar ook op verwachte archeologische verschillen. Ze...
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactPeat comes in many kinds. Within the Holocene of the Netherlands, various types of deltaic, coast... more Peat comes in many kinds. Within the Holocene of the Netherlands, various types of deltaic, coastal and lagoonal peat are recognised. Over adjacent inlands even more types are known. We can look at them with ecological eyes (plant species, nutrient availability), hydrological eyes (maintaining their own local groundwater table, or obeying a regional one), with the eyes of miners, farmers and builders (opportunity for fuel and need for drainage and foundations), or with the eyes of palaeogeographers (past marshes, swamps, cushions, away from active sedimentary systems).
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactA joint research project (two PhD’s, 2016-2020) has been granted to Utrecht University and the Un... more A joint research project (two PhD’s, 2016-2020) has been granted to Utrecht University and the University of Twente, on the topic of detailed hydraulic modelling of selected largest-known historic river floods affecting the Lower Rhine valley and delta (The Netherlands and adjacent Germany). Besides the abstract authors, a wide group of advisors from academic, engineering and river management (government) positions takes part in the project, that contributes to the Water Safety theme. Design standards for flood protection in deltas require magnitude estimates of extreme (millennial) floods. For the Rhine River, design discharges of 16,000 to 18,000 m3/s are considered appropriate (upper) values (for the station at the Dutch-German border). However, annual peak discharge obser-vational records are insufficiently long, and the actual recurrence times of the adopted design values that result from statistical extrapolation are quite uncertain. In recent years, major advances have been ...
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactEarth Surface Dynamics
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by Hans Peeters, Kim M Cohen, and Marc Hijma
Nederlandse Archeologische Rapporten 63, 2019
In 2009, the North Sea Prehistory Research and Management Framework (NSPRMF) set out a broad set ... more In 2009, the North Sea Prehistory Research and Management Framework (NSPRMF) set out a broad set of research and management themes, topics and priorities which were deemed relevant regarding the
prehistoric cultural heritage of the southern North Sea. Now, in 2019, we address the question: Where do we stand after a decade of work? In the past ten years, a lot of work has been done and progress has been made; however, we are still far from meeting all of the priorities defined. While the themes and topics of the NSPRMF 2009 remain relevant today, based on the experiences over the years, they have been revised and updated for this NSPRMF 2019.
prehistoric cultural heritage of the southern North Sea. Now, in 2019, we address the question: Where do we stand after a decade of work? In the past ten years, a lot of work has been done and progress has been made; however, we are still far from meeting all of the priorities defined. While the themes and topics of the NSPRMF 2009 remain relevant today, based on the experiences over the years, they have been revised and updated for this NSPRMF 2019.
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by Kim M Cohen and Marc Hijma
Submerged Landscapes of the European Continental Shelf: Quaternary Paleoenvironments, 2017
Authors: Kim M. Cohen, Kieran Westley,
Gilles Erkens, Marc P. Hijma, Henk J.T. Weerts
This c... more Authors: Kim M. Cohen, Kieran Westley,
Gilles Erkens, Marc P. Hijma, Henk J.T. Weerts
This chapter gives a general overview of knowledge regarding the North Sea area in the context of Quaternary prehistory. The North Sea is one of the larger continental shelf seas in the world. Much of it was exposed and potentially habitable during periods of lower sea level. It is also one of the world’s better researched shelves, and its research history started relatively early. The discovery of hydrocarbons in the mid-1960s triggered both commercial exploration and state-sponsored mapping. In later years, the search for sand and gravel reserves and large-scale wind farm development brought a second wave of research that continues today. It is practically impossible to give an exhaustive review of the data, maps and publications that are available. Hence this chapter will only give a general overview based on recent geological and archaeological publications. It will focus on Quaternary paleogeographical change since the first hominin occupation of the North Sea, outline the evidence for preservation of archaeological sites and landscapes and discuss taphonomic issues relating to preservation. The key point to be made for the North Sea is that while there is confirmation that remnants of Pleistocene and Holocene landscapes and their associated archaeological record are preserved, the overall evidence base is complex, patchy and fragmented, reflecting a range of spatio-temporally variable formative and destructive processes. Where preserved, surfaces of Late-glacial and Early Holocene landscapes are part of the upper few meters of the sea floor. Remnants of earlier inhabitable landscapes occur at a larger range of depths. Geological mapping and paleogeographical reconstruction are therefore important prior steps in surveying the North Sea floor for preserved fossil landscapes and forecasting taphonomy as part of predictive mapping. Knowledge on landscape preservation further helps to understand the taphonomy of encountered submerged archaeological sites. However, in most cases the existing types of data do not suffice for confident taphonomic assessments, despite their great density. For offshore areas, it is easier to predict the past depositional environments and hominin habitats that once occurred, than to locally predict the present state of preservation of the archaeology. Yet, that second step is important in seafloor heritage research and management decision-making, and planning of underwater survey and excavation. The chapter therefore works towards identifying the taphonomic variables operating at local, regional and super-regional scales. This is done by providing an overview of geological history and a landform inventory for the North Sea, and highlighting links with taphonomy throughout the text.
Gilles Erkens, Marc P. Hijma, Henk J.T. Weerts
This chapter gives a general overview of knowledge regarding the North Sea area in the context of Quaternary prehistory. The North Sea is one of the larger continental shelf seas in the world. Much of it was exposed and potentially habitable during periods of lower sea level. It is also one of the world’s better researched shelves, and its research history started relatively early. The discovery of hydrocarbons in the mid-1960s triggered both commercial exploration and state-sponsored mapping. In later years, the search for sand and gravel reserves and large-scale wind farm development brought a second wave of research that continues today. It is practically impossible to give an exhaustive review of the data, maps and publications that are available. Hence this chapter will only give a general overview based on recent geological and archaeological publications. It will focus on Quaternary paleogeographical change since the first hominin occupation of the North Sea, outline the evidence for preservation of archaeological sites and landscapes and discuss taphonomic issues relating to preservation. The key point to be made for the North Sea is that while there is confirmation that remnants of Pleistocene and Holocene landscapes and their associated archaeological record are preserved, the overall evidence base is complex, patchy and fragmented, reflecting a range of spatio-temporally variable formative and destructive processes. Where preserved, surfaces of Late-glacial and Early Holocene landscapes are part of the upper few meters of the sea floor. Remnants of earlier inhabitable landscapes occur at a larger range of depths. Geological mapping and paleogeographical reconstruction are therefore important prior steps in surveying the North Sea floor for preserved fossil landscapes and forecasting taphonomy as part of predictive mapping. Knowledge on landscape preservation further helps to understand the taphonomy of encountered submerged archaeological sites. However, in most cases the existing types of data do not suffice for confident taphonomic assessments, despite their great density. For offshore areas, it is easier to predict the past depositional environments and hominin habitats that once occurred, than to locally predict the present state of preservation of the archaeology. Yet, that second step is important in seafloor heritage research and management decision-making, and planning of underwater survey and excavation. The chapter therefore works towards identifying the taphonomic variables operating at local, regional and super-regional scales. This is done by providing an overview of geological history and a landform inventory for the North Sea, and highlighting links with taphonomy throughout the text.
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Berendsen - Fysische geografie van Nederland - Vol. 1 - 7th full revised edition, Nov 2015
Translated title: The forming of the land. Geology and geomorphology.
7th edition - E. Stouthame... more Translated title: The forming of the land. Geology and geomorphology.
7th edition - E. Stouthamer, K.M. Cohen, W.Z. Hoek - 429 pp.
Berendsen - Fysische geografie van Nederland: Vol. 1
Text book on geology and geomorphology of the Netherlands.
Fully revised, full-colour edition of original textbook by H.J.A. Berendsen (1996). For students (BSc Earth Sciences, Geography, Geography teachers) and professionals in various disciplines.
Abstract (in Dutch):
Het landschap van Nederland is niet zo onveranderlijk als het lijkt. De verschillen die we tegenwoordig in het landschap waarnemen, zijn voor een belangrijk deel een erfenis uit het verleden. Dit boek toont hoe vanaf het ontstaan van de aarde plaattektonische bewegingen en grote verticale bewegingen van de aardkorst de ondergrond van Nederland hebben gevormd. Ooit lag ons land op het zuidelijk halfrond. Duizenden meters dikke lagen zand en klei zijn afgezet door rivieren en zeeën die reeds lang geleden zijn opgedroogd. Deze lagen bevatten delfstoffen als olie en gas, waaraan we een belangrijk deel van onze welvaart te danken hebben. In de ijstijden werden de contouren van het huidige Nederland gevormd, maar pas in de laatste duizenden jaren is de basis gelegd voor het landschap zoals we dat nu kennen, onder invloed van de mens. De oudste maar ook de jongste ontstaansgeschiedenis van Nederland komen aan de orde.
De nieuwe editie van De vorming van het land biedt een overzicht van de geologische en geomorfologische wordingsgeschiedenis van Nederland en omgeving. Daarnaast beschrijft het de verschillende afzettingsmilieus die voorkomen en die bepalend zijn (geweest) voor het huidige landschap. Vele illustraties in kleur verhelderen de tekst. Een uniek studieboek en een nuttig naslagwerk voor diverse disciplines.
7th edition - E. Stouthamer, K.M. Cohen, W.Z. Hoek - 429 pp.
Berendsen - Fysische geografie van Nederland: Vol. 1
Text book on geology and geomorphology of the Netherlands.
Fully revised, full-colour edition of original textbook by H.J.A. Berendsen (1996). For students (BSc Earth Sciences, Geography, Geography teachers) and professionals in various disciplines.
Abstract (in Dutch):
Het landschap van Nederland is niet zo onveranderlijk als het lijkt. De verschillen die we tegenwoordig in het landschap waarnemen, zijn voor een belangrijk deel een erfenis uit het verleden. Dit boek toont hoe vanaf het ontstaan van de aarde plaattektonische bewegingen en grote verticale bewegingen van de aardkorst de ondergrond van Nederland hebben gevormd. Ooit lag ons land op het zuidelijk halfrond. Duizenden meters dikke lagen zand en klei zijn afgezet door rivieren en zeeën die reeds lang geleden zijn opgedroogd. Deze lagen bevatten delfstoffen als olie en gas, waaraan we een belangrijk deel van onze welvaart te danken hebben. In de ijstijden werden de contouren van het huidige Nederland gevormd, maar pas in de laatste duizenden jaren is de basis gelegd voor het landschap zoals we dat nu kennen, onder invloed van de mens. De oudste maar ook de jongste ontstaansgeschiedenis van Nederland komen aan de orde.
De nieuwe editie van De vorming van het land biedt een overzicht van de geologische en geomorfologische wordingsgeschiedenis van Nederland en omgeving. Daarnaast beschrijft het de verschillende afzettingsmilieus die voorkomen en die bepalend zijn (geweest) voor het huidige landschap. Vele illustraties in kleur verhelderen de tekst. Een uniek studieboek en een nuttig naslagwerk voor diverse disciplines.
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BOORrapporten 566 Interdisciplinary Archaeological Research Programme Maasvlakte 2, Rotterdam., Mar 2015
In 2011 a systematic underwater field survey and an invasive investigation were executed in the Y... more In 2011 a systematic underwater field survey and an invasive investigation were executed in the Yangtze Harbour planning area, Maasvlakte, Rotterdam, commissioned by Port of Rotterdam Authority. The aim of the work was to locate and document any archaeological remains in submerged Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene deposits at a depth of 22m to 17m bsl, in the to-be-deepened and extended harbour. A drowned Lateglacial-Early Holocene floodplain landscape was mapped and a Mesolithic site was discovered in it. The site was visited from c. 8500 to 6500 BC and became a nodal base camp 7000 to 6500 BC, when a wetland landscape had developed around it. Abundant flint tools, bones (of mammals, fish and bird) and plant material (pristine and charred) were recovered and provide information on mobility, diet and use of fire in the Middle Mesolithic. The site rapidly drowned in the transgressing North Sea owing to accelerated sea-level rise events of the period 6500-6300 BC. The site offers a window to the lowland archaeology of the Early Holocene in areas now offshore, that inland sites cannot off. The discoveries allow interregional comparison of delta habitation between the Middle Mesolithic (offshore, at depth in the sea, Doggerland) and Late Mesolithic (onshore, Rhine-Meuse delta, at depth below urbanized coastal plain).
Author list:
Boon, J.J., Brinkhuizen, D.C., Bunnik, F.P.M., Cohen, K.M., Cremer, H., Exaltus, R.P., van Kappel, K., Kooistra, L.I., Koolmees, H., de Kruyk, H., Kubiak-Martens, L., Moree, J.M., Niekus, M.J.L.T., Peeters, J.H.M., Schiltmans, D.E.A., Verbaas, A., Verbruggen, F., Vos, P.C., Zeiler, J.T.
Contents:
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Methods and techniques
Chapter 3 Landscape genesis and palaeogeography
Chapter 4 Flint and other stone https://www.academia.edu/11573354/
Chapter 5 Fauna
Chapter 6 Archaeobotany: landscape reconstruction and plant food
Chapter 7 Synthesis https://www.academia.edu/11600300/
Authorship is indicated per chapter. A rich DVD with further technical reports (in Dutch) is part of the publication. It also contains a 15 minute documentary movie (bilingual).
The book is the English translation of BOORrapporten 523 (2014, in Dutch, same editors and authors)
Link to DUTCH book: http://www.rotterdam.nl/Clusters/Stadsbeheer/Images%202014/BOOR/PDF/BOORrapporten%20523%20Rotterdam%20Yangtzehaven.pdf
Link to ENGLISH version: http://www.rotterdam.nl/Clusters/Stadsbeheer/Images%202015/BOOR/PDF/BR566_Maasvlakte2_ENGLISH.pdf
The PDF on the Rotterdam.nl website (the right link, in grey, below) is the full Book. It contains a PREFACE, a PART 2 on the stratigraphy of the sand extraction area off the Maasvlakte extension, and an EPILOGUE on a human bone find from that area). The PDF uploaded to academia.edu (the left link, in green, below) is PART 1 only.
Author list:
Boon, J.J., Brinkhuizen, D.C., Bunnik, F.P.M., Cohen, K.M., Cremer, H., Exaltus, R.P., van Kappel, K., Kooistra, L.I., Koolmees, H., de Kruyk, H., Kubiak-Martens, L., Moree, J.M., Niekus, M.J.L.T., Peeters, J.H.M., Schiltmans, D.E.A., Verbaas, A., Verbruggen, F., Vos, P.C., Zeiler, J.T.
Contents:
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Methods and techniques
Chapter 3 Landscape genesis and palaeogeography
Chapter 4 Flint and other stone https://www.academia.edu/11573354/
Chapter 5 Fauna
Chapter 6 Archaeobotany: landscape reconstruction and plant food
Chapter 7 Synthesis https://www.academia.edu/11600300/
Authorship is indicated per chapter. A rich DVD with further technical reports (in Dutch) is part of the publication. It also contains a 15 minute documentary movie (bilingual).
The book is the English translation of BOORrapporten 523 (2014, in Dutch, same editors and authors)
Link to DUTCH book: http://www.rotterdam.nl/Clusters/Stadsbeheer/Images%202014/BOOR/PDF/BOORrapporten%20523%20Rotterdam%20Yangtzehaven.pdf
Link to ENGLISH version: http://www.rotterdam.nl/Clusters/Stadsbeheer/Images%202015/BOOR/PDF/BR566_Maasvlakte2_ENGLISH.pdf
The PDF on the Rotterdam.nl website (the right link, in grey, below) is the full Book. It contains a PREFACE, a PART 2 on the stratigraphy of the sand extraction area off the Maasvlakte extension, and an EPILOGUE on a human bone find from that area). The PDF uploaded to academia.edu (the left link, in green, below) is PART 1 only.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactThe Rhine-Meuse river system has been studied extensively over the past few decades. The Netherla... more The Rhine-Meuse river system has been studied extensively over the past few decades. The Netherlands' coastal prism formed in response to Holocene sea level rise and buried the Weichselian (OIS-2) Rhine-Meuse valley.
Although the geological-geomorphological evolution of the Rhine-Meuse system since the Last Glacial Maximum (ca. 22 kyr cal BP) is known in great detail, the effects of neotectonics in the Rhine-Meuse delta have only been recognised recently. In this thesis the Rhine-Meuse record over the last 15,000 years is used to quantify subsidence in the central Netherlands.
The thesis brings new evidence on the spatially and temporally non-linear rates of differential subsidence in the central Netherlands. The Late-Glacial / Holocene active faults have been identified in the fluvial deposits of the last 15,000 years. Deformation is quantified from post-depositional deformations of gradient lines.
Quantification is done in two ways: (1) by analysing longitudinal profiles of paleo channel belts and (2) by geostatistically reconstructed paleo-groundwater surfaces from basal-peat radiocarbon dates. Syn-depositional effects of active differential subsidence to active fluvio-deltaic deposition are identified, and are used to further constrain differential subsidence in time and space.
The results support a forebulge hypothesis: the Late-Glacial - Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta appears to be on the southern flank of a collapsing Weichselian forebulge in the North Sea basin, related to Scandinavian and British ice-sheets. The thesis comes with a full-colour map of the central Rhine-Meuse delta and a cross-section spanning the full delta width, and covering all Rhine and Meuse channel belts since the last glacial maximum.
http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/dissertations/2003-0827-120529/inhoud.htm
http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/dissertations/2003-0827-120529/full.pdf
Although the geological-geomorphological evolution of the Rhine-Meuse system since the Last Glacial Maximum (ca. 22 kyr cal BP) is known in great detail, the effects of neotectonics in the Rhine-Meuse delta have only been recognised recently. In this thesis the Rhine-Meuse record over the last 15,000 years is used to quantify subsidence in the central Netherlands.
The thesis brings new evidence on the spatially and temporally non-linear rates of differential subsidence in the central Netherlands. The Late-Glacial / Holocene active faults have been identified in the fluvial deposits of the last 15,000 years. Deformation is quantified from post-depositional deformations of gradient lines.
Quantification is done in two ways: (1) by analysing longitudinal profiles of paleo channel belts and (2) by geostatistically reconstructed paleo-groundwater surfaces from basal-peat radiocarbon dates. Syn-depositional effects of active differential subsidence to active fluvio-deltaic deposition are identified, and are used to further constrain differential subsidence in time and space.
The results support a forebulge hypothesis: the Late-Glacial - Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta appears to be on the southern flank of a collapsing Weichselian forebulge in the North Sea basin, related to Scandinavian and British ice-sheets. The thesis comes with a full-colour map of the central Rhine-Meuse delta and a cross-section spanning the full delta width, and covering all Rhine and Meuse channel belts since the last glacial maximum.
http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/dissertations/2003-0827-120529/inhoud.htm
http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/dissertations/2003-0827-120529/full.pdf
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Zand in Banen op de website van provincie Gelderland:
http://www.gelderland.nl//smartsite.dws?id... more Zand in Banen op de website van provincie Gelderland:
http://www.gelderland.nl//smartsite.dws?id=12967
===
Over the past decades, the Rhine-Meuse delta in the Netherlands has been studied extensively at Utrecht University. A unique dataset exists of unique potential for investigations on various aspects of fluvial sedimentology, delta geomorphology, Quaternary geology, river-engineering, hydrocarbon reservoir modeling, environmental science, hydrology, archaeology and spatial planning in fluvial-coastal plains. This potential has been increasingly recognized by various groups of users in the last decade. In 1991, the Province of Gelderland asked Utrecht University to produce a map showing ‘sand depth’ (depth to sand measured relative to surface elevation) in the fluvial area under its government. This has lead to publications of dedicated maps in 1994 (1st edition), 2001 (2nd Edition) and 2009 (this 3rd edition).
A main reason to produce the maps were difficulties to optimize water management, including controlling groundwater quality and quantity, drainage, eutrophication and reconstructing canals, for which reliable knowledge of subsurface lithology and permeability was lacking. In addition to serving the purposes listed above, the map turned out useful for numerous other spatial planning applications, including archeological prospections that became obligatory following European jurisdiction (1992, Valletta, Malta).
This report documents the third completely revised edition of the map. Compared to the earlier published versions of the map:
* Areal coverage is much expanded. It covers the central and upper Rhine-Meuse delta and now importantly includes the north-running river Gelderse IJssel, a major branch of the Rhine delta. The map now covers virtually all the riverine area of the province of Gelderland and adjacent parts of province of Overijssel.
* The 1994-mapping of channel belts in the polders of the central and upper delta has now been updated using new collected borehole data (Utrecht University and other parties) and brought in accordance with geomorphological interpretations of high resolution digital elevation data from airborne laser altimetry (AHN dataset, http://www.ahn.nl).
* The documentation of the map is completely revised, integrating and updating the scientific results from 20th century, with new insights acquired in the last 10 years.
* The summary in English describes the mapping methods and map legend and the geology of the study area, with focus on the differences in substrate and delta architecture between subregions (Ch 10: p. 110-115).
The documented map shows categories of depth to sand, with class boundaries at every 1.0 meter. The colors used on the map differ for sands of deltaic origin, i.e. the Holocene former channel belts, sand of active channel belts with nowadays embanked floodplains (‘uiterwaarden’) and older sand flanking and underlying the deltaic deposits, of fluvial origin (Rhine braidplain, periglacial alluvial fans and valleys of local tributary systems) and of eolian origin (coversand sheets and inland dunes). The actual map is supplied in digital form on CD-ROM, as a set of PDFs for quick reference and as a GIS resource in ESRI shapefile format for professional use. It is also shared on the internet as a digital map layer within http://www.gelderland.nl/wateratlas, where the map can be viewed, printed and downloaded.
=== === === ===
Dit rapport is de toelichting bij de digitale zanddieptekaart van het Rivierengebied en het IJsseldal in de provincies Gelderland en Overijssel, zoals opgenomen in de digitale wateratlas (http://www.gelderland.nl/wateratlas) en de bijgesloten CD-ROM. Zie ook: http://www.gelderland.nl//smartsite.dws?id=12967
Het gekarteerde gebied is in deze derde druk belangrijk uitgebreid met het dal van de Gelderse IJssel, de IJsseldelta en het Oude IJssel-dal. Verder is het kaartbeeld in de polders van het Gelders Rivierengebied volledig herzien: de kartering is in overeenstemming gebracht met de toegenomen hoeveelheid boorgegevens en betrekt ook uit Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (www.ahn.nl) afgeleide inzichten over het verloop van zandbaanbegrenzing en geulen binnen zandbanen.
Ten opzichte van de toelichting bij de eerste en tweede druk van Zand in Banen, is in de tekst onder andere de beschrijving van de ontstaanswijze van de afzettingen grondig herzien. Er is meer aandacht voor verschillen in sedimentatiedynamiek tussen bovenstroomse en benedenstroomse delen in het rivierengebied en het IJsseldal, en een meer generieke insteek in de verklaringen van aangetroffen fenomenen en de daarbij gehanteerde terminologie.
Deel I (Hoofdstuk 1 t/m 5) gaat in algemene zin in op het onderzoek Zand in Banen en de Zanddieptekaart. De legenda van de zanddieptekaarten en de gehanteerde terminologie bij het karteren van de delta is uitgewerkt en toegelicht. Deel II (Hoofdstuk 6 t/m 9) bevat een gedetailleerde beschrijving van de kaartbeelden per deelgebied. Een samenvatting in het Engels en een uitgebreide bibliografie zijn wederom opgenomen.
In het gedrukte rapport zijn alleen overzichtskaarten opgenomen; voor gebruik-op-maat van Zand in Banen zal veelal de versie op internet (zie boven) of de CD-ROM gebruikt moeten worden. De CD-ROM bevat de kaart op hoge resolutie in PDF formaat (voor snelle raadpleging) en bevat de kaart als GIS-klare gegevensbestanden (voor professioneel gebruik).
Zand in Banen op de website van provincie Gelderland:
http://www.gelderland.nl//smartsite.dws?id=12967
http://www.gelderland.nl//smartsite.dws?id=12967
===
Over the past decades, the Rhine-Meuse delta in the Netherlands has been studied extensively at Utrecht University. A unique dataset exists of unique potential for investigations on various aspects of fluvial sedimentology, delta geomorphology, Quaternary geology, river-engineering, hydrocarbon reservoir modeling, environmental science, hydrology, archaeology and spatial planning in fluvial-coastal plains. This potential has been increasingly recognized by various groups of users in the last decade. In 1991, the Province of Gelderland asked Utrecht University to produce a map showing ‘sand depth’ (depth to sand measured relative to surface elevation) in the fluvial area under its government. This has lead to publications of dedicated maps in 1994 (1st edition), 2001 (2nd Edition) and 2009 (this 3rd edition).
A main reason to produce the maps were difficulties to optimize water management, including controlling groundwater quality and quantity, drainage, eutrophication and reconstructing canals, for which reliable knowledge of subsurface lithology and permeability was lacking. In addition to serving the purposes listed above, the map turned out useful for numerous other spatial planning applications, including archeological prospections that became obligatory following European jurisdiction (1992, Valletta, Malta).
This report documents the third completely revised edition of the map. Compared to the earlier published versions of the map:
* Areal coverage is much expanded. It covers the central and upper Rhine-Meuse delta and now importantly includes the north-running river Gelderse IJssel, a major branch of the Rhine delta. The map now covers virtually all the riverine area of the province of Gelderland and adjacent parts of province of Overijssel.
* The 1994-mapping of channel belts in the polders of the central and upper delta has now been updated using new collected borehole data (Utrecht University and other parties) and brought in accordance with geomorphological interpretations of high resolution digital elevation data from airborne laser altimetry (AHN dataset, http://www.ahn.nl).
* The documentation of the map is completely revised, integrating and updating the scientific results from 20th century, with new insights acquired in the last 10 years.
* The summary in English describes the mapping methods and map legend and the geology of the study area, with focus on the differences in substrate and delta architecture between subregions (Ch 10: p. 110-115).
The documented map shows categories of depth to sand, with class boundaries at every 1.0 meter. The colors used on the map differ for sands of deltaic origin, i.e. the Holocene former channel belts, sand of active channel belts with nowadays embanked floodplains (‘uiterwaarden’) and older sand flanking and underlying the deltaic deposits, of fluvial origin (Rhine braidplain, periglacial alluvial fans and valleys of local tributary systems) and of eolian origin (coversand sheets and inland dunes). The actual map is supplied in digital form on CD-ROM, as a set of PDFs for quick reference and as a GIS resource in ESRI shapefile format for professional use. It is also shared on the internet as a digital map layer within http://www.gelderland.nl/wateratlas, where the map can be viewed, printed and downloaded.
=== === === ===
Dit rapport is de toelichting bij de digitale zanddieptekaart van het Rivierengebied en het IJsseldal in de provincies Gelderland en Overijssel, zoals opgenomen in de digitale wateratlas (http://www.gelderland.nl/wateratlas) en de bijgesloten CD-ROM. Zie ook: http://www.gelderland.nl//smartsite.dws?id=12967
Het gekarteerde gebied is in deze derde druk belangrijk uitgebreid met het dal van de Gelderse IJssel, de IJsseldelta en het Oude IJssel-dal. Verder is het kaartbeeld in de polders van het Gelders Rivierengebied volledig herzien: de kartering is in overeenstemming gebracht met de toegenomen hoeveelheid boorgegevens en betrekt ook uit Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (www.ahn.nl) afgeleide inzichten over het verloop van zandbaanbegrenzing en geulen binnen zandbanen.
Ten opzichte van de toelichting bij de eerste en tweede druk van Zand in Banen, is in de tekst onder andere de beschrijving van de ontstaanswijze van de afzettingen grondig herzien. Er is meer aandacht voor verschillen in sedimentatiedynamiek tussen bovenstroomse en benedenstroomse delen in het rivierengebied en het IJsseldal, en een meer generieke insteek in de verklaringen van aangetroffen fenomenen en de daarbij gehanteerde terminologie.
Deel I (Hoofdstuk 1 t/m 5) gaat in algemene zin in op het onderzoek Zand in Banen en de Zanddieptekaart. De legenda van de zanddieptekaarten en de gehanteerde terminologie bij het karteren van de delta is uitgewerkt en toegelicht. Deel II (Hoofdstuk 6 t/m 9) bevat een gedetailleerde beschrijving van de kaartbeelden per deelgebied. Een samenvatting in het Engels en een uitgebreide bibliografie zijn wederom opgenomen.
In het gedrukte rapport zijn alleen overzichtskaarten opgenomen; voor gebruik-op-maat van Zand in Banen zal veelal de versie op internet (zie boven) of de CD-ROM gebruikt moeten worden. De CD-ROM bevat de kaart op hoge resolutie in PDF formaat (voor snelle raadpleging) en bevat de kaart als GIS-klare gegevensbestanden (voor professioneel gebruik).
Zand in Banen op de website van provincie Gelderland:
http://www.gelderland.nl//smartsite.dws?id=12967
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact
by Nicholas Flemming and Kim M Cohen
The submerged prehistoric landscapes of the North Sea, and the archaeological sites on them, repr... more The submerged prehistoric landscapes of the North Sea, and the archaeological sites on them, represent a common European cultural heritage, but also one that is of world-wide significance. It is from the North Sea margin that the earliest evidence of a pre-modern human presence in northern Europe has been obtained; and the region was inhabited, and also served as a pathway for human migration, for many hundreds of thousands of years. This rich, and exceptionally well-preserved, archeological resource is increasingly threatened by off-shore activitities, including aggregate extraction, wind-farm construction, hydrocarbon exploitation and fishing, besides natural processes of erosion. Due to effective collaboration with industry, combined with the requirements of the EU 'Strategic Environmental Assessment' and 'Environmental Impact Assessment' Directives, there is now a flood of new information. However, archeologists now need to stand back, to consider how future research and management should be directed. This document is a first attempt towards that.
Cohen & Gibbard contribution includes up to date chronostratigraphical chart and palaeogeographical scenario maps for the southern North Sea.
Cohen & Gibbard contribution includes up to date chronostratigraphical chart and palaeogeographical scenario maps for the southern North Sea.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact
A new methodology for compiling predictive archaeological maps for embanked river floodplains. It... more A new methodology for compiling predictive archaeological maps for embanked river floodplains. It allows for the creation of series of time-specific maps of archaeological predictive value and the incorporation of full-coverage as well as nodal data. Book-report documenting a predictive geomorphological-archeological map product for the four 100-km long active river branches and their embanked floodplains in the Rhine-Meuse delta ('UIKAV 2014’). The project was executed by Deltares, Groningen University and Utrecht University, for Rijkswaterstaat and Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed, the minesterial agencies for public works and cultural heritage respectively. The report and the predictive maps, underlying landscape maps and archeological databases, and files regarding the combination-methodology (code) provide baseline overview on the archeology of the embanked floodplains.
full data-sets downloadable at:
https://easy.dans.knaw.nl/ui/datasets/id/easy-dataset:57727
maps viewable at:
http://archeologieinnederland.nl/bronnen-en-kaarten/verwachtingskaart-uiterwaarden-rivierengebied
Een nieuwe methode om archeologische verwachtingskaarten te compileren voor de uiterwaardgebieden. De methode maakt series verwachtingskaarten voor opeenvolgende archeologische perioden, en gebruikt daarbij zowel vlakdekkende informatie als puntgegevens. Boekrapport behorende bij het project archeologische verwachtingskaart uiterwaarden rivierengebied (‘UIKAV 2014’), uitgevoerd door Deltares, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen en Universiteit Utrecht, in opdracht van Rijkswaterstaat en de Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed. Het rapport en de bijbehorende producten (een archeologische verwachtingskaart, met onderliggende databases, basiskaarten en documentatie op detailniveau in catalogusvorm, en verdere digitale bijlagen) bieden een overzicht van in de uiterwaarden van het Nederlandse riviergebied te verwachten archeologie."
full data-sets downloadable at:
https://easy.dans.knaw.nl/ui/datasets/id/easy-dataset:57727
maps viewable at:
http://archeologieinnederland.nl/bronnen-en-kaarten/verwachtingskaart-uiterwaarden-rivierengebied
Een nieuwe methode om archeologische verwachtingskaarten te compileren voor de uiterwaardgebieden. De methode maakt series verwachtingskaarten voor opeenvolgende archeologische perioden, en gebruikt daarbij zowel vlakdekkende informatie als puntgegevens. Boekrapport behorende bij het project archeologische verwachtingskaart uiterwaarden rivierengebied (‘UIKAV 2014’), uitgevoerd door Deltares, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen en Universiteit Utrecht, in opdracht van Rijkswaterstaat en de Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed. Het rapport en de bijbehorende producten (een archeologische verwachtingskaart, met onderliggende databases, basiskaarten en documentatie op detailniveau in catalogusvorm, en verdere digitale bijlagen) bieden een overzicht van in de uiterwaarden van het Nederlandse riviergebied te verwachten archeologie."
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactA joint research project (two PhD’s, 2016-2020) has been granted to Utrecht University and the Un... more A joint research project (two PhD’s, 2016-2020) has been granted to Utrecht University and the University of Twente, on the topic of detailed hydraulic modelling of selected largest-known historic river floods affecting the Lower Rhine valley and delta (The Netherlands and adjacent Germany). Besides the abstract authors, a wide group of advisors from academic, engineering and river management (government) positions takes part in the project, that contributes to the Water Safety theme.
Design standards for flood protection in deltas require magnitude estimates of extreme (millennial) floods. For the Rhine River, design discharges of 16,000 to 18,000 m3/s are considered appropriate (upper) values (for the station at the Dutch-German border). However, annual peak discharge obser-vational records are insufficiently long, and the actual recurrence times of the adopted design values that result from statistical extrapolation are quite uncertain. In recent years, major advances have been obtained in the GRADE (Generator of Rainfall and Discharge Extremes) project, where using a weather generator in combination with a runoff model for the Rhine basin, long (50.000 years) time series of Rhine discharge have been produced (Hegnauer et al. 2014). This creates plenty extreme discharge scenarios, but relies on stochastic resampling of modern (20th century) data, shifting the statistical uncertainty from discharge to weather and not fundamentally reducing it. Extending the observational record by using historic and sedimentological archives provides a complementary way to assess recurrence times and to reduce uncertainty (e.g. Toonen et al. 2016). For a selection of historically-known and geologically-geomorphologically evidently largest floods of the 1500 years, our project will quantify flood magnitudes, so that recurrence statistics are better tied and more accurate.
Numerous historic flood marks exist along the Lower Rhine, and further such markers can be harvested from sedimentary and archeological field data, notably on the extreme floods in 1926, 1809, 1651, 1374, 1342 and ~784/5 AD (e.g. Herget & Meurs 2010; Toonen et al. 2015). We now aim to quantify magnitudes of large historic floods of the lower Rhine, building on recent advances in paleo¬flood recon-struc¬tion (refs above) and hydraulic modelling (e.g. Warmink et al. 2013). Hereto, the inter¬disciplinary projects will combine (i) measured, (ii) archeo-sedimentary and (iii) historic written archives of river activity with (iv) state-of-the-art reconstructions and (v) 2D hydrodynamic modelling of past events that are (vi) calculated over a grid that narrowly mimics that designed for present-day binational flood modelling. A scenario-approach is advocated which includes sensitivity testing of land-recon¬struction and flow-hydraulics uncertainties, and evaluates the consequences of historical discharges in present time. For each case-schematization (scenario), a best-fit hydraulic simulation of historic flood wave dispersal (v, vi) over historic landscape (iv) in the area from Cologne well into the Dutch delta apex region, honoring the data of i-iii), will associate to an upstream-incoming extreme discharge wave (‘at Andernach’), drawn from GRADE output (ref. above), yielding a set of best-fitting waves per case to specify uncertainty. These set of waves can also be released over present day landscapes (vi), converting (correct, modulate) past discharge to would-be-present values at any station along the modern river (Cologne, Duisburg, Lobith). That serial modeling fulfills the extreme flood frequency-magnitude data need felt from in modern design discharge rating curves. Furthermore, quantitative exploration of model-simulated historic extremes serves to evaluate limits to design-flood potential magnitudes, and allows to test inundation cascades in the present situation.
Design standards for flood protection in deltas require magnitude estimates of extreme (millennial) floods. For the Rhine River, design discharges of 16,000 to 18,000 m3/s are considered appropriate (upper) values (for the station at the Dutch-German border). However, annual peak discharge obser-vational records are insufficiently long, and the actual recurrence times of the adopted design values that result from statistical extrapolation are quite uncertain. In recent years, major advances have been obtained in the GRADE (Generator of Rainfall and Discharge Extremes) project, where using a weather generator in combination with a runoff model for the Rhine basin, long (50.000 years) time series of Rhine discharge have been produced (Hegnauer et al. 2014). This creates plenty extreme discharge scenarios, but relies on stochastic resampling of modern (20th century) data, shifting the statistical uncertainty from discharge to weather and not fundamentally reducing it. Extending the observational record by using historic and sedimentological archives provides a complementary way to assess recurrence times and to reduce uncertainty (e.g. Toonen et al. 2016). For a selection of historically-known and geologically-geomorphologically evidently largest floods of the 1500 years, our project will quantify flood magnitudes, so that recurrence statistics are better tied and more accurate.
Numerous historic flood marks exist along the Lower Rhine, and further such markers can be harvested from sedimentary and archeological field data, notably on the extreme floods in 1926, 1809, 1651, 1374, 1342 and ~784/5 AD (e.g. Herget & Meurs 2010; Toonen et al. 2015). We now aim to quantify magnitudes of large historic floods of the lower Rhine, building on recent advances in paleo¬flood recon-struc¬tion (refs above) and hydraulic modelling (e.g. Warmink et al. 2013). Hereto, the inter¬disciplinary projects will combine (i) measured, (ii) archeo-sedimentary and (iii) historic written archives of river activity with (iv) state-of-the-art reconstructions and (v) 2D hydrodynamic modelling of past events that are (vi) calculated over a grid that narrowly mimics that designed for present-day binational flood modelling. A scenario-approach is advocated which includes sensitivity testing of land-recon¬struction and flow-hydraulics uncertainties, and evaluates the consequences of historical discharges in present time. For each case-schematization (scenario), a best-fit hydraulic simulation of historic flood wave dispersal (v, vi) over historic landscape (iv) in the area from Cologne well into the Dutch delta apex region, honoring the data of i-iii), will associate to an upstream-incoming extreme discharge wave (‘at Andernach’), drawn from GRADE output (ref. above), yielding a set of best-fitting waves per case to specify uncertainty. These set of waves can also be released over present day landscapes (vi), converting (correct, modulate) past discharge to would-be-present values at any station along the modern river (Cologne, Duisburg, Lobith). That serial modeling fulfills the extreme flood frequency-magnitude data need felt from in modern design discharge rating curves. Furthermore, quantitative exploration of model-simulated historic extremes serves to evaluate limits to design-flood potential magnitudes, and allows to test inundation cascades in the present situation.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactLecture for geography teachers at annual convention
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactKeynote lecture NCR days 2017 - Netherlands Centre for River studies.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impactby Kim M Cohen, Marc Hijma, Freek S. Busschers, and Jan Peeters
In the Netherlands, both the Holocene and the Eemian (Last Interglacial) relative sea-level histo... more In the Netherlands, both the Holocene and the Eemian (Last Interglacial) relative sea-level histories are well resolved for both the transgressive and the high-stand intervals with the two histories being broadly analogous, but certainly not identical. For the Eemian history, in past decades (Zagwijn, 1983; 1996; Van Leeuwen et al., 2000; Cleveringa et al. 2000) and recently (Peeters et al., 2015; 2016; Sier et al. 2015; Long et al. 2015), considerable effort has been directed towards estimating the rates and magnitudes of sea-level change, establishing independent dating control, and in the potential contribution of the Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets. Classic work on Holocene relative sea-level rise (Jelgersma, 1961; Van de Plassche 1982) has also recently been extended to include the period 9.0-7.0 ka and resolve spatial patterns of glacial-isostatic adjustment (GIA) (Vink et al. 2007) and acceleration/deceleration events (or “sea-level jumps”) in the 8.5-8.2 ka period (Hijma & Cohen, 2010; Tornqvist & Hijma, 2012).
Both Eemian and Holocene sea-level histories record a late start to the transgression, triggered by high subsidence rates caused by the Netherlands’ position in the GIA near-field of the Scandinavian ice-masses (drowns last, sinks fast). Whereas the duration of the Eemian transgression and subsequent highstand phases is reasonably controlled from classic Eemian regional pollen studies based on a floating varve chronology (Müller, 1974; Caspers et al., 2002), the absolute timing of these phases is not, and differs widely between studies. The rapid transgression observed in the Eemian sea-level rise, by analogy to the Early-Middle Holocene (9.0-8.0 ka), indicates strong GIA and forebulge collapse, and thus bears directly on our understanding of the timing of Scandinavian deglaciation. Studies that claim a late start of the Eemian interglacial (regionally lagging the onset recorded in the tropics), imply that deglaciation of Scandinavia continued into the early part of MIS 5 (end of Termination II), longer than in MIS 1 (Lateglacial and early Holocene).
In this presentation we focus on the timing of the Eemian highstand in the North Sea in comparison with global sites and the timing of the highstand in the Holocene and explore implications for our understanding of the deglacial history of the Scandanavian Ice Sheet.
Both Eemian and Holocene sea-level histories record a late start to the transgression, triggered by high subsidence rates caused by the Netherlands’ position in the GIA near-field of the Scandinavian ice-masses (drowns last, sinks fast). Whereas the duration of the Eemian transgression and subsequent highstand phases is reasonably controlled from classic Eemian regional pollen studies based on a floating varve chronology (Müller, 1974; Caspers et al., 2002), the absolute timing of these phases is not, and differs widely between studies. The rapid transgression observed in the Eemian sea-level rise, by analogy to the Early-Middle Holocene (9.0-8.0 ka), indicates strong GIA and forebulge collapse, and thus bears directly on our understanding of the timing of Scandinavian deglaciation. Studies that claim a late start of the Eemian interglacial (regionally lagging the onset recorded in the tropics), imply that deglaciation of Scandinavia continued into the early part of MIS 5 (end of Termination II), longer than in MIS 1 (Lateglacial and early Holocene).
In this presentation we focus on the timing of the Eemian highstand in the North Sea in comparison with global sites and the timing of the highstand in the Holocene and explore implications for our understanding of the deglacial history of the Scandanavian Ice Sheet.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact
PALSEA2 2015 Workshop: Data-Model Integration and Comparison - Abstract book: p13
[Workshop Talk -- Cohen, K. M., Peeters, J., Sier, M. J., Busschers, F. S. & Hijma, M. P. (2015) ... more [Workshop Talk -- Cohen, K. M., Peeters, J., Sier, M. J., Busschers, F. S. & Hijma, M. P. (2015) Last Interglacial transgression rates and highstand duration in the near-field Eemian North Sea. PALSEA2 workshop 2015 abstract book p. 13-14. ]
The sea-level history of the Eemian transgression and high stand in the Southern North Sea (The Netherlands), first described by Zagwijn (1983), features in many Last Interglacial sea-level and GIA studies. The reconstruction is based on sedimentary contacts in coastal deposits (transgressed tidal-mud buried peat beds, regressed peat-covered tidal flat tops). The location of the area and the rates of transgression that are experienced indicates a relation with deglaciation history of the nearby Scandinavian Ice Sheet, notably its southwestern sector.
The relative dating of the sequence of Eemian index-points comes from pollen palynology and is well-established. This sea-level history spans some 1000-2000 years of last rapid transgression (relative sea level rise of some 30 meters), some 6000-5000 years of high stand (sea level stays within a few meters) and then ends with a sea-level fall, in tandem with climatic deterioration. These durations follow from the correlation of the pollen zones to varved sequences in the NW Germany (classic sites Bispingen and Quakenbrück, newer sites in the Eifel: ELSA, Sirocko et al. 2005). The highstand duration in the Scandinavian near field is about half as short as the far field + intermediate field high-stand as established with U/Th dating of fossil reefs in the tropical seas of all oceans (e.g. Medina-Elizalde 2013).
The absolute timing assigned to the Eemian transgression and high-stand, varies greatly between studies. Some authors correlate the shape of regional sea-level curve to the global benthic δ18O signal and have recording of transgression start as early as 130-128 ka and sea-level fall begin at 123-121 ka (e.g. Kopp et al. 2009). Other authors correlate onset of temperate conditions as testified by pollen, equating sites off Iberia (going back to Sánchez-Goñi et al. 1999) and in the Mediterranean to those at the latitude of the North Sea, arriving at a recording onset of c.124 ka and high stand ending c.117 ka. Further authors would have it start and stop a few 1000 years later than that, implying that temperate conditions in the North Sea set on later than in Southern Europe, lagging to a stronger degree than into the Holocene. New data and analysis (Sier et al. in review) from the central Netherlands will be presented and supports a relatively late onset (c.121 ka). Lines of reasoning include palaeomagnetic cor¬relations (onset Blake event), the NEEM record and EDML1 time scale, the ELSA record.
To further evaluate these findings, checking if the Eemian near-field postglacial GIA could lag the δ18O signal too, we connect to Scandinavia (e.g. Bauch & Erlenkeuser 2008). The earlier the Eemian near-field transgression starts, the earlier into the Last Interglacial had this ice sheet lost most of its mass (or GIA response between the two glaciations would be very different, which is unlikely). The later the transgression starts, the longer some ice-mass survived. This has implications for roles attributed to other ice-sheets. A comparison of the (ocean marine) deglaciation history of Scandinavia for Termination II and Termination I, and the rates of postglacial sea-level rise recorded in the Eemian and Holocene will be presented.
The sea-level history of the Eemian transgression and high stand in the Southern North Sea (The Netherlands), first described by Zagwijn (1983), features in many Last Interglacial sea-level and GIA studies. The reconstruction is based on sedimentary contacts in coastal deposits (transgressed tidal-mud buried peat beds, regressed peat-covered tidal flat tops). The location of the area and the rates of transgression that are experienced indicates a relation with deglaciation history of the nearby Scandinavian Ice Sheet, notably its southwestern sector.
The relative dating of the sequence of Eemian index-points comes from pollen palynology and is well-established. This sea-level history spans some 1000-2000 years of last rapid transgression (relative sea level rise of some 30 meters), some 6000-5000 years of high stand (sea level stays within a few meters) and then ends with a sea-level fall, in tandem with climatic deterioration. These durations follow from the correlation of the pollen zones to varved sequences in the NW Germany (classic sites Bispingen and Quakenbrück, newer sites in the Eifel: ELSA, Sirocko et al. 2005). The highstand duration in the Scandinavian near field is about half as short as the far field + intermediate field high-stand as established with U/Th dating of fossil reefs in the tropical seas of all oceans (e.g. Medina-Elizalde 2013).
The absolute timing assigned to the Eemian transgression and high-stand, varies greatly between studies. Some authors correlate the shape of regional sea-level curve to the global benthic δ18O signal and have recording of transgression start as early as 130-128 ka and sea-level fall begin at 123-121 ka (e.g. Kopp et al. 2009). Other authors correlate onset of temperate conditions as testified by pollen, equating sites off Iberia (going back to Sánchez-Goñi et al. 1999) and in the Mediterranean to those at the latitude of the North Sea, arriving at a recording onset of c.124 ka and high stand ending c.117 ka. Further authors would have it start and stop a few 1000 years later than that, implying that temperate conditions in the North Sea set on later than in Southern Europe, lagging to a stronger degree than into the Holocene. New data and analysis (Sier et al. in review) from the central Netherlands will be presented and supports a relatively late onset (c.121 ka). Lines of reasoning include palaeomagnetic cor¬relations (onset Blake event), the NEEM record and EDML1 time scale, the ELSA record.
To further evaluate these findings, checking if the Eemian near-field postglacial GIA could lag the δ18O signal too, we connect to Scandinavia (e.g. Bauch & Erlenkeuser 2008). The earlier the Eemian near-field transgression starts, the earlier into the Last Interglacial had this ice sheet lost most of its mass (or GIA response between the two glaciations would be very different, which is unlikely). The later the transgression starts, the longer some ice-mass survived. This has implications for roles attributed to other ice-sheets. A comparison of the (ocean marine) deglaciation history of Scandinavia for Termination II and Termination I, and the rates of postglacial sea-level rise recorded in the Eemian and Holocene will be presented.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact
by Kim M Cohen, Mark J. Sier, Marc Hijma, and Jan Peeters
PALSEA2 2015 Workshop: Data-Model Integration and Comparison - Abstract book: p13
[Workshop Talk -- Cohen, K. M., Peeters, J., Sier, M. J., Busschers, F. S. & Hijma, M. P. (2015) ... more [Workshop Talk -- Cohen, K. M., Peeters, J., Sier, M. J., Busschers, F. S. & Hijma, M. P. (2015) Last Interglacial transgression rates and highstand duration in the near-field Eemian North Sea. PALSEA2 workshop 2015 abstract book p. 13-14. ]
The sea-level history of the Eemian transgression and high stand in the Southern North Sea (The Netherlands), first described by Zagwijn (1983), features in many Last Interglacial sea-level and GIA studies. The reconstruction is based on sedimentary contacts in coastal deposits (transgressed tidal-mud buried peat beds, regressed peat-covered tidal flat tops). The location of the area and the rates of transgression that are experienced indicates a relation with deglaciation history of the nearby Scandinavian Ice Sheet, notably its southwestern sector.
The relative dating of the sequence of Eemian index-points comes from pollen palynology and is well-established. This sea-level history spans some 1000-2000 years of last rapid transgression (relative sea level rise of some 30 meters), some 6000-5000 years of high stand (sea level stays within a few meters) and then ends with a sea-level fall, in tandem with climatic deterioration. These durations follow from the correlation of the pollen zones to varved sequences in the NW Germany (classic sites Bispingen and Quakenbrück, newer sites in the Eifel: ELSA, Sirocko et al. 2005). The highstand duration in the Scandinavian near field is about half as short as the far field + intermediate field high-stand as established with U/Th dating of fossil reefs in the tropical seas of all oceans (e.g. Medina-Elizalde 2013).
The absolute timing assigned to the Eemian transgression and high-stand, varies greatly between studies. Some authors correlate the shape of regional sea-level curve to the global benthic δ18O signal and have recording of transgression start as early as 130-128 ka and sea-level fall begin at 123-121 ka (e.g. Kopp et al. 2009). Other authors correlate onset of temperate conditions as testified by pollen, equating sites off Iberia (going back to Sánchez-Goñi et al. 1999) and in the Mediterranean to those at the latitude of the North Sea, arriving at a recording onset of c.124 ka and high stand ending c.117 ka. Further authors would have it start and stop a few 1000 years later than that, implying that temperate conditions in the North Sea set on later than in Southern Europe, lagging to a stronger degree than into the Holocene. New data and analysis (Sier et al. in review) from the central Netherlands will be presented and supports a relatively late onset (c.121 ka). Lines of reasoning include palaeomagnetic cor¬relations (onset Blake event), the NEEM record and EDML1 time scale, the ELSA record.
To further evaluate these findings, checking if the Eemian near-field postglacial GIA could lag the δ18O signal too, we connect to Scandinavia (e.g. Bauch & Erlenkeuser 2008). The earlier the Eemian near-field transgression starts, the earlier into the Last Interglacial had this ice sheet lost most of its mass (or GIA response between the two glaciations would be very different, which is unlikely). The later the transgression starts, the longer some ice-mass survived. This has implications for roles attributed to other ice-sheets. A comparison of the (ocean marine) deglaciation history of Scandinavia for Termination II and Termination I, and the rates of postglacial sea-level rise recorded in the Eemian and Holocene will be presented.
The sea-level history of the Eemian transgression and high stand in the Southern North Sea (The Netherlands), first described by Zagwijn (1983), features in many Last Interglacial sea-level and GIA studies. The reconstruction is based on sedimentary contacts in coastal deposits (transgressed tidal-mud buried peat beds, regressed peat-covered tidal flat tops). The location of the area and the rates of transgression that are experienced indicates a relation with deglaciation history of the nearby Scandinavian Ice Sheet, notably its southwestern sector.
The relative dating of the sequence of Eemian index-points comes from pollen palynology and is well-established. This sea-level history spans some 1000-2000 years of last rapid transgression (relative sea level rise of some 30 meters), some 6000-5000 years of high stand (sea level stays within a few meters) and then ends with a sea-level fall, in tandem with climatic deterioration. These durations follow from the correlation of the pollen zones to varved sequences in the NW Germany (classic sites Bispingen and Quakenbrück, newer sites in the Eifel: ELSA, Sirocko et al. 2005). The highstand duration in the Scandinavian near field is about half as short as the far field + intermediate field high-stand as established with U/Th dating of fossil reefs in the tropical seas of all oceans (e.g. Medina-Elizalde 2013).
The absolute timing assigned to the Eemian transgression and high-stand, varies greatly between studies. Some authors correlate the shape of regional sea-level curve to the global benthic δ18O signal and have recording of transgression start as early as 130-128 ka and sea-level fall begin at 123-121 ka (e.g. Kopp et al. 2009). Other authors correlate onset of temperate conditions as testified by pollen, equating sites off Iberia (going back to Sánchez-Goñi et al. 1999) and in the Mediterranean to those at the latitude of the North Sea, arriving at a recording onset of c.124 ka and high stand ending c.117 ka. Further authors would have it start and stop a few 1000 years later than that, implying that temperate conditions in the North Sea set on later than in Southern Europe, lagging to a stronger degree than into the Holocene. New data and analysis (Sier et al. in review) from the central Netherlands will be presented and supports a relatively late onset (c.121 ka). Lines of reasoning include palaeomagnetic cor¬relations (onset Blake event), the NEEM record and EDML1 time scale, the ELSA record.
To further evaluate these findings, checking if the Eemian near-field postglacial GIA could lag the δ18O signal too, we connect to Scandinavia (e.g. Bauch & Erlenkeuser 2008). The earlier the Eemian near-field transgression starts, the earlier into the Last Interglacial had this ice sheet lost most of its mass (or GIA response between the two glaciations would be very different, which is unlikely). The later the transgression starts, the longer some ice-mass survived. This has implications for roles attributed to other ice-sheets. A comparison of the (ocean marine) deglaciation history of Scandinavia for Termination II and Termination I, and the rates of postglacial sea-level rise recorded in the Eemian and Holocene will be presented.
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by Marc Hijma and Kim M Cohen
[INQUA 2015 Oral Presentation - Session P09 Time: 31 July (Fri) 9:00-18:50, 1 Aug. (Sat) 9:00-10:... more [INQUA 2015 Oral Presentation - Session P09 Time: 31 July (Fri) 9:00-18:50, 1 Aug. (Sat) 9:00-10:50, Reception Hall B]
The Early Holocene is globally characterised by steady postglacial climatic warming and the drowning of continental shelves due to sea level rise (SLR). The 8.2-event sits as a superimposed event on both the climatic and the sea-level records. Terrestrial and marine records in Eastern Canada and the Labrador Sea and from deltas and coastal systems around the world, show the event to comprise more than just the century long period of cooling seen in the North Atlantic and Europe. Between c. 8.45 and 8.15, it spans a chain of events, including the release of the largest single-source meltwater-pulse in the Holocene by the thawing Laurentian ice sheet from Lake Agassiz-Ojibway and the Hudson Bay areas, and global response by stepwise increase (jumping) of the ocean sea level (as a twin event).
For deltas and coastal systems worldwide, the SLR acceleration event pushed coast lines inland. For most deltaic areas, this was the last time of major back stepping: All further Holocene sea-level rise was at lower rates making that river sediment delivery was capable of at least maintaining coast line position. In fact, deltas have typically switched to build out the coast line with further decreasing SLR and arrival of the sea-level at high stand position. These particularities make that in the build-up of all modern deltas, the 8.2 event is very marked and was geographically decisive. One could say, that the transgressive sedimentary impact associated to the 8.2-ka event was more global than the impact of the climatic event proper, and also more permanent and more instantaneous. We want to highlight the registration of the event in deltaic settings where terrestrial and marine records overlap and interfinger, also because of the foreseen role of the 8.2-event to pinpoint a formal boundary between Early and Middle Holocene (GSSP).
The Early Holocene is globally characterised by steady postglacial climatic warming and the drowning of continental shelves due to sea level rise (SLR). The 8.2-event sits as a superimposed event on both the climatic and the sea-level records. Terrestrial and marine records in Eastern Canada and the Labrador Sea and from deltas and coastal systems around the world, show the event to comprise more than just the century long period of cooling seen in the North Atlantic and Europe. Between c. 8.45 and 8.15, it spans a chain of events, including the release of the largest single-source meltwater-pulse in the Holocene by the thawing Laurentian ice sheet from Lake Agassiz-Ojibway and the Hudson Bay areas, and global response by stepwise increase (jumping) of the ocean sea level (as a twin event).
For deltas and coastal systems worldwide, the SLR acceleration event pushed coast lines inland. For most deltaic areas, this was the last time of major back stepping: All further Holocene sea-level rise was at lower rates making that river sediment delivery was capable of at least maintaining coast line position. In fact, deltas have typically switched to build out the coast line with further decreasing SLR and arrival of the sea-level at high stand position. These particularities make that in the build-up of all modern deltas, the 8.2 event is very marked and was geographically decisive. One could say, that the transgressive sedimentary impact associated to the 8.2-ka event was more global than the impact of the climatic event proper, and also more permanent and more instantaneous. We want to highlight the registration of the event in deltaic settings where terrestrial and marine records overlap and interfinger, also because of the foreseen role of the 8.2-event to pinpoint a formal boundary between Early and Middle Holocene (GSSP).
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact![Research paper thumbnail of [Abstract INQUA 2015] Pierik et al. 2015 - Late Holocene coastal plain evolution in the Netherlands](https://web.archive.org/web/20230329211940im_/https://imgv2-2-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/278117779/111x142/829396e8de/1441294483)
by Kim M Cohen, Harm Jan Pierik, and Ad van der Spek
In Late Holocene coastal plains significant landscape developments took place, partly due to natu... more In Late Holocene coastal plains significant landscape developments took place, partly due to natural factors, but also affected by human activities.The Netherlands has coastal segments with a distinct Late Holocene evolution with abundant geological and archaeological data, which provides an excellent case for studying the interaction between natural factors and human activities. This contribution reviews the dynamical Late Holocene evolution of the Dutch coastal plain. This overview highlights the role of inherited landscape features (both from the Pleistocene and the Mid-Holocene), deltaic and marine processes (e.g. changes in sediment transport and river discharge) and human activities for the Dutch Late Holocene coastal plain development.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactGreat differences exist between how we map, date and correlate postglacial sedimentary records in... more Great differences exist between how we map, date and correlate postglacial sedimentary records in and around the North Sea, how we do this for the last couple of climatic cycles, and how we do it over longer time, i.e. the full Quaternary. At the same time, there is a great drive to see all developments independent of timescales, as the outcome of similar repeating conditions of inundation and exposure, of glacial and interglacial climate, of extinction and recolonization, of glaciation and/or periglaciation. In order to unify insights in formative processes and the creation of record, we need to maintain our current practices developed for the respective different time scales and on top of that only have to overcome ‘loss of dating resolution’ and ‘loss of preservation’ problems back in time - or do we?
My talk will show examples from recent work on Holocene transgression and Last Interglacial transgression (Eemian/Ipswichian), complementing British basin rim perspectives with North Sea basin depocentre perspectives. I will highlight particular outcomes and insights from the former period, and discuss how these affect mapping, dating and correlation of records from the latter period. Selected example outcomes and insights from palaeogeographical mapping the drowned terrestrial landscapes of the last glacial cycle (Weichselian /Devensian) are input to a discussion of the mapping and correlation of North Sea terrestrial record from earlier such low stand periods. Perhaps we are closer than perceived in bridging gaps between our various time scale-bound approaches to Quaternary research and the geological mapping of the North Sea.
My talk will show examples from recent work on Holocene transgression and Last Interglacial transgression (Eemian/Ipswichian), complementing British basin rim perspectives with North Sea basin depocentre perspectives. I will highlight particular outcomes and insights from the former period, and discuss how these affect mapping, dating and correlation of records from the latter period. Selected example outcomes and insights from palaeogeographical mapping the drowned terrestrial landscapes of the last glacial cycle (Weichselian /Devensian) are input to a discussion of the mapping and correlation of North Sea terrestrial record from earlier such low stand periods. Perhaps we are closer than perceived in bridging gaps between our various time scale-bound approaches to Quaternary research and the geological mapping of the North Sea.
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by Kim M Cohen, Jan Peeters, and Mark J. Sier
XVII World UISPP Congress - Abstract Book, p. 922
Sier, M.J., Peeters, J., Cohen, K.M., Dekkers, M.J., Pares, J., Roebroeks, W. (2014)
The Eemia... more Sier, M.J., Peeters, J., Cohen, K.M., Dekkers, M.J., Pares, J., Roebroeks, W. (2014)
The Eemian, first defined by Harting in 1874 in the Netherlands, is the term for the terrestrial Last Interglacial in Europe. Extensive research has been devoted to this period from a wide range of disciplines. Archaeologists have an interested in this period as it contains the Last Interglacial presence of Homo neanderthalensis in Europe. Understanding the geographic and environmental range of this species, particularly the range limits, gives important insights in their social and/ or technological abilities. Studying the North western European (including the Eemian typelocality in the Netherlands) Eemian helps to contribute to this understanding.
Here we present the combined results of research done at three Eemian sites, Neumark Nord 2 (Germany), Caours (France) and Rutten (Netherlands). Detailed palaeomagnetic and palaeoenvironmental studies were performed at these sites. In all three sites we indentified a palaeomagnetic excursion which is the Blake Event. We used this Blake Event as a chronostratigraphic marker in order to compare our records with the well dated marine core MD952042 (of the Iberian coast). When comparing our results with this core we can conclude that the onset of Eemian was delayed by 5000 years in north western Europe with respect to southern Europe. This means that the onset of the Eemian in north western Europe is placed well after the Marine Isotope Stage 5e sealevel highstand. As a result no “dry path” towards Great Britain was available during this warm period, possibly explaining the absence of Homo neanderthalensis during this period.
Session B38 - Advances in the dating of human dispersals, interactions and extinctions in the Palaeolithic.
The Eemian, first defined by Harting in 1874 in the Netherlands, is the term for the terrestrial Last Interglacial in Europe. Extensive research has been devoted to this period from a wide range of disciplines. Archaeologists have an interested in this period as it contains the Last Interglacial presence of Homo neanderthalensis in Europe. Understanding the geographic and environmental range of this species, particularly the range limits, gives important insights in their social and/ or technological abilities. Studying the North western European (including the Eemian typelocality in the Netherlands) Eemian helps to contribute to this understanding.
Here we present the combined results of research done at three Eemian sites, Neumark Nord 2 (Germany), Caours (France) and Rutten (Netherlands). Detailed palaeomagnetic and palaeoenvironmental studies were performed at these sites. In all three sites we indentified a palaeomagnetic excursion which is the Blake Event. We used this Blake Event as a chronostratigraphic marker in order to compare our records with the well dated marine core MD952042 (of the Iberian coast). When comparing our results with this core we can conclude that the onset of Eemian was delayed by 5000 years in north western Europe with respect to southern Europe. This means that the onset of the Eemian in north western Europe is placed well after the Marine Isotope Stage 5e sealevel highstand. As a result no “dry path” towards Great Britain was available during this warm period, possibly explaining the absence of Homo neanderthalensis during this period.
Session B38 - Advances in the dating of human dispersals, interactions and extinctions in the Palaeolithic.
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XVII World UISPP Congress - Abstract Book, p. 146-147
Sier, M.M., Cohen, K.M., Kooistra, L., Kubiak-Martens, L., Moree, J.M., Niekus, M., Peeters, J.H.... more Sier, M.M., Cohen, K.M., Kooistra, L., Kubiak-Martens, L., Moree, J.M., Niekus, M., Peeters, J.H.M., Schiltmans, D., Verbaas, A., Verbruggen, F., Vos, P., Zeiler, J. (2014)
Introduction
In November 2011 archaeologists of City of Rotterdam Archaeological Service (BOOR) conducted underwater research in the Yangtze harbour, Rotterdam Maasvlakte, The Netherlands. The research was carried out by order of Port of Rotterdam Authority and supervised by the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. The results of geological, botanical, zoological and archaeological analyses of the retrieved material generated new information on the occupation of a relatively high river dune by prehistoric hunter-gatherers, and on the development history of the surrounding landscape ca. 9,000 years ago.
Methods
Rather than employing divers the underwater investigations were carried out on board a vessel using a wire-operated, horizontal closing grab. Three small trenches (total area ca. 375m²) were excavated in layers in a fairly controlled fashion. Underwater excavations cannot achieve the same level of precision as is possible on land, but the many soil core samples taken in the project’s preliminary phase allowed detailed descriptions of the geomorphological stratigraphy. The excavation resulted in 316 bulk bags of soil. All soil was sieved on land, using sieves with mesh sizes of 10 and 2mm, after which archaeologists and volunteers carefully sorted the residues, documenting a total of ca. 46,000 finds.
Results
Plenty of Mesolithic occupation remains were retrieved at all three grab locations, from depths ranging between 17 to 21m below modern MSL. The finds span the age range from ca. 8400 to 6500BC, when the site transformed from dryland (an inland dune) to wetland (drowned delta subsurface). At the foot of the inland dune, the depositional conditions allowed for excellent preservation of bone, charcoal and plant material as well as stone artefacts. The site provides an unusually rich and detailed body of evidence on environmental conditions and the Middle Mesolithic palaeo-economy. The landscape ecotones around the site yielded an abundance of food while gradually being transformed, due to rising sea levels, from a valley containing the rivers Rhine and Meuse into the mouth area of those rivers. At 6500 BC, the site was finally transgressed: drowned in an estuary and swallowed up by the sea.
Conclusion
The Rotterdam Yangtze Harbour research project demonstrates the preservation of Mesolithic sites along the river Rhine, at depths in nowadays coastal and offshore areas. Furthermore, it demonstrates the feasibility of archaeological investigation of such submerged sites, even at depths of 18 to 20 m beneath sea, lake and harbour floors. Never before had such a submerged site been excavated at such a great depth. The scientific report (in English) will appear in the autumn of 2014, providing a full description of all finds as well as their landscape context.
Session: A4c Underwater Archaeology Commission on Historiography, Methods and Theory: Formalization, Quantification, Mathematics and Computerization. 17th Congress of the International Union for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences, Burgos, Spain.
Introduction
In November 2011 archaeologists of City of Rotterdam Archaeological Service (BOOR) conducted underwater research in the Yangtze harbour, Rotterdam Maasvlakte, The Netherlands. The research was carried out by order of Port of Rotterdam Authority and supervised by the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. The results of geological, botanical, zoological and archaeological analyses of the retrieved material generated new information on the occupation of a relatively high river dune by prehistoric hunter-gatherers, and on the development history of the surrounding landscape ca. 9,000 years ago.
Methods
Rather than employing divers the underwater investigations were carried out on board a vessel using a wire-operated, horizontal closing grab. Three small trenches (total area ca. 375m²) were excavated in layers in a fairly controlled fashion. Underwater excavations cannot achieve the same level of precision as is possible on land, but the many soil core samples taken in the project’s preliminary phase allowed detailed descriptions of the geomorphological stratigraphy. The excavation resulted in 316 bulk bags of soil. All soil was sieved on land, using sieves with mesh sizes of 10 and 2mm, after which archaeologists and volunteers carefully sorted the residues, documenting a total of ca. 46,000 finds.
Results
Plenty of Mesolithic occupation remains were retrieved at all three grab locations, from depths ranging between 17 to 21m below modern MSL. The finds span the age range from ca. 8400 to 6500BC, when the site transformed from dryland (an inland dune) to wetland (drowned delta subsurface). At the foot of the inland dune, the depositional conditions allowed for excellent preservation of bone, charcoal and plant material as well as stone artefacts. The site provides an unusually rich and detailed body of evidence on environmental conditions and the Middle Mesolithic palaeo-economy. The landscape ecotones around the site yielded an abundance of food while gradually being transformed, due to rising sea levels, from a valley containing the rivers Rhine and Meuse into the mouth area of those rivers. At 6500 BC, the site was finally transgressed: drowned in an estuary and swallowed up by the sea.
Conclusion
The Rotterdam Yangtze Harbour research project demonstrates the preservation of Mesolithic sites along the river Rhine, at depths in nowadays coastal and offshore areas. Furthermore, it demonstrates the feasibility of archaeological investigation of such submerged sites, even at depths of 18 to 20 m beneath sea, lake and harbour floors. Never before had such a submerged site been excavated at such a great depth. The scientific report (in English) will appear in the autumn of 2014, providing a full description of all finds as well as their landscape context.
Session: A4c Underwater Archaeology Commission on Historiography, Methods and Theory: Formalization, Quantification, Mathematics and Computerization. 17th Congress of the International Union for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences, Burgos, Spain.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactMarine geotales - OUGS 42nd Annual Geological Symposium
Philip Gibbard & Kim Cohen - duo presentation.
The island of Britain is surrounded by a 'moat'... more Philip Gibbard & Kim Cohen - duo presentation.
The island of Britain is surrounded by a 'moat' of water of which the English Channel and North Sea are two major components. This talk presents some of the major events that occurred to shape these seaways and in particular, the evidence preserved on the Channel floor. Here, a valley system occurs that was carved by the westward-flowing Channel River. This river was larger than any in Europe today at its maximum in the last glacial period. This is because it carried water, not only from the rivers currently entering the Channel, but also from the southern North Sea, including the Rhine, Meuse, Thames and Scheldt.
The smooth, shallow bedrock Channel floor is over 500 km long and gently slopes from the Dover Strait to the shelf margin between Brittany (Bretagne) and Cornwall. In the central and eastern Channel, the surface is cut by a network of valleys, many of which are continuations of coastal rivers, like the Seine, Somme, Solent and smaller streams.
Throughout the last 2-3 million years, the build up and decay of ice sheets on the continents have driven spectacular changes of global sea-level. Today the Holocene is characterised by limited glaciation and therefore high sea level. However, for much of the time, global sea-level was lower, exposing shallow areas, like the Channel and the North Sea, as dry land. For example, at the peak of the last glaciation, 20,000 year ago, global sea-level stood about 100 m below that today. Driven by climatic fluctuations, these sea-level changes resulted in cycles of emergence and submergence of the Channel floor.
The Channel has existed for overt 50 million years, mainly as a marine embayment. About 500,000 years ago, the Channel was flooded, like today, but unlike today there was a substantial land barrier, the Weald-Artois ridge that linked Britain to the European continent. During cold periods up to 500,000 years ago, the Channel floor and southern North Sea were drained by separate river systems. The Channel River, aligned along the Channel basin's axis, drained towards the Atlantic Ocean, whilst in the North Sea the major rivers drained northwards.
Although there were earlier events, the first major extension of a continental-scale ice sheet into lowland central Europe and Britain occurred about 450,000 years ago (Elsterian/Anglian). Critically, this ice advanced across the emergent North Sea floor from the mountains of southern Scandinavia and Scotland, blocking northwards-flowing rivers and causing an immense glacial lake to develop in the basin south of the ice front. Once dammed, the water that continued flowing from much of Europe's rivers caused the lake level to rise. Evidence for the lake is from sediments from both sides of the North Sea. The substantial land barriers, the Weals-Artois Anticline, held up the water and it was this barrier that was breached (over-topped, eroded) to allow the lake to drain (spill) to the ocean. The narrow waterway thus formed became the Dover Strait (Pas de Calais) linking the North Sea to the English Channel.
The breaching of the ridge to form the Dover Strait was critical to the evolution of the Channel from then onwards to today. The drainage of the lake forced the rivers Thames and Scheldt through the new Dover Strait into the Channel River. The system continued to evolve for the next 200,000 years but events were brought to a climax some 160,000 yr ago when a second major continental-scale glaciation (the Saalian / Wolstonian) occurred. Recent research demonstrated that in the central Netherlands the major rivers Rhine and Meuse were forced to flow to the SW into a second large ice-marginal lake in the southern North Sea basin. This lake also spilled through the Dover Straits, the resulting megafloods sealing Britain's fate; during high sea-level periods it would henceforth be an island.
The implications of such striking geographical changes to plant and animal (including human) migration are profound, resulting, among other things, in the impoverishment of the British flora and fauna during warm periods like today but providing a major routeway during glacial periods. In addition, the virtually instantaneous release of huge volumes of freshwater from the megafloods into the Atlantic Ocean could have triggered changes in oceanic circulation which, in turn, could have affected the climate of the whole North Atlantic region.
The island of Britain is surrounded by a 'moat' of water of which the English Channel and North Sea are two major components. This talk presents some of the major events that occurred to shape these seaways and in particular, the evidence preserved on the Channel floor. Here, a valley system occurs that was carved by the westward-flowing Channel River. This river was larger than any in Europe today at its maximum in the last glacial period. This is because it carried water, not only from the rivers currently entering the Channel, but also from the southern North Sea, including the Rhine, Meuse, Thames and Scheldt.
The smooth, shallow bedrock Channel floor is over 500 km long and gently slopes from the Dover Strait to the shelf margin between Brittany (Bretagne) and Cornwall. In the central and eastern Channel, the surface is cut by a network of valleys, many of which are continuations of coastal rivers, like the Seine, Somme, Solent and smaller streams.
Throughout the last 2-3 million years, the build up and decay of ice sheets on the continents have driven spectacular changes of global sea-level. Today the Holocene is characterised by limited glaciation and therefore high sea level. However, for much of the time, global sea-level was lower, exposing shallow areas, like the Channel and the North Sea, as dry land. For example, at the peak of the last glaciation, 20,000 year ago, global sea-level stood about 100 m below that today. Driven by climatic fluctuations, these sea-level changes resulted in cycles of emergence and submergence of the Channel floor.
The Channel has existed for overt 50 million years, mainly as a marine embayment. About 500,000 years ago, the Channel was flooded, like today, but unlike today there was a substantial land barrier, the Weald-Artois ridge that linked Britain to the European continent. During cold periods up to 500,000 years ago, the Channel floor and southern North Sea were drained by separate river systems. The Channel River, aligned along the Channel basin's axis, drained towards the Atlantic Ocean, whilst in the North Sea the major rivers drained northwards.
Although there were earlier events, the first major extension of a continental-scale ice sheet into lowland central Europe and Britain occurred about 450,000 years ago (Elsterian/Anglian). Critically, this ice advanced across the emergent North Sea floor from the mountains of southern Scandinavia and Scotland, blocking northwards-flowing rivers and causing an immense glacial lake to develop in the basin south of the ice front. Once dammed, the water that continued flowing from much of Europe's rivers caused the lake level to rise. Evidence for the lake is from sediments from both sides of the North Sea. The substantial land barriers, the Weals-Artois Anticline, held up the water and it was this barrier that was breached (over-topped, eroded) to allow the lake to drain (spill) to the ocean. The narrow waterway thus formed became the Dover Strait (Pas de Calais) linking the North Sea to the English Channel.
The breaching of the ridge to form the Dover Strait was critical to the evolution of the Channel from then onwards to today. The drainage of the lake forced the rivers Thames and Scheldt through the new Dover Strait into the Channel River. The system continued to evolve for the next 200,000 years but events were brought to a climax some 160,000 yr ago when a second major continental-scale glaciation (the Saalian / Wolstonian) occurred. Recent research demonstrated that in the central Netherlands the major rivers Rhine and Meuse were forced to flow to the SW into a second large ice-marginal lake in the southern North Sea basin. This lake also spilled through the Dover Straits, the resulting megafloods sealing Britain's fate; during high sea-level periods it would henceforth be an island.
The implications of such striking geographical changes to plant and animal (including human) migration are profound, resulting, among other things, in the impoverishment of the British flora and fauna during warm periods like today but providing a major routeway during glacial periods. In addition, the virtually instantaneous release of huge volumes of freshwater from the megafloods into the Atlantic Ocean could have triggered changes in oceanic circulation which, in turn, could have affected the climate of the whole North Atlantic region.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactNAC 12 - 12th Nederlands Aardwetenschappelijk Congres - Programme p. 46
TALK - When using the present as a key to the past and when projecting processes to products, ge... more TALK - When using the present as a key to the past and when projecting processes to products, geologists are forced to bridge time scales. Similar bridging is needed when projecting geological futures (see figure). Especially insight in past preservation helps to structure such future projections.
In sedimentary lowlands such as the Netherlands, the time scales at which preservation is decided stretch longer (10^2-10^6 years) than time scales over which deposition is controlled (10-10^4 years). This links to classic topics: e.g. whether common or rare events preserve most (over 10 to 10^3 years), and whether base-level oscillation or varying sediment supply controls basin fill architecture most (over 10^3 to 10^6 years). Digital mapping, dating, extreme event inventorying, sediment budgeting, and climate, sea-level and tectonic studies in the Netherlands together allow to quantify how preservation worked out over each of the time scales. Where in the past statements on preservation were qualitative and strongly dependent on believes in forcings, we can now provide empirical data of extensive coverage to test preservation theories spatially. Such work has started at the resolution and time scales offered by the Holocene of the Netherlands, and stretches to the Pleistocene of the North Sea Basin.
In sedimentary lowlands such as the Netherlands, the time scales at which preservation is decided stretch longer (10^2-10^6 years) than time scales over which deposition is controlled (10-10^4 years). This links to classic topics: e.g. whether common or rare events preserve most (over 10 to 10^3 years), and whether base-level oscillation or varying sediment supply controls basin fill architecture most (over 10^3 to 10^6 years). Digital mapping, dating, extreme event inventorying, sediment budgeting, and climate, sea-level and tectonic studies in the Netherlands together allow to quantify how preservation worked out over each of the time scales. Where in the past statements on preservation were qualitative and strongly dependent on believes in forcings, we can now provide empirical data of extensive coverage to test preservation theories spatially. Such work has started at the resolution and time scales offered by the Holocene of the Netherlands, and stretches to the Pleistocene of the North Sea Basin.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impactby Marc Hijma and Kim M Cohen
"TALK by Marc Hijma - Geological and archaeological evidence show that large parts of the southe... more "TALK by Marc Hijma - Geological and archaeological evidence show that large parts of the southern North Sea were dry land during most of the last one million years. The region was part of a flood-basin environment of the Rhine-Meuse system, Thames and Scheldt rivers and bounded by higher Tertiary and Mesozoic topography towards the south. As such it formed an ideal environment for animals and also hominins. This is testified by the significant number of archaeological findings, especially in the last decades as a result of large-scale sand extraction for infrastructural purposes. However, many challenges remain, both on the geological as on the archaeological front, to place those findings in a proper context. This presentation revolves around the challenge of understanding the complex evolution of the southern North Sea in the last million years and the implications for archaeology.
Before the middle part of the Middle Pleistocene a landbridge existed between England and Belgium, even during marine highstands. Since then, the topographical high that separated the palaeo Channel from the North Sea during highstands, started to erode. This erosion culminated in the development of a (combined) axial Rhine-Thames river system during the late Saalian and Weichselian lowstands and formation of a marine connection between the Channel area and North Sea of the Last Interglacial (Eemian, Ipswichian) and the Holocene.
This major change in configuration had strong impacts on (i) possible migration routes of herds of herbivores as well as hominins preying upon them, (ii) the erosion base of axial and tributary rivers causing an increase in the availability of flint raw materials and (iii) conditions for loess accumulation in northern France and Belgium and the resulting preservation of Middle Palaeolithic sites.
In this presentation we illustrate these landscape changes by a number of palaeogeographical (scenario) maps and cross sections for some critical periods of North Sea landscape evolution. These form the context for archaeological and palaeontological finds. However, several aspects of the evolution are still debated. Combined archaeological and geological research is needed to resolve the remaining issues.
""
Before the middle part of the Middle Pleistocene a landbridge existed between England and Belgium, even during marine highstands. Since then, the topographical high that separated the palaeo Channel from the North Sea during highstands, started to erode. This erosion culminated in the development of a (combined) axial Rhine-Thames river system during the late Saalian and Weichselian lowstands and formation of a marine connection between the Channel area and North Sea of the Last Interglacial (Eemian, Ipswichian) and the Holocene.
This major change in configuration had strong impacts on (i) possible migration routes of herds of herbivores as well as hominins preying upon them, (ii) the erosion base of axial and tributary rivers causing an increase in the availability of flint raw materials and (iii) conditions for loess accumulation in northern France and Belgium and the resulting preservation of Middle Palaeolithic sites.
In this presentation we illustrate these landscape changes by a number of palaeogeographical (scenario) maps and cross sections for some critical periods of North Sea landscape evolution. These form the context for archaeological and palaeontological finds. However, several aspects of the evolution are still debated. Combined archaeological and geological research is needed to resolve the remaining issues.
""
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http://web.giub.uni-bonn.de/hex2014/index.html
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactExtended Abstract ICFS10, Leeds, U.K.
Toonen, W.H.J, K.M. Cohen, T. Donders, M.A. Prins (2013)... more Extended Abstract ICFS10, Leeds, U.K.
Toonen, W.H.J, K.M. Cohen, T. Donders, M.A. Prins (2013) A Holocene palaeoflood chronology of the Lower Rhine. In D.R. Parsons, P.J. Ashworth, J.L. Best and C.J. Simpson (Eds.), Conference Programme & Abstract Volume, 10th International Conference on Fluvial Sedimentology (pp. 434-435). Leeds, 10th International Conference on Fluvial Sedimentology.
Toonen, W.H.J, K.M. Cohen, T. Donders, M.A. Prins (2013) A Holocene palaeoflood chronology of the Lower Rhine. In D.R. Parsons, P.J. Ashworth, J.L. Best and C.J. Simpson (Eds.), Conference Programme & Abstract Volume, 10th International Conference on Fluvial Sedimentology (pp. 434-435). Leeds, 10th International Conference on Fluvial Sedimentology.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactDe bewoningsarcheologie van het rivierengebied ligt overwegend ingebed in oeverafzettingen van ri... more De bewoningsarcheologie van het rivierengebied ligt overwegend ingebed in oeverafzettingen van rivieren, die zijn afgezet tijdens overstromingen. Overstromingen zijn langs rivieren gewone, regelmatig terugkerende verschijnselen, maar niet iedere overstroming is even groot en extreem grote overstromingen komen onregelmatig voor. Het afgelopen jaar is uit fysisch-geografisch onderzoek een tijdreeks met de grootste overstromingen van de Rijn in de afgelopen 8000 jaar beschikbaar gekomen (Dr. Willem Toonen, Proefschrift Universiteit Utrecht), die de periode vanaf het laat Mesolithicum tot in de Nieuwe Tijd bestrijkt. De timing en rangschikking van de allergrootste overstromingen uit de bewoningsgeschiedenis van de delta (‘zeldzamer dan eens per 500 jaar’) is hiermee bekend. Die informatie is op meerdere manieren landschaps-archeologisch bruikbaar: (i) als nieuwe archeologisch-geologische dateringsmogelijkheden op site niveau (‘event-stratigrafie’), (ii) via nieuwe paleogeografisch-archeologische inzichten in het zich voltrekken van rivierverleggingen, en (iii) als gegeven in archeologisch onderzoek naar veranderingen in bewoning in het rivierengebied; binnen specifieke archeologische perioden en vergelijkenderwijs tussen archeologische perioden.
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by Marc Hijma, Kim M Cohen, and Wim Z. Hoek
TALK - The impact of transient climate change, for example at glacial-interglacial transitions, ... more TALK - The impact of transient climate change, for example at glacial-interglacial transitions, on the alluvial valley of the lower reaches of larger river systems has become a classic topic of fluvial geomorphology and quaternary geological study. The process of contraction of Holocene river activity into a narrower channel belt than in LGM counterparts of the last cycle, links to terrace flight formation over multiple glacial cycles in inland reaches. Not only were valley reaches affected by the process: also the lower reaches traversing shelf areas were, at a critical time just before their transgression. It is important to get fluvial style change mapped and dated accurately, to contribute to Source-2-Sink style sediment budgeting studies and be able to quantify sediment routing over longer time scales ‘from the record’ rather than ‘from assumptions pasted in models’.
In the Netherlands, in our current time, we are favoured by a very well resolved Late Pleistocene and Holocene geological record. This is due to favourable palaeogeographical circumstances and long research tradition from academia and applied fields. The sheer amount area mapped in detail, and sheer number of ‘to-be-integrated’ studies made it fruitful to set up and fill a GIS system
for the reconstruction of valley evolution since the LGM (Cohen et al., 2012), expanding earlier such work for the Holocene Rhine delta (Berendsen et al., 2007). The reconstruction now covers the Valley evolution of the Rhine since the LGM, continuous in space and time from upstream reaches in the German Lower Rhine Embayment (Erkens et al., 2011), through the Dutch-German border area (e.g. Kasse et al., 2005; Janssens et al. 2012), the central delta (Busschers et al., 2007; Gouw & Erkens, 2007) to the present river mouth and beyond (Hijma et al. 2009; 2012). To produce the map, we filled a digital catalogue documenting each mapped element (paleomeanders, terrace-fragments) in the valley.
Reconstruction of reworking as part of the valley evolution is an intrinsic part of the encoding in the GIS.
The main finding in the Lower Rhine is that the studied transition appears to last longer and to be slower than in smaller rivers of NW Europe. From the LGM to after the transgression, the area was subsiding relatively fast owing to the near-field GIA circumstances on top of background tectonics. All the time the area was fed river water and sediment by the Rhine: a sizable mixed-load river system. During the period of interest, climatic amelioration made vegetation go through a distinct succession. Not only does this provide extra dating control beyond direct methods of 14C and OSL, but also does this provide opportunities to reconstruct local and regional hydrological changes and relate this to the changes in fluvial style and reworking (scour, incision, levee deposition, lateral migration, floodplain soil formation). Extensive areal palaeogeographical reconstruction (GIS map and catalogue) shows the Lower Rhine's valley evolution from LGM to Holocene in unprecedented detail.
Extended Abstract - Cohen, K.M., W.Z. Hoek, E. Stouthamer, A.H. Geurts, M. Janssens, C. Kasse, F.S. Busschers, M.P. Hijma, G. Erkens (2013) Valley evolution of the Lower Rhine in LGM, Lateglacial and Early Holocene. In D.R. Parsons, P.J. Ashworth, J.L. Best and C.J. Simpson (Eds.), Conference Programme & Abstract Volume, 10th International Conference on Fluvial Sedimentology(pp. 94-95). Leeds, 10th International Conference on Fluvial Sedimentology.
In the Netherlands, in our current time, we are favoured by a very well resolved Late Pleistocene and Holocene geological record. This is due to favourable palaeogeographical circumstances and long research tradition from academia and applied fields. The sheer amount area mapped in detail, and sheer number of ‘to-be-integrated’ studies made it fruitful to set up and fill a GIS system
for the reconstruction of valley evolution since the LGM (Cohen et al., 2012), expanding earlier such work for the Holocene Rhine delta (Berendsen et al., 2007). The reconstruction now covers the Valley evolution of the Rhine since the LGM, continuous in space and time from upstream reaches in the German Lower Rhine Embayment (Erkens et al., 2011), through the Dutch-German border area (e.g. Kasse et al., 2005; Janssens et al. 2012), the central delta (Busschers et al., 2007; Gouw & Erkens, 2007) to the present river mouth and beyond (Hijma et al. 2009; 2012). To produce the map, we filled a digital catalogue documenting each mapped element (paleomeanders, terrace-fragments) in the valley.
Reconstruction of reworking as part of the valley evolution is an intrinsic part of the encoding in the GIS.
The main finding in the Lower Rhine is that the studied transition appears to last longer and to be slower than in smaller rivers of NW Europe. From the LGM to after the transgression, the area was subsiding relatively fast owing to the near-field GIA circumstances on top of background tectonics. All the time the area was fed river water and sediment by the Rhine: a sizable mixed-load river system. During the period of interest, climatic amelioration made vegetation go through a distinct succession. Not only does this provide extra dating control beyond direct methods of 14C and OSL, but also does this provide opportunities to reconstruct local and regional hydrological changes and relate this to the changes in fluvial style and reworking (scour, incision, levee deposition, lateral migration, floodplain soil formation). Extensive areal palaeogeographical reconstruction (GIS map and catalogue) shows the Lower Rhine's valley evolution from LGM to Holocene in unprecedented detail.
Extended Abstract - Cohen, K.M., W.Z. Hoek, E. Stouthamer, A.H. Geurts, M. Janssens, C. Kasse, F.S. Busschers, M.P. Hijma, G. Erkens (2013) Valley evolution of the Lower Rhine in LGM, Lateglacial and Early Holocene. In D.R. Parsons, P.J. Ashworth, J.L. Best and C.J. Simpson (Eds.), Conference Programme & Abstract Volume, 10th International Conference on Fluvial Sedimentology(pp. 94-95). Leeds, 10th International Conference on Fluvial Sedimentology.
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Extended Abstract - Stouthamer, E., K.M. Cohen, W.Z. Hoek, H.J. Pierik, L.J. Taal, M.P. Hijma, I... more Extended Abstract - Stouthamer, E., K.M. Cohen, W.Z. Hoek, H.J. Pierik, L.J. Taal, M.P. Hijma, I.J. Bos (2013) Revised palaeogeographical reconstruction and avulsion history of the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands. In D.R. Parsons, P.J. Ashworth, J.L. Best and C.J. Simpson (Eds.), Conference Programme & Abstract Volume, 10th International Conference on Fluvial Sedimentology (pp. 233-234). Leeds, 10th International Conference on Fluvial Sedimentology.
"In the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta, the geography, architecture, and chronology of the channel belts and their flood basins is known in exceptional high detail. This is due to a long history of intensive geological, geomorphological, and archeological research by various universities and knowledge institutes and archaeological consultancy companies. Our contribution shows the 2012-renewed reconstruction and embedded avulsion history, and highlights the most important controls and lessons learned since 2001, when a first such reconstruction was published. Our delta reconstruction ties in to a new reconstruction of the valley below and upstream of the delta (See http://www.academia.edu/2580652/). The reconstruction of valley-to-delta evolution is continuous through all stages of delta development: from valley inheritance and transgression to human-impacted high-stand situation.
Aggradation of the Rhine-Meuse delta began slowly in the period 10-9 ka, and then accelerated as the area was transgressed (Hijma et al., 2009; Hijma & Cohen, 2011). It transformed the drowning palaeovalley into a wide but shallow tidally-affected basin, with multiple river mouths.
In the central and lower delta, avulsion of secondary channels into lakes and freshwater tidal flood basins created relative large sandy splays at this stage (Bos & Stouthamer, 2011). The transgressive aggradations of the delta are otherwise of organo-clastic dominated facies. The presence of these sands – at a position in the subsurface that is otherwise dominated by organo-clastic flood-basin facies – affects channel bed, bank stability of our present day rivers (Stouthamer et al., 2011a).
Stepwise northward avulsion of the river Rhine, slowing sea-level rise and reworking of substrate in the coastal zone in the period 7.5 - 6.3 ka ago, made that by 6.3 ka ago coastline retrogra¬dation stopped and tidal inlets started to silt up. Fluvio-deltaic aggradation continued to occur in the now more-protected back-barrier environment. Relative sea-level rise at a modest rate continued to provide accommodation space, but in the lower and central delta it was mainly wetland peat that filled it. Clastic flood-basin deposition was relative restricted to the direct vicinity of channels and the upstream parts of the delta.
Digital map data and descriptive catalogues give overview and enable broad usage and exploration at an increased level of knowledge. It allows for further scientific exploration into the genesis of deltas and river systems. The dataset is made publically available at http://easy.dans.knaw.nl."""""
"In the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta, the geography, architecture, and chronology of the channel belts and their flood basins is known in exceptional high detail. This is due to a long history of intensive geological, geomorphological, and archeological research by various universities and knowledge institutes and archaeological consultancy companies. Our contribution shows the 2012-renewed reconstruction and embedded avulsion history, and highlights the most important controls and lessons learned since 2001, when a first such reconstruction was published. Our delta reconstruction ties in to a new reconstruction of the valley below and upstream of the delta (See http://www.academia.edu/2580652/). The reconstruction of valley-to-delta evolution is continuous through all stages of delta development: from valley inheritance and transgression to human-impacted high-stand situation.
Aggradation of the Rhine-Meuse delta began slowly in the period 10-9 ka, and then accelerated as the area was transgressed (Hijma et al., 2009; Hijma & Cohen, 2011). It transformed the drowning palaeovalley into a wide but shallow tidally-affected basin, with multiple river mouths.
In the central and lower delta, avulsion of secondary channels into lakes and freshwater tidal flood basins created relative large sandy splays at this stage (Bos & Stouthamer, 2011). The transgressive aggradations of the delta are otherwise of organo-clastic dominated facies. The presence of these sands – at a position in the subsurface that is otherwise dominated by organo-clastic flood-basin facies – affects channel bed, bank stability of our present day rivers (Stouthamer et al., 2011a).
Stepwise northward avulsion of the river Rhine, slowing sea-level rise and reworking of substrate in the coastal zone in the period 7.5 - 6.3 ka ago, made that by 6.3 ka ago coastline retrogra¬dation stopped and tidal inlets started to silt up. Fluvio-deltaic aggradation continued to occur in the now more-protected back-barrier environment. Relative sea-level rise at a modest rate continued to provide accommodation space, but in the lower and central delta it was mainly wetland peat that filled it. Clastic flood-basin deposition was relative restricted to the direct vicinity of channels and the upstream parts of the delta.
Digital map data and descriptive catalogues give overview and enable broad usage and exploration at an increased level of knowledge. It allows for further scientific exploration into the genesis of deltas and river systems. The dataset is made publically available at http://easy.dans.knaw.nl."""""
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Extended Abstract - Erkens, G., Toonen, W.H.J., Cohen, K.M. & Prins, M.A. (2013). Unravelling mix... more Extended Abstract - Erkens, G., Toonen, W.H.J., Cohen, K.M. & Prins, M.A. (2013). Unravelling mixed sediment signals in the floodplains of the Rhine catchment using end member modelling of grain size distributions. In D.R. Parsons, P.J. Ashworth, J.L. Best and C.J. Simpson (Eds.), Conference Programme & Abstract Volume, 10th International Conference on Fluvial Sedimentology (pp. 109-110). Leeds, 10th International Conference on Fluvial Sedimentology.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impacteasy.DANS data repository, 2017
De Laaglandgenese databank van boorbeschrijvingen in de Rijn-Maas delta (UU-LLG) werd in de jaren... more De Laaglandgenese databank van boorbeschrijvingen in de Rijn-Maas delta (UU-LLG) werd in de jaren 1959-1990 aangelegd op de Universiteit Utrecht, en werd daar vanaf 1990 digitaal verder aangevuld. De databank bevat resultaten voortgekomen uit onderzoeks- en onderwijsactiviteiten, zoals georganiseerd door Dr. H.J.A. Berendsen. In 2017 is een belangrijke slag gemaakt (DANS KDP subsidie) om ook oudere onderzoeksboringen van staf en assistenten digitaal beschikbaar te maken.
Het deel van de databank dat in Oktober 2017 digitaal beschikbaar was is in deze dataset opgenomen. Boringen die door staf en assistenten zijn uitgevoerd zijn als open data vrijgegeven (locaties en beschrijvingen, waaronder 14C bemonsteringslocaties). De boringbeschrijvingen door studenten zijn niet vrij toegankelijk, de locaties van de boringen wel (inclusief rubricering naar gemeente dd. 2016). Zie ook de figuur hieronder.
Naast de database bestanden (CSV, shape, MsAccess), bevat deze dataset op easy DANS ook scans van veldkaarten (RD gegeorefereerde TIFFs) en scans van de originele boorstaten (PDF).
===
Utrecht University's "Low Land Genesis" borehole descriptions from 1959-1990 have been digitized since the 1990ies, importantly during a 2017 project (DANS KDP scheme) focusing on corings by staff, next to corings by students. Borehole descriptions of younger years were mostly made digital right after collection. The database contains borehole descriptions resulting from research and teaching activities, as organized by Dr. H.J.A Berendsen.
The part of the database that was digital in October 2017, has been deposited here. The corings by staff and assistants (including the locations of many of the 14C dates of the geological-geomorphological mapping of the RM-delta) have been made openly accessible (locations and logs). The corings by students are under resticted access (locations open, logs restricted).
Besides database files (CSV, shape, MsAccess) the dataset also includes scans of field maps (RD georeferenced TIFF) and scans of the original field descriptions (PDF).
Het deel van de databank dat in Oktober 2017 digitaal beschikbaar was is in deze dataset opgenomen. Boringen die door staf en assistenten zijn uitgevoerd zijn als open data vrijgegeven (locaties en beschrijvingen, waaronder 14C bemonsteringslocaties). De boringbeschrijvingen door studenten zijn niet vrij toegankelijk, de locaties van de boringen wel (inclusief rubricering naar gemeente dd. 2016). Zie ook de figuur hieronder.
Naast de database bestanden (CSV, shape, MsAccess), bevat deze dataset op easy DANS ook scans van veldkaarten (RD gegeorefereerde TIFFs) en scans van de originele boorstaten (PDF).
===
Utrecht University's "Low Land Genesis" borehole descriptions from 1959-1990 have been digitized since the 1990ies, importantly during a 2017 project (DANS KDP scheme) focusing on corings by staff, next to corings by students. Borehole descriptions of younger years were mostly made digital right after collection. The database contains borehole descriptions resulting from research and teaching activities, as organized by Dr. H.J.A Berendsen.
The part of the database that was digital in October 2017, has been deposited here. The corings by staff and assistants (including the locations of many of the 14C dates of the geological-geomorphological mapping of the RM-delta) have been made openly accessible (locations and logs). The corings by students are under resticted access (locations open, logs restricted).
Besides database files (CSV, shape, MsAccess) the dataset also includes scans of field maps (RD georeferenced TIFF) and scans of the original field descriptions (PDF).
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A new methodology for compiling predictive archaeological maps for embanked river floodplains. It... more A new methodology for compiling predictive archaeological maps for embanked river floodplains. It allows for the creation of series of time-specific maps of archaeological predictive value and the incorporation of full-coverage as well as nodal data. Book-report documenting a predictive geomorphological-archeological map product for the four 100-km long active river branches and their embanked floodplains in the Rhine-Meuse delta ('UIKAV 2014’). The project was executed by Deltares, Groningen University and Utrecht University, for Rijkswaterstaat and Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed, the minesterial agencies for public works and cultural heritage respectively. The report and the predictive maps, underlying landscape maps and archeological databases, and files regarding the combination-methodology (code) provide baseline overview on the archeology of the embanked floodplains.
full data-sets downloadable at:
https://easy.dans.knaw.nl/ui/datasets/id/easy-dataset:57727
maps viewable at:
http://archeologieinnederland.nl/bronnen-en-kaarten/verwachtingskaart-uiterwaarden-rivierengebied
Een nieuwe methode om archeologische verwachtingskaarten te compileren voor de uiterwaardgebieden. De methode maakt series verwachtingskaarten voor opeenvolgende archeologische perioden, en gebruikt daarbij zowel vlakdekkende informatie als puntgegevens. Boekrapport behorende bij het project archeologische verwachtingskaart uiterwaarden rivierengebied (‘UIKAV 2014’), uitgevoerd door Deltares, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen en Universiteit Utrecht, in opdracht van Rijkswaterstaat en de Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed. Het rapport en de bijbehorende producten (een archeologische verwachtingskaart, met onderliggende databases, basiskaarten en documentatie op detailniveau in catalogusvorm, en verdere digitale bijlagen) bieden een overzicht van in de uiterwaarden van het Nederlandse riviergebied te verwachten archeologie."
full data-sets downloadable at:
https://easy.dans.knaw.nl/ui/datasets/id/easy-dataset:57727
maps viewable at:
http://archeologieinnederland.nl/bronnen-en-kaarten/verwachtingskaart-uiterwaarden-rivierengebied
Een nieuwe methode om archeologische verwachtingskaarten te compileren voor de uiterwaardgebieden. De methode maakt series verwachtingskaarten voor opeenvolgende archeologische perioden, en gebruikt daarbij zowel vlakdekkende informatie als puntgegevens. Boekrapport behorende bij het project archeologische verwachtingskaart uiterwaarden rivierengebied (‘UIKAV 2014’), uitgevoerd door Deltares, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen en Universiteit Utrecht, in opdracht van Rijkswaterstaat en de Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed. Het rapport en de bijbehorende producten (een archeologische verwachtingskaart, met onderliggende databases, basiskaarten en documentatie op detailniveau in catalogusvorm, en verdere digitale bijlagen) bieden een overzicht van in de uiterwaarden van het Nederlandse riviergebied te verwachten archeologie."
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Over the past decades, the Rhine-Meuse delta in the Netherlands has been studied extensively at U... more Over the past decades, the Rhine-Meuse delta in the Netherlands has been studied extensively at Utrecht University. A unique dataset exists of unique potential for investigations on various aspects of fluvial sedimentology, delta geomorphology, Quaternary geology, river-engineering, hydrocarbon reservoir modeling, environmental science, hydrology, archaeology and spatial planning in fluvial-coastal plains. This potential has been increasingly recognized by various groups of users in the last decade.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactDigitaal Basisbestand Paleogeografie van de Rijn-Maas Delta / Rhine-Meuse Delta Studies’ Digital Basemap for Delta Evolution and Palaeogeography. Release 2012, Nov 16, 2012
"Released to the professional geological, geoarcheological, and geohydrological community in the ... more "Released to the professional geological, geoarcheological, and geohydrological community in the Netherlands - a major update to a dataset original developed for the famous palaeogeographic reconstruction of the Rhine-Meuse delta, first featured in Berendsen & Stouthamer (2000, 2001) - brought up to date with grown and better integrated data from academia and from widespread use in applied context, and incorporating grown insights in delta evolution since 2001.
- ENGLISH -
This digital dataset and brief explanation contains an updated reconstruction of successive channel belts in the subsurface of the Rhine-Meuse delta in the Netherlands. These channel belts were formed and abandoned by natural processes, starting ca. 9000 years ago, and affected by humans in the last two millennia. The channel belts are shallow-subsurface sand bodies that are important substrate architectural elements in the delta plain, both hydrologically and archeologically. Since 1999, Utrecht University has maintained a GIS system (K.M. Cohen, Utrecht University) storing the reconstruction. The mapping is based on borehole data (Utrecht University; Geological Survey of the Netherlands), lidar imagery (www.ahn.nl) and sedimentological and geomorphological principles. The dating is based on 14C, archaeological findings, historical sources and maps, and geological cross-cutting principles. See references for research history. The current version, produced in 2011-2012 is a completely revised and expanded 2.0 edition. It now also integrates the paleogeographic reconstruction of the valley reaches of Rhine and Meuse since the Last Glacial Maximum, both the part buried below the Holocene delta and the parts feeding it from upstream, in The Netherlands and adjacent parts of Germany. A science valorization grant of NWO-ALW made this effort possible. UU, TNO Geological Survey of the Netherlands and Deltares supplied co-funding. This map succeeds earlier versions produced and partially revised since 2001. This shapefile is produced as a query from the original GIS (method: Berendsen, Cohen, Stouthamer, 2007).
-- NEDERLANDS --
Deze dataset en beknopte toelichting bevat de reconstructie van de ontwikkeling van het netwerk van stroomgordels in de Rijn-Maas delta in het Holoceen. Vanaf 9000 jaar geleden werden nieuwe riviertakken gevormd, weer verlaten en opgevolgd door jongere takken. Ook de mens heeft de vorming van het netwerk beinvloed, in de jongste millennia. De zandbanen zijn hydrologische en archeologisch belangrijke elementen in de bovenste meters van de ondergrond van de delta. Het zijn zandige grondwatervoerende zandbanen die pakketten klei en veen in de delta versnijden. Deze vorm(d)en subtiel hogere ruggen in de van nature drassige delta, waarlangs bewoning zich concentreerde en verplaatste en van waar uit ontginning begon. Op de Universiteit Utrecht wordt sinds 1999 een GIS bijgehouden waarin de reconstructie van het riviernetwerk door de tijd wordt bijgehouden (K.M. Cohen, UU; Berendsen & Stouthamer, 2001; Berendsen, Cohen & Stouthamer, 2001; 2007). Anno 2012 baseert de kartering van beddinggordels zich op (i) boorgegevens, (ii) het actueel hoogtebestand Nederland (www.ahn.nl) en (iii) sedimentologische en geomorfologische interpretatie principes. De datering ervan volgt met name uit (i) 14C dateringen, (ii) archeologische vondst complexen, (iii) historische bronnen, en (iv) geologische versnijdingsprincipes. De hier gedeponeerde versie is geproduceerd in 2011-2012. Het betreft een volledige herziening en aanzienlijke uitbreiding van het eerder gekarteerde gebied. Het paleogeografische basisbestand integreert nu ook de reconstructie van rivierlopen van Rijn en Maas sinds het 'LGM' in de laatste ijstijd, zowel het deel dat onder de delta begraven ligt als bovenstroomse delen in Nederland en aangrenzende delen van Duitsland. Een valorisatie subsidie van NWO-ALW, aangevuld met financiering vanuit UU, TNO Geologische Dienst van Nederland en Deltares, hebben het herzieningsproject mogelijk gemaakt. De kaart volgt eerdere publieke versies (uit 2001) en interne versies van de UU (2003-2007) op.
-- REFERENCES --
Precursor versions, Original Method, Research history:
Berendsen, H.J.A. & Stouthamer, E. (2000: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 161: 311-335),
Berendsen, H.J.A., Cohen, K.M. & Stouthamer, E. (2001: Maps and Cross-sections, Chapter and addendums in Berendsen & Stouthamer, 2001: Palaeogeographic development of the Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands, Assen: Koninklijke Van Gorcum, 268 p.),
Berendsen, H.J.A., Cohen, K.M. & Stouthamer, E. (2007: Use of GIS in paleogeographical reconstruction of the Rhine-Meuse Delta; International Journal of GIS, 21:589-602).
Actual version of Digital Dataset:
K.M. Cohen, E. Stouthamer, H.J. Pierik, A.H. Geurts (2012) Digitaal Basisbestand Paleogeografie van de Rijn-Maas Delta / Rhine-Meuse Delta Studies’ Digital Basemap for Delta Evolution and Palaeogeography. Dept. Physical Geography. Utrecht University. Digital Dataset. http://persistent-identifier.nl/?identifier=urn:nbn:nl:ui:13-nqjn-zl"
- ENGLISH -
This digital dataset and brief explanation contains an updated reconstruction of successive channel belts in the subsurface of the Rhine-Meuse delta in the Netherlands. These channel belts were formed and abandoned by natural processes, starting ca. 9000 years ago, and affected by humans in the last two millennia. The channel belts are shallow-subsurface sand bodies that are important substrate architectural elements in the delta plain, both hydrologically and archeologically. Since 1999, Utrecht University has maintained a GIS system (K.M. Cohen, Utrecht University) storing the reconstruction. The mapping is based on borehole data (Utrecht University; Geological Survey of the Netherlands), lidar imagery (www.ahn.nl) and sedimentological and geomorphological principles. The dating is based on 14C, archaeological findings, historical sources and maps, and geological cross-cutting principles. See references for research history. The current version, produced in 2011-2012 is a completely revised and expanded 2.0 edition. It now also integrates the paleogeographic reconstruction of the valley reaches of Rhine and Meuse since the Last Glacial Maximum, both the part buried below the Holocene delta and the parts feeding it from upstream, in The Netherlands and adjacent parts of Germany. A science valorization grant of NWO-ALW made this effort possible. UU, TNO Geological Survey of the Netherlands and Deltares supplied co-funding. This map succeeds earlier versions produced and partially revised since 2001. This shapefile is produced as a query from the original GIS (method: Berendsen, Cohen, Stouthamer, 2007).
-- NEDERLANDS --
Deze dataset en beknopte toelichting bevat de reconstructie van de ontwikkeling van het netwerk van stroomgordels in de Rijn-Maas delta in het Holoceen. Vanaf 9000 jaar geleden werden nieuwe riviertakken gevormd, weer verlaten en opgevolgd door jongere takken. Ook de mens heeft de vorming van het netwerk beinvloed, in de jongste millennia. De zandbanen zijn hydrologische en archeologisch belangrijke elementen in de bovenste meters van de ondergrond van de delta. Het zijn zandige grondwatervoerende zandbanen die pakketten klei en veen in de delta versnijden. Deze vorm(d)en subtiel hogere ruggen in de van nature drassige delta, waarlangs bewoning zich concentreerde en verplaatste en van waar uit ontginning begon. Op de Universiteit Utrecht wordt sinds 1999 een GIS bijgehouden waarin de reconstructie van het riviernetwerk door de tijd wordt bijgehouden (K.M. Cohen, UU; Berendsen & Stouthamer, 2001; Berendsen, Cohen & Stouthamer, 2001; 2007). Anno 2012 baseert de kartering van beddinggordels zich op (i) boorgegevens, (ii) het actueel hoogtebestand Nederland (www.ahn.nl) en (iii) sedimentologische en geomorfologische interpretatie principes. De datering ervan volgt met name uit (i) 14C dateringen, (ii) archeologische vondst complexen, (iii) historische bronnen, en (iv) geologische versnijdingsprincipes. De hier gedeponeerde versie is geproduceerd in 2011-2012. Het betreft een volledige herziening en aanzienlijke uitbreiding van het eerder gekarteerde gebied. Het paleogeografische basisbestand integreert nu ook de reconstructie van rivierlopen van Rijn en Maas sinds het 'LGM' in de laatste ijstijd, zowel het deel dat onder de delta begraven ligt als bovenstroomse delen in Nederland en aangrenzende delen van Duitsland. Een valorisatie subsidie van NWO-ALW, aangevuld met financiering vanuit UU, TNO Geologische Dienst van Nederland en Deltares, hebben het herzieningsproject mogelijk gemaakt. De kaart volgt eerdere publieke versies (uit 2001) en interne versies van de UU (2003-2007) op.
-- REFERENCES --
Precursor versions, Original Method, Research history:
Berendsen, H.J.A. & Stouthamer, E. (2000: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 161: 311-335),
Berendsen, H.J.A., Cohen, K.M. & Stouthamer, E. (2001: Maps and Cross-sections, Chapter and addendums in Berendsen & Stouthamer, 2001: Palaeogeographic development of the Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands, Assen: Koninklijke Van Gorcum, 268 p.),
Berendsen, H.J.A., Cohen, K.M. & Stouthamer, E. (2007: Use of GIS in paleogeographical reconstruction of the Rhine-Meuse Delta; International Journal of GIS, 21:589-602).
Actual version of Digital Dataset:
K.M. Cohen, E. Stouthamer, H.J. Pierik, A.H. Geurts (2012) Digitaal Basisbestand Paleogeografie van de Rijn-Maas Delta / Rhine-Meuse Delta Studies’ Digital Basemap for Delta Evolution and Palaeogeography. Dept. Physical Geography. Utrecht University. Digital Dataset. http://persistent-identifier.nl/?identifier=urn:nbn:nl:ui:13-nqjn-zl"
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact3D Geostatistical interpolation and geological interpretation of paleo-groundwater rise in the Holocene coastal prism in the Netherlands., Nov 2005
""A webbrowser for 3D-interpolated deltaic paleogroundwatertables for the Rhine-Meuse delta. Grou... more ""A webbrowser for 3D-interpolated deltaic paleogroundwatertables for the Rhine-Meuse delta. Groundwater tables rise with downstream sea level rise during the Holocene. Based on the publication Cohen (2005 -- PDF here http://www.academia.edu/172629/).
The website also contains more general information on reconstructing sea-level and groundwater-level rise as deployed in the Rhine-Meuse delta: http://www.geo.uu.nl/fg/palaeogeography/results/groundwater
The website also contains more general information on reconstructing sea-level and groundwater-level rise as deployed in the Rhine-Meuse delta: http://www.geo.uu.nl/fg/palaeogeography/results/groundwater
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactPalaeogeographic development of the Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands., 2001
"This digital dataset was created in 1998-2000 and published in 2000 and 2001. The creation of th... more "This digital dataset was created in 1998-2000 and published in 2000 and 2001. The creation of the Geological-Geomorphological Map of the Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands at Utrecht University was part of a study of 'Palaeogeographic development of the Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands' by the Rhine-Meuse Delta Studies group (Berendsen & Stouthamer, 2000; 2001), a PhD study on avulsion (Stouthamer, 2001), a wish from the Netherlands' cultural heritage agency to incorporate the knowledge on age of subsurface fossil river courses in Indicative Archeological Value Mapping, and a wish from the department of Physical Geography to facilitate use of past research results in next research projects and new ways of research and application. Hereto the Holocene delta geological mapping jumped into the GIS digital age (Berendsen et al., 2001; 2007), and so far this has turned out very succesful.
Since publication in 2000/2001, the reconstruction has found wide application in geoarcheology and geohydrology, and in continued academic research in geology and geoarcheology in the Netherlands. In 2012 a major revision / update / expansion of the reconstruction has been digitally released. As part of the release, also the archived version of the 2001 maps, and intermediate internally used versions (2003-2007: '2001 modified', Cohen (2003); Gouw & Erkens (2007)) were deposited.
The dataset includes GIS maps + Tables documenting properties of the various channelbelts, notably the radiocarbon ages of the beginning and end of sedimentation.
-Berendsen, H.J.A. & Stouthamer, E. (2000: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 161: 311-335),
-Berendsen, H.J.A., Cohen, K.M. & Stouthamer, E. (2001: Maps and Cross-sections, Chapter and addendums in Berendsen & Stouthamer, 2001: Palaeogeographic development of the Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands, Assen: Koninklijke Van Gorcum, 268 p.),
-Berendsen, H.J.A., Cohen, K.M. & Stouthamer, E. (2007: International Journal of GIS, 21:589-602).
- Stouthamer, E., (2001) Holocene avulsions in the Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands. Published PhD thesis Utrecht University. Netherlands' Geographical Studies 283: 212 pp.
- Cohen, K.M. (2003) Differential Subsidence within a Coastal Prism. Published PhD thesis Utrecht University. Netherlands' Geographical Studies 316: 172 pp.
- Gouw, M.J. & Erkens, G.E. (2007) Architecture of the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta (the Netherlands) – A result of changing external controls. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 86: 23-54.
Since publication in 2000/2001, the reconstruction has found wide application in geoarcheology and geohydrology, and in continued academic research in geology and geoarcheology in the Netherlands. In 2012 a major revision / update / expansion of the reconstruction has been digitally released. As part of the release, also the archived version of the 2001 maps, and intermediate internally used versions (2003-2007: '2001 modified', Cohen (2003); Gouw & Erkens (2007)) were deposited.
The dataset includes GIS maps + Tables documenting properties of the various channelbelts, notably the radiocarbon ages of the beginning and end of sedimentation.
-Berendsen, H.J.A. & Stouthamer, E. (2000: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 161: 311-335),
-Berendsen, H.J.A., Cohen, K.M. & Stouthamer, E. (2001: Maps and Cross-sections, Chapter and addendums in Berendsen & Stouthamer, 2001: Palaeogeographic development of the Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands, Assen: Koninklijke Van Gorcum, 268 p.),
-Berendsen, H.J.A., Cohen, K.M. & Stouthamer, E. (2007: International Journal of GIS, 21:589-602).
- Stouthamer, E., (2001) Holocene avulsions in the Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands. Published PhD thesis Utrecht University. Netherlands' Geographical Studies 283: 212 pp.
- Cohen, K.M. (2003) Differential Subsidence within a Coastal Prism. Published PhD thesis Utrecht University. Netherlands' Geographical Studies 316: 172 pp.
- Gouw, M.J. & Erkens, G.E. (2007) Architecture of the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta (the Netherlands) – A result of changing external controls. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 86: 23-54.
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The Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta behind the Holland barrier coast (Southern North Sea Basin, The Ne... more The Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta behind the Holland barrier coast (Southern North Sea Basin, The Netherlands) is very densely mapped and studied. Following the milestone publication of a palaeogeographical reconstruction and geological-geomorphological map in 2000/2001 by Berendsen and Stouthamer, Utrecht University’s Rhine-Meuse Delta Studies group, in our Delta Evolution umbrella research programme and combined with our MSc and BSc teaching, has expanded and improved the mapping. 20 PhD-thesis and postdoc projects in the period 2002-2011, from which contributions are found in various sessions at this congress, increased our genetic insights in the architectural build up and formative processes of the Rhine-Meuse delta.
On this XXXL poster, we present the completely revised 2011 version of our delta mapping. The covered area is extended to the west, north and southeast, now including: the coastal-fluvial river mouth (Rotterdam subsurface), distributaries into the central Netherlands lagoon (Utrechtse Vecht and Gelderse IJssel), the delta apex and lower Rhine valley into Germany (Rhein, Lippe, Issel and Niers). It is more accurate thanks to Lidar elevation data (www.ahn.nl) and improved inter-institute geo-information management and exchange (1:5,000 delta wide!*)
Co-operations with colleagues at TNO Geological Survey of the Netherlands, Deltares and VU Amsterdam were critical in studying Late Pleistocene and Holocene developments in continuum. We can now link last glacial valley evolution, post-glacial transgression and high stand delta evolution 1:1:1. The mapping is product and output of our GIS for channel-belt network reconstruction, maintained since 1999. It serves a wide range of academic research, and has found wide applied usage in archeological prospection, 3D subsurface mapping and shallow geohydrology. Updating of the mapping is an iterative process that profits from continuous feedback from these applications.
* XXXL poster map scale is 1:60,000
On this XXXL poster, we present the completely revised 2011 version of our delta mapping. The covered area is extended to the west, north and southeast, now including: the coastal-fluvial river mouth (Rotterdam subsurface), distributaries into the central Netherlands lagoon (Utrechtse Vecht and Gelderse IJssel), the delta apex and lower Rhine valley into Germany (Rhein, Lippe, Issel and Niers). It is more accurate thanks to Lidar elevation data (www.ahn.nl) and improved inter-institute geo-information management and exchange (1:5,000 delta wide!*)
Co-operations with colleagues at TNO Geological Survey of the Netherlands, Deltares and VU Amsterdam were critical in studying Late Pleistocene and Holocene developments in continuum. We can now link last glacial valley evolution, post-glacial transgression and high stand delta evolution 1:1:1. The mapping is product and output of our GIS for channel-belt network reconstruction, maintained since 1999. It serves a wide range of academic research, and has found wide applied usage in archeological prospection, 3D subsurface mapping and shallow geohydrology. Updating of the mapping is an iterative process that profits from continuous feedback from these applications.
* XXXL poster map scale is 1:60,000
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January 2015 updated version of ICS chart.
Units of all ranks are in the process of being def... more January 2015 updated version of ICS chart.
Units of all ranks are in the process of being defined by Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points (GSSP) for their lower boundaries, including those of the Archean and Proterozoic, long defined by Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages (GSSA). Charts and detailed information on ratified GSSPs are available at the website http://www.stratigraphy.org.
Numerical ages are subject to revision and do not define units in the Phanerozoic and the Ediacaran; only GSSPs do. For boundaries in the Phanerozoic without ratified GSSPs or without constrained numerical ages, an approximate numerical age (~) is provided.
Numerical ages for all systems except lower Pleistocene, Permian,Triassic, Cretaceous and Precambrian are taken from ‘The Geologic Time Scale 2012’ by Gradstein et al. (2012); those for the lower Pleistocene, Permian, Triassic and Cretaceous were provided by the relevant ICS subcommissions.
Coloring follows the Commission for the
Geological Map of the World (http://www.ccgm.org)
To cite: Cohen, K.M., Finney, S.C., Gibbard, P.L. & Fan, J.-X. (2013; updated) The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart. Episodes 36: 199-204.
Units of all ranks are in the process of being defined by Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points (GSSP) for their lower boundaries, including those of the Archean and Proterozoic, long defined by Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages (GSSA). Charts and detailed information on ratified GSSPs are available at the website http://www.stratigraphy.org.
Numerical ages are subject to revision and do not define units in the Phanerozoic and the Ediacaran; only GSSPs do. For boundaries in the Phanerozoic without ratified GSSPs or without constrained numerical ages, an approximate numerical age (~) is provided.
Numerical ages for all systems except lower Pleistocene, Permian,Triassic, Cretaceous and Precambrian are taken from ‘The Geologic Time Scale 2012’ by Gradstein et al. (2012); those for the lower Pleistocene, Permian, Triassic and Cretaceous were provided by the relevant ICS subcommissions.
Coloring follows the Commission for the
Geological Map of the World (http://www.ccgm.org)
To cite: Cohen, K.M., Finney, S.C., Gibbard, P.L. & Fan, J.-X. (2013; updated) The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart. Episodes 36: 199-204.
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Chinese translation of ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2015/01. IUGS ICS. Translated ... more Chinese translation of ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2015/01. IUGS ICS. Translated by Fan Junxuan et al. for 地层学杂志 Journal of Stratigraphy. Abstract:
每个全球年代地层单位都是通过其底界的全球界
线层型剖面和点位（GSSP）界定。元古宇和太古宇的
地层单位通过全球标准地层年龄（GSSA）界定。图件
及每个GSSP的详情参见国际地层委员会官网。
不断修订的年龄值不能用来界定显生宇的单位和埃
迪卡拉系，而只能由GSSP界定。显生宇中没有确定GSSP
或年龄值的单位用近似年龄值表示（～）。
除更新统下部、二叠系、三叠系、白垩系和前寒
武系外，所有年龄值均引自Gradstein等的《地质年代
表2012》；更新统下部、二叠系、三叠系和白垩系的
年龄值由相关分会提供。
每个全球年代地层单位都是通过其底界的全球界
线层型剖面和点位（GSSP）界定。元古宇和太古宇的
地层单位通过全球标准地层年龄（GSSA）界定。图件
及每个GSSP的详情参见国际地层委员会官网。
不断修订的年龄值不能用来界定显生宇的单位和埃
迪卡拉系，而只能由GSSP界定。显生宇中没有确定GSSP
或年龄值的单位用近似年龄值表示（～）。
除更新统下部、二叠系、三叠系、白垩系和前寒
武系外，所有年龄值均引自Gradstein等的《地质年代
表2012》；更新统下部、二叠系、三叠系和白垩系的
年龄值由相关分会提供。
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact
Catalan translation of ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2015/01. IUGS ICS. Translation... more Catalan translation of ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2015/01. IUGS ICS. Translation by X. Berástegui Batalla et al.
Abstract: Els límits inferiors de les unitats de tots els rangs (estatges, sèries, sistemes i eratemes) es troben actualment en procés de ser definits mitjançant seccions i punts, com a Estratotips Globals de Límit (GSSP-Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point). L’Arqueà i el Proterozoic que, per convenció, havien estat definits cronomètricament, segons edats numèriques absolutes (GSSAs-Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages) estan involucrats en el procés esmentat. Els GSSP oficials es marquen a la taula amb el símbol del “Clau Daurat” (Golden Spike) amb el qual també es materialitzen en el terreny.
Hom pot trobar la taula original i els detalls dels GSSP ratificats (criteris de definició de cadascun d’ells, localització geogràfica i geològica, correlació, etc.) a http://www.stratigraphy.org.
Les edats numèriques (Ma) estan subjectes a revisió i no defineixen unitats en el Fanerozoic i en l’Ediacarià. Això només ho fan els GSSP. Pel que fa als límits d’aquelles unitats del Fanerozoic que encara no tenen un GSSP ratificat, o dels quals no es disposa d’una edat numèrica acotada, la taula dóna una edat numèrica aproximada (~). Les edats numèriques de tots els sistemes, excepte el Plistocè inferior, el Triàsic, el Cretaci i el Precambrià, provenen de Gradstein et al. (A Geologic Time Scale 2012). Les del Plistocè inferior, Triàsic i el Cretaci són aportacions originals de les subcomissions respectives de la ICS-IUGS.
Traducció al català per iniciativa de Juan Carlos Gutiérrez-Marco (UCM-CSIC-IUGS). Traducció al català coordinada per Xavier Berástegui Batalla amb les aportacions de Juli Moll-Gómez de la Tia (Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya) amb la col·laboració de Josep Serra Kiel (Universitat de Barcelona) i les de David Serrat i Congost, Pere Santanach i Prat (Institut d’Estudis Catalans) i Mariano Marzo Carpio (Reial Acadèmia de Ciències i Arts de Barcelona). Taula dissenyada per K.M. Cohen, S.C. Finney i P.L. Gibbard. © Comissió Internacional d’Estratigrafia (IUGS), 2015
Abstract: Els límits inferiors de les unitats de tots els rangs (estatges, sèries, sistemes i eratemes) es troben actualment en procés de ser definits mitjançant seccions i punts, com a Estratotips Globals de Límit (GSSP-Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point). L’Arqueà i el Proterozoic que, per convenció, havien estat definits cronomètricament, segons edats numèriques absolutes (GSSAs-Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages) estan involucrats en el procés esmentat. Els GSSP oficials es marquen a la taula amb el símbol del “Clau Daurat” (Golden Spike) amb el qual també es materialitzen en el terreny.
Hom pot trobar la taula original i els detalls dels GSSP ratificats (criteris de definició de cadascun d’ells, localització geogràfica i geològica, correlació, etc.) a http://www.stratigraphy.org.
Les edats numèriques (Ma) estan subjectes a revisió i no defineixen unitats en el Fanerozoic i en l’Ediacarià. Això només ho fan els GSSP. Pel que fa als límits d’aquelles unitats del Fanerozoic que encara no tenen un GSSP ratificat, o dels quals no es disposa d’una edat numèrica acotada, la taula dóna una edat numèrica aproximada (~). Les edats numèriques de tots els sistemes, excepte el Plistocè inferior, el Triàsic, el Cretaci i el Precambrià, provenen de Gradstein et al. (A Geologic Time Scale 2012). Les del Plistocè inferior, Triàsic i el Cretaci són aportacions originals de les subcomissions respectives de la ICS-IUGS.
Traducció al català per iniciativa de Juan Carlos Gutiérrez-Marco (UCM-CSIC-IUGS). Traducció al català coordinada per Xavier Berástegui Batalla amb les aportacions de Juli Moll-Gómez de la Tia (Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya) amb la col·laboració de Josep Serra Kiel (Universitat de Barcelona) i les de David Serrat i Congost, Pere Santanach i Prat (Institut d’Estudis Catalans) i Mariano Marzo Carpio (Reial Acadèmia de Ciències i Arts de Barcelona). Taula dissenyada per K.M. Cohen, S.C. Finney i P.L. Gibbard. © Comissió Internacional d’Estratigrafia (IUGS), 2015
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Spanish translation (Castellano, Old-World) of ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2015/0... more Spanish translation (Castellano, Old-World) of ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2015/01. IUGS ICS. Translation by J.C. Gutiérrez-Marco et al.
La definición del Estratotipo Global de Límite (GSSP - Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point) para la base de los diversos pisos, series, sistemas y eratemas, es un proceso que aún no ha sido completado. Tampoco para los estratotipos de límite de las unidades del Arcaico y Proterozoico, cuya división inicial se fundamentó en una convención de edades absolutas (GSSA - Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages). Los GSSP oficiales se marcan con el símbolo del “Clavo Dorado” (Golden Spike), que también los materializa en el terreno.
El original de la Tabla, más los detalles de los GSSP (criterio de definición de cada uno, localización geográfica y geológica, correlación, etc.), se actualiza regularmente en la web: http://www.stratigraphy.org.
La datación absoluta en millones de años (Ma) para la base del Ediacárico y del resto de unidades del Fanerozoico, es sólo orientativa, en especial para aquellos límites sin GSSP formal (~Ma). Estos números podrán revisarse en el futuro o recalibrarse geocronométricamente. Los valores indicados provienen de Gradstein et al. (A Geologic Time Scale 2012), exceptuando las dataciones del Pleistoceno, Pérmico, Triásico y Cretácico, aportadas por las subcomisiones respectivas de la ICS-IUGS.
Traducción al castellano de J.C. Gutiérrez-Marco en colaboración con: Sociedad Geológica de España, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC-UCM) y Real Academia de Ciencias. Tabla diseñada por K.M. Cohen, S.C. Finney y P.L. Gibbard. © International Commission on Stratigraphy (IUGS) 2015
La definición del Estratotipo Global de Límite (GSSP - Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point) para la base de los diversos pisos, series, sistemas y eratemas, es un proceso que aún no ha sido completado. Tampoco para los estratotipos de límite de las unidades del Arcaico y Proterozoico, cuya división inicial se fundamentó en una convención de edades absolutas (GSSA - Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages). Los GSSP oficiales se marcan con el símbolo del “Clavo Dorado” (Golden Spike), que también los materializa en el terreno.
El original de la Tabla, más los detalles de los GSSP (criterio de definición de cada uno, localización geográfica y geológica, correlación, etc.), se actualiza regularmente en la web: http://www.stratigraphy.org.
La datación absoluta en millones de años (Ma) para la base del Ediacárico y del resto de unidades del Fanerozoico, es sólo orientativa, en especial para aquellos límites sin GSSP formal (~Ma). Estos números podrán revisarse en el futuro o recalibrarse geocronométricamente. Los valores indicados provienen de Gradstein et al. (A Geologic Time Scale 2012), exceptuando las dataciones del Pleistoceno, Pérmico, Triásico y Cretácico, aportadas por las subcomisiones respectivas de la ICS-IUGS.
Traducción al castellano de J.C. Gutiérrez-Marco en colaboración con: Sociedad Geológica de España, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC-UCM) y Real Academia de Ciencias. Tabla diseñada por K.M. Cohen, S.C. Finney y P.L. Gibbard. © International Commission on Stratigraphy (IUGS) 2015
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by Kim M Cohen and Luis M. Agirrezabala
Kategoria guztietako unitateak definitzeko prozesuan daude beren beheko mugen muga-estratotipo gl... more Kategoria guztietako unitateak definitzeko prozesuan daude beren beheko mugen muga-estratotipo globaleko ebaki eta puntuen bidez (GSSP-Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point); baita Arkearrekoak eta Proterozoikokoak ere, denbora luzean adin estratigrafiko estandar globalez (GSSA-Global Standard Startigraphic Ages) definituak izan direnak. Taulak eta onetsitako GSSPen informazio xehea ondorengo web orrian eskuragarri daude: http://www.stratigraphy.org.
Adin numerikoak berrikusi egin daitezke eta ez dute unitaterik definitzen Fanerozoikoan eta Ediacararrean; soilik GSSPek definitzen dituzte unitateak. GSSPrik onetsita edo adin numeriko mugaturik ez duten mugentzako gutxi gorabeharko adin numeriko bat (~) eman da.
Sistema guztien adin numerikoak, Behe Pleistozeno, Permiar, Triasiko, Kretazeo eta Kanbriarraurrekoak izan ezik, “A Geological Time Scale 2012” (Gradstein et al., 2012) argitalpenetik hartuak dira; Behe Pleistozeno, Permiar, Triasiko eta Kretazeokoak dagozkien ICSko azpibatzordeek emanak dira.
Euskararako itzultzaileak: L.M. Agirrezabala (koordinatzailea), A. Alonso, E. Apellaniz, A. Apraiz, A. Aranburu, A. Aranguren,
M. López-Horgue, M. Mendia, K. Núñez-Betelu, A. Payros, K. Urtiaga eta M. C. Zuluaga (Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea).
Kolaboratzaileak: Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU. Taula hau K.M. Cohen, S.C. Finney eta P.L. Gibbard-ek diseinatu dute © International Commission on Stratigraphy (IUGS), 2015eko urtarrila
Adin numerikoak berrikusi egin daitezke eta ez dute unitaterik definitzen Fanerozoikoan eta Ediacararrean; soilik GSSPek definitzen dituzte unitateak. GSSPrik onetsita edo adin numeriko mugaturik ez duten mugentzako gutxi gorabeharko adin numeriko bat (~) eman da.
Sistema guztien adin numerikoak, Behe Pleistozeno, Permiar, Triasiko, Kretazeo eta Kanbriarraurrekoak izan ezik, “A Geological Time Scale 2012” (Gradstein et al., 2012) argitalpenetik hartuak dira; Behe Pleistozeno, Permiar, Triasiko eta Kretazeokoak dagozkien ICSko azpibatzordeek emanak dira.
Euskararako itzultzaileak: L.M. Agirrezabala (koordinatzailea), A. Alonso, E. Apellaniz, A. Apraiz, A. Aranburu, A. Aranguren,
M. López-Horgue, M. Mendia, K. Núñez-Betelu, A. Payros, K. Urtiaga eta M. C. Zuluaga (Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea).
Kolaboratzaileak: Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU. Taula hau K.M. Cohen, S.C. Finney eta P.L. Gibbard-ek diseinatu dute © International Commission on Stratigraphy (IUGS), 2015eko urtarrila
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October 2014 updated version of ICS chart.
Units of all ranks are in the process of being defi... more October 2014 updated version of ICS chart.
Units of all ranks are in the process of being defined by Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points (GSSP) for their lower boundaries, including those of the Archean and Proterozoic, long defined by Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages (GSSA). Charts and detailed information on ratified GSSPs are available at the website http://www.stratigraphy.org.
Numerical ages are subject to revision and do not define units in the Phanerozoic and the Ediacaran; only GSSPs do. For boundaries in the Phanerozoic without ratified GSSPs or without constrained numerical ages, an approximate numerical age (~) is provided.
Numerical ages for all systems except lower Pleistocene, Permian,Triassic, Cretaceous and Precambrian are taken from ‘The Geologic Time Scale 2012’ by Gradstein et al. (2012); those for the lower Pleistocene, Permian, Triassic and Cretaceous were provided by the relevant ICS subcommissions.
Coloring follows the Commission for the
Geological Map of the World (http://www.ccgm.org)
To cite: Cohen, K.M., Finney, S.C., Gibbard, P.L. & Fan, J.-X. (2013; updated) The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart. Episodes 36: 199-204.
Units of all ranks are in the process of being defined by Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points (GSSP) for their lower boundaries, including those of the Archean and Proterozoic, long defined by Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages (GSSA). Charts and detailed information on ratified GSSPs are available at the website http://www.stratigraphy.org.
Numerical ages are subject to revision and do not define units in the Phanerozoic and the Ediacaran; only GSSPs do. For boundaries in the Phanerozoic without ratified GSSPs or without constrained numerical ages, an approximate numerical age (~) is provided.
Numerical ages for all systems except lower Pleistocene, Permian,Triassic, Cretaceous and Precambrian are taken from ‘The Geologic Time Scale 2012’ by Gradstein et al. (2012); those for the lower Pleistocene, Permian, Triassic and Cretaceous were provided by the relevant ICS subcommissions.
Coloring follows the Commission for the
Geological Map of the World (http://www.ccgm.org)
To cite: Cohen, K.M., Finney, S.C., Gibbard, P.L. & Fan, J.-X. (2013; updated) The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart. Episodes 36: 199-204.
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Japanese translation of ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2014/02. IUGS ICS. Abstract: ... more Japanese translation of ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2014/02. IUGS ICS. Abstract:
すべての階層の層序区分単位に対して，その下限をGSSPs（国際境界模式
層断面とポイント）によって定義する作業が進行中である．これは，長らく
GSSA（国際標準層序年代）によって定義されてきた始生（累）界（太古（累）界）
および原生（累）界の下限に対しても同様である．GSSPsに関する図および詳
細な情報は，ウェブサイト「http://www.stratigraphy.org」に掲載されている．
本表に掲載されている年代値は見直されることがあるが，それは顕生（累）界
およびエディアカラン系の層序区分単位の定義の変更を伴うものではない．そ
のような定義の変更は，GSSPsによってのみ可能である．GSSPsにより定義さ
れていない境界や確定した年代値がない顕生（累）界の層序区分単位境界に
対しては，おおよその年代値を「~」を付して示した．
下部更新統，ペルム系，三畳系，白亜系，先カンブリア（累）界を除く全ての界
の年代値は，Gradstein et al.（2012）の‘The Geologic Time Scale 2012’によ
る．下部更新統，ペルム系，三畳系，白亜系の年代値に関しては，当該問題を扱
う国際層序委員会の小委員会による．
表の色は，国際地質図委員会（Commission for the Geological Map of the
World; www.cgmw.org）の推奨に従う．
この日本語版ISC Chart（2014年版）は，IUGS（国際地質科学連合）の許諾
を得て，日本地質学会が作成した．
すべての階層の層序区分単位に対して，その下限をGSSPs（国際境界模式
層断面とポイント）によって定義する作業が進行中である．これは，長らく
GSSA（国際標準層序年代）によって定義されてきた始生（累）界（太古（累）界）
および原生（累）界の下限に対しても同様である．GSSPsに関する図および詳
細な情報は，ウェブサイト「http://www.stratigraphy.org」に掲載されている．
本表に掲載されている年代値は見直されることがあるが，それは顕生（累）界
およびエディアカラン系の層序区分単位の定義の変更を伴うものではない．そ
のような定義の変更は，GSSPsによってのみ可能である．GSSPsにより定義さ
れていない境界や確定した年代値がない顕生（累）界の層序区分単位境界に
対しては，おおよその年代値を「~」を付して示した．
下部更新統，ペルム系，三畳系，白亜系，先カンブリア（累）界を除く全ての界
の年代値は，Gradstein et al.（2012）の‘The Geologic Time Scale 2012’によ
る．下部更新統，ペルム系，三畳系，白亜系の年代値に関しては，当該問題を扱
う国際層序委員会の小委員会による．
表の色は，国際地質図委員会（Commission for the Geological Map of the
World; www.cgmw.org）の推奨に従う．
この日本語版ISC Chart（2014年版）は，IUGS（国際地質科学連合）の許諾
を得て，日本地質学会が作成した．
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Chinese translation of ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2013. IUGS ICS. Translated by ... more Chinese translation of ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2013. IUGS ICS. Translated by 《地层学杂志》第37卷第1期第1页
Abstract:
每个全球年代地层单位都是通过其底部的全球界
线层型剖面和层型点（GSSP）界定。每个GSSP的详情
公布在国际地层委员会的网站上。元古宇和太古宇地
层单位通过全球标准地质年龄（GSSA）界定。
不断修订的年龄值不能用来界定显生宇的单位和埃
迪卡拉系，而只能由GSSP界定，显生宇中没有确定GSSP
或年龄值的单位用近似年龄值表示（～）。
除二叠系，三叠系，白垩系和前寒武系外，所有
年龄值均引自Gradstein等的《地质年代表2012》，二
叠系、三叠系、白垩系的年龄值由相关分会提供。
地层单位的颜色是参照世界地质图委员会的色谱
（http://www.ccgm.org)
(c) 国际地层委员会，2013年1月(英文版)
中文版由国际地层委员会授权本刊翻译
K.M. Cohen, S. Finney, P.L. Gibbard制表
Abstract:
每个全球年代地层单位都是通过其底部的全球界
线层型剖面和层型点（GSSP）界定。每个GSSP的详情
公布在国际地层委员会的网站上。元古宇和太古宇地
层单位通过全球标准地质年龄（GSSA）界定。
不断修订的年龄值不能用来界定显生宇的单位和埃
迪卡拉系，而只能由GSSP界定，显生宇中没有确定GSSP
或年龄值的单位用近似年龄值表示（～）。
除二叠系，三叠系，白垩系和前寒武系外，所有
年龄值均引自Gradstein等的《地质年代表2012》，二
叠系、三叠系、白垩系的年龄值由相关分会提供。
地层单位的颜色是参照世界地质图委员会的色谱
（http://www.ccgm.org)
(c) 国际地层委员会，2013年1月(英文版)
中文版由国际地层委员会授权本刊翻译
K.M. Cohen, S. Finney, P.L. Gibbard制表
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Spanish (Castillian) translation of ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2013. K.M. Cohen,... more Spanish (Castillian) translation of ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2013. K.M. Cohen, S. Finney, P.L. Gibbard. IUGS ICS. Translation by J.C. Gutiérrez-Marco, Spanish Geological Society, Spanish Institute for Geology and Mining, Spanish Institute for Geosciences, and the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences.
La definición del Estratotipo Global de Límite (GSSP - Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point) para la base de los diversos pisos, series, sistemas y eratemas, es un proceso que aún no ha sido completado. Tampoco para los estratotipos de límite de las unidades del Arcaico y Proterozoico, cuya división inicial se fundamentó en una convención de edades absolutas (GSSA - Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages). Los GSSP oficiales se marcan con el símbolo del “Clavo Dorado” (Golden Spike), que también los materializa en el terreno.
El original de la Tabla, más los detalles de los GSSP (criterio de definición de cada uno, localización geográfica y geológica, correlación, etc.), se actualiza regularmente en la web: http://www.stratigraphy.org.
La datación absoluta en millones de años (Ma) para la base del Ediacárico y del resto de unidades del Fanerozoico, es sólo orientativa, en especial para aquellos límites sin GSSP formal (~Ma). Estos números podrán revisarse en el futuro o recalibrarse geocronométricamente. Los valores indicados provienen de Gradstein et al. (A Geologic Time Scale 2012), exceptuando las dataciones del Pérmico, Triásico y Cretácico, aportadas
por las subcomisiones respectivas de la ICS-IUGS.
La norma de colores se rige por la de la Comisión del Mapa Geológico del Mundo (CCGM-IUGS) -- http://www.ccgm.org
Tabla diseñada por K.M. Cohen, S.C. Finney y P.L. Gibbard
Enero de 2013 © International Commission on Stratigraphy (IUGS)
Traducción al castellano de J.C. Gutiérrez-Marco en colaboración con: Sociedad Geológica de España, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC-UCM) y Real Academia de Ciencias.
La definición del Estratotipo Global de Límite (GSSP - Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point) para la base de los diversos pisos, series, sistemas y eratemas, es un proceso que aún no ha sido completado. Tampoco para los estratotipos de límite de las unidades del Arcaico y Proterozoico, cuya división inicial se fundamentó en una convención de edades absolutas (GSSA - Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages). Los GSSP oficiales se marcan con el símbolo del “Clavo Dorado” (Golden Spike), que también los materializa en el terreno.
El original de la Tabla, más los detalles de los GSSP (criterio de definición de cada uno, localización geográfica y geológica, correlación, etc.), se actualiza regularmente en la web: http://www.stratigraphy.org.
La datación absoluta en millones de años (Ma) para la base del Ediacárico y del resto de unidades del Fanerozoico, es sólo orientativa, en especial para aquellos límites sin GSSP formal (~Ma). Estos números podrán revisarse en el futuro o recalibrarse geocronométricamente. Los valores indicados provienen de Gradstein et al. (A Geologic Time Scale 2012), exceptuando las dataciones del Pérmico, Triásico y Cretácico, aportadas
por las subcomisiones respectivas de la ICS-IUGS.
La norma de colores se rige por la de la Comisión del Mapa Geológico del Mundo (CCGM-IUGS) -- http://www.ccgm.org
Tabla diseñada por K.M. Cohen, S.C. Finney y P.L. Gibbard
Enero de 2013 © International Commission on Stratigraphy (IUGS)
Traducción al castellano de J.C. Gutiérrez-Marco en colaboración con: Sociedad Geológica de España, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC-UCM) y Real Academia de Ciencias.
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Portuguese (Old World) translation of ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2013. K.M. Cohe... more Portuguese (Old World) translation of ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2013. K.M. Cohen, S. Finney, P.L. Gibbard. IUGS ICS.Translation by A.A. Sá, C. Meireles, Z. Pereira, M.H. Henriques, D.I. Pereira, J.M. Piçarra.
A definição do Estratotipo Global de Limite (GSSP - Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point) para a base dos diversos andares, séries, sistemas e eratemas, é um processo ainda incompleto. O mesmo ocorre com os estratotipos de limite das unidades do Arcaico e Proterozoico, cuja divisão inicial é fundamentada numa convenção de idades absolutas (GSSA - Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages). Os GSSP oficiais estão
assinalados com o símbolo do “Prego Dourado” (Golden Spike), que também os materializa no terreno.
A Tabela original e os detalhes sobre os GSSP (critério de definição de cada um, localização geográfica e geológica, correlação, etc.), atualizam-se regularmente na web page: http://www.stratigraphy.org.
A datação absoluta em milhões de anos (Ma) para a base do Ediacárico e das restantes unidades do Fanerozoico é apenas orientadora, em especial para os limites sem GSSP formal (~Ma). Estes valores poderão ser revistos no futuro ou serem recalibrados geocronometricamente. Os valores indicados são provenientes de Gradstein et al. (A Geologic Time Scale 2012), excetuando as datações do Pérmico, Triássico e Cretácico, fornecidas pelas subcomissões respetivas da ICS-IUGS.
As cores padrão são as adotadas pela Comissão do Mapa Geológico do Mundo (CCGM-IUGS) -- http://www.ccgm.org
Tabela desenhada por K.M. Cohen, S.C. Finney e P.L. Gibbard
Janeiro de 2013 © International Commission on Stratigraphy (IUGS)
Tradução para Português (PT) efetuada por A.A. Sá, C. Meireles, Z. Pereira, M.H. Henriques, D.I. Pereira e J.M. Piçarra, em colaboração com o Comité Português para o Programa Internacional de Geociências (IGCP/UNESCO) e o Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P.
A definição do Estratotipo Global de Limite (GSSP - Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point) para a base dos diversos andares, séries, sistemas e eratemas, é um processo ainda incompleto. O mesmo ocorre com os estratotipos de limite das unidades do Arcaico e Proterozoico, cuja divisão inicial é fundamentada numa convenção de idades absolutas (GSSA - Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages). Os GSSP oficiais estão
assinalados com o símbolo do “Prego Dourado” (Golden Spike), que também os materializa no terreno.
A Tabela original e os detalhes sobre os GSSP (critério de definição de cada um, localização geográfica e geológica, correlação, etc.), atualizam-se regularmente na web page: http://www.stratigraphy.org.
A datação absoluta em milhões de anos (Ma) para a base do Ediacárico e das restantes unidades do Fanerozoico é apenas orientadora, em especial para os limites sem GSSP formal (~Ma). Estes valores poderão ser revistos no futuro ou serem recalibrados geocronometricamente. Os valores indicados são provenientes de Gradstein et al. (A Geologic Time Scale 2012), excetuando as datações do Pérmico, Triássico e Cretácico, fornecidas pelas subcomissões respetivas da ICS-IUGS.
As cores padrão são as adotadas pela Comissão do Mapa Geológico do Mundo (CCGM-IUGS) -- http://www.ccgm.org
Tabela desenhada por K.M. Cohen, S.C. Finney e P.L. Gibbard
Janeiro de 2013 © International Commission on Stratigraphy (IUGS)
Tradução para Português (PT) efetuada por A.A. Sá, C. Meireles, Z. Pereira, M.H. Henriques, D.I. Pereira e J.M. Piçarra, em colaboração com o Comité Português para o Programa Internacional de Geociências (IGCP/UNESCO) e o Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact
Norwegian translation of of ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2013. K.M. Cohen, S. Finn... more Norwegian translation of of ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2013. K.M. Cohen, S. Finney, P.L. Gibbard. IUGS ICS. Translated by H. Brekke et al. as a contribution to “The Making of a Land – Geology of Norway”, Geological Society of Norway (Editors: Ivar B. Ramberg - Inge Bryhni – Arvid Nøttvedt – Kristin Rangnes, ISBN: 978-82-92394-42-7) - expected in print 2nd half of 2013. The NSK and IUGS-ICS approved translated chart is put online earlier.
Det pågår nå en prosess der de nedre grensene for alle enhetene i tabellen defineres med Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points (GSSP). Dette gjelder også for grensene i arkeikum og proterozoikum som lenge har vært definert med Global Standard Stratigraphical Ages (GSSA). Tabeller og detaljert informasjon om ratifiserte GSSP er tilgjengelig på websiden http://www.stratigraphy.org. Denne tabellens URL finnes nedenfor.
Numeriske aldre underkastes revisjon og definerer ikke enheter i fanerozoikum og ediacara; kun ratifiserte GSSP gjelder. For grenser i fanerozoikum uten ratifisert GSSP eller kalibrerte numeriske aldere, er bare tilnærmete aldre (~) oppgitt.
Numeriske aldre for alle systemer unntatt perm, trias, kritt og prekambrium er hentet fra ‘A Geological Time Scale 2012’ av Gradstein et al. (2012), mens de fra perm til kritt er fremskaffet av de relevante underkomiteer i ICS.
Fargeskalaen følger retningslinjene til The Commission for the Geological Map of the World, http://www.ccgm.org
Tabellen er tegnet av K.M Cohen, S. Finney & P.L. Gibbard
(c) International Commission on Stratigraphy, January 2013
Oversettelsen til norsk er foretatt av redaksjonen for «Landet Blir Til», i samarbeid med nøkkelpersoner bl.a. i NGU, OD og NPI samt Språkrådet (ved Marit Hovdenak) og Norsk stratigrafisk komite (NSK). NSK har godkjent oversettelsen som norsk standard. Oversettelsen er videre godkjent av Den internasjonale stratigrafiske kommisjon (ICS) i den form den foreligger her.
Det pågår nå en prosess der de nedre grensene for alle enhetene i tabellen defineres med Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points (GSSP). Dette gjelder også for grensene i arkeikum og proterozoikum som lenge har vært definert med Global Standard Stratigraphical Ages (GSSA). Tabeller og detaljert informasjon om ratifiserte GSSP er tilgjengelig på websiden http://www.stratigraphy.org. Denne tabellens URL finnes nedenfor.
Numeriske aldre underkastes revisjon og definerer ikke enheter i fanerozoikum og ediacara; kun ratifiserte GSSP gjelder. For grenser i fanerozoikum uten ratifisert GSSP eller kalibrerte numeriske aldere, er bare tilnærmete aldre (~) oppgitt.
Numeriske aldre for alle systemer unntatt perm, trias, kritt og prekambrium er hentet fra ‘A Geological Time Scale 2012’ av Gradstein et al. (2012), mens de fra perm til kritt er fremskaffet av de relevante underkomiteer i ICS.
Fargeskalaen følger retningslinjene til The Commission for the Geological Map of the World, http://www.ccgm.org
Tabellen er tegnet av K.M Cohen, S. Finney & P.L. Gibbard
(c) International Commission on Stratigraphy, January 2013
Oversettelsen til norsk er foretatt av redaksjonen for «Landet Blir Til», i samarbeid med nøkkelpersoner bl.a. i NGU, OD og NPI samt Språkrådet (ved Marit Hovdenak) og Norsk stratigrafisk komite (NSK). NSK har godkjent oversettelsen som norsk standard. Oversettelsen er videre godkjent av Den internasjonale stratigrafiske kommisjon (ICS) i den form den foreligger her.
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by Kim M Cohen and Luis M. Agirrezabala
Basque translation of ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2013/01. K.M. Cohen, S. Finney,... more Basque translation of ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2013/01. K.M. Cohen, S. Finney, P.L. Gibbard. IUGS ICS. Translation by: L.M. Agirrezabala, A. Alonso, E. Apellaniz, A. Apraiz, A. Aranburu, A. Aranguren, M. López-Horgue, M. Mendia, K. Núñez-Betelu, A. Payros, K. Urtiaga and M. C. Zuluaga.
"Errango guztietako unitateak definitzeko prozesuan daude beren beheko mugen Muga Globaleko Estratotipoko Ebaki eta Puntuen bidez (GSSP-Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point), baita Arkearrekoak eta Proterozoikokoak ere, denbora luzean Adin Estratigrafiko Estandar Globalen bidez (GSSA-Global Standard Startigraphic Ages) definituak. Onartutako GSSP-ei buruzko taulak eta informazio xehea web orri honetan eskuragarri dago: http://www.stratigraphy.org. Taula honen URL-a behean dago.
Adin numerikoek berrikuspenak izan ohi dituzte eta Fanerozoikoan eta Ediacararrean ez dituzte unitateak definitzen, soilik GSSP-ek definitzen baitituzte. Fanerozoikoko mugen kasuan, onartzeke dauden GSSP-etarako edo zehazteke dauden adin numerikoetarako gutxi gora-beherako adin numerikoa (~) eman da.
Sistema guztietako adin numerikoak, Permiar, Triasiko eta Kretazeo sistemetakoak eta Kanbriarraurrekoak izan ezik, “A Geological Time Scale 2012” (Gradstein et al., 2012) argitarapenetik hartuak dira; Permiar, Triasiko eta Kretazeokoak dagozkien ICS-ko azpikomisioek emanak dira.
Margotzea Munduko Mapa Geologikorako Komisioaren araberakoa da (CCGM-IUGS). http://www.ccgm.org
Taula hau K.M. Cohen, S.C. Finney eta P.L. Gibbard-ek diseinatu dute 2013ko urtarrila © International Commission on Stratigraphy (IUGS)
Euskararako itzultzaileak: L.M. Agirrezabala (koordinatzailea), A. Alonso, E. Apellaniz, A. Apraiz, A. Aranburu, A. Aranguren, M. López-Horgue, M. Mendia, K. Núñez-Betelu, A. Payros, K. Urtiaga eta M. C. Zuluaga. Kolaboratzaile instituzionala: Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU"
"Errango guztietako unitateak definitzeko prozesuan daude beren beheko mugen Muga Globaleko Estratotipoko Ebaki eta Puntuen bidez (GSSP-Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point), baita Arkearrekoak eta Proterozoikokoak ere, denbora luzean Adin Estratigrafiko Estandar Globalen bidez (GSSA-Global Standard Startigraphic Ages) definituak. Onartutako GSSP-ei buruzko taulak eta informazio xehea web orri honetan eskuragarri dago: http://www.stratigraphy.org. Taula honen URL-a behean dago.
Adin numerikoek berrikuspenak izan ohi dituzte eta Fanerozoikoan eta Ediacararrean ez dituzte unitateak definitzen, soilik GSSP-ek definitzen baitituzte. Fanerozoikoko mugen kasuan, onartzeke dauden GSSP-etarako edo zehazteke dauden adin numerikoetarako gutxi gora-beherako adin numerikoa (~) eman da.
Sistema guztietako adin numerikoak, Permiar, Triasiko eta Kretazeo sistemetakoak eta Kanbriarraurrekoak izan ezik, “A Geological Time Scale 2012” (Gradstein et al., 2012) argitarapenetik hartuak dira; Permiar, Triasiko eta Kretazeokoak dagozkien ICS-ko azpikomisioek emanak dira.
Margotzea Munduko Mapa Geologikorako Komisioaren araberakoa da (CCGM-IUGS). http://www.ccgm.org
Taula hau K.M. Cohen, S.C. Finney eta P.L. Gibbard-ek diseinatu dute 2013ko urtarrila © International Commission on Stratigraphy (IUGS)
Euskararako itzultzaileak: L.M. Agirrezabala (koordinatzailea), A. Alonso, E. Apellaniz, A. Apraiz, A. Aranburu, A. Aranguren, M. López-Horgue, M. Mendia, K. Núñez-Betelu, A. Payros, K. Urtiaga eta M. C. Zuluaga. Kolaboratzaile instituzionala: Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU"
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"Catalan translation of the ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2013. K.M. Cohen, S. Finn... more "Catalan translation of the ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2013. K.M. Cohen, S. Finney, P.L. Gibbard. IUGS ICS. Translation by X. Berástegui Batalla et al.
Traducció al català coordinada per Xavier Berástegui Batalla (Institut Geològic de Catalunya) amb les aportacions de Juli Moll-Gómez de la Tia (Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya) i la collaboració de Josep Serra Kiel (Universitat de Barcelona), David Serrat i Congost, Pere Santanach i Prat (Institut d’Estudis Catalans) i Mariano Marzo Carpio (Reial Acadèmia de Ciències i Arts de Barcelona).
Els límits inferiors de les unitats de tots els rangs (estatges, sèries, sistemes i eratemes) es troben actualment en procés de ser definits, mitjançant seccions i punts, com a Estratotips Globals de Límit (GSSP-Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point). L’Arqueà i el Proterozoic que, per convenció, havien estat definits cronomètricament, segons edats numèriques absolutes (GSSAs-Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages) estan involucrats en el proces esmentat. Els GSSP oficials es marquen a la taula amb el símbol del “Clau Daurat” (Golden Spike) amb el qual també es materialitzen en el terreny.
Hom pot trobar la taula original i els detalls dels GSSP ratificats (criteris de definició de cadascun d’ells, localització geogràfica i geològica, correlació etc.) a http://www.stratigraphy.org.
Les edats numèriques (Ma) estan subjectes a revisió i no defineixen unitats en el Fanerozoic i en l’Ediacarià. Això només ho fan els GSSP. Pel que fa als límits d’aquelles unitats del Fanerozoic que encara no tenen un GSSP ratificat, o dels quals no es disposa d’una edat numèrica acotada, la taula dóna una edat numèrica aproximada (~). Les edats numèriques de tots els sistemes, excepte el Triàsic, el Cretaci i el Precambrià, provenen de Gradstein et al. (A Geologic Time Scale 2012). Les del Triàsic i el Cretaci són aportacions originals de les subcomissions respectives de la ICS-IUGS.
El codi de colors segueix la convenció establerta per la Comissió del Mapa Geològic del Món (CCGM-IUGS) http://www.ccgm.org
Taula dissenyada per K.M. Cohen, S.C. Finney i P.L. Gibbard
Gener de 2013 © Comissió Internacional d’Estratigrafia (IUGS)""
Traducció al català coordinada per Xavier Berástegui Batalla (Institut Geològic de Catalunya) amb les aportacions de Juli Moll-Gómez de la Tia (Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya) i la collaboració de Josep Serra Kiel (Universitat de Barcelona), David Serrat i Congost, Pere Santanach i Prat (Institut d’Estudis Catalans) i Mariano Marzo Carpio (Reial Acadèmia de Ciències i Arts de Barcelona).
Els límits inferiors de les unitats de tots els rangs (estatges, sèries, sistemes i eratemes) es troben actualment en procés de ser definits, mitjançant seccions i punts, com a Estratotips Globals de Límit (GSSP-Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point). L’Arqueà i el Proterozoic que, per convenció, havien estat definits cronomètricament, segons edats numèriques absolutes (GSSAs-Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages) estan involucrats en el proces esmentat. Els GSSP oficials es marquen a la taula amb el símbol del “Clau Daurat” (Golden Spike) amb el qual també es materialitzen en el terreny.
Hom pot trobar la taula original i els detalls dels GSSP ratificats (criteris de definició de cadascun d’ells, localització geogràfica i geològica, correlació etc.) a http://www.stratigraphy.org.
Les edats numèriques (Ma) estan subjectes a revisió i no defineixen unitats en el Fanerozoic i en l’Ediacarià. Això només ho fan els GSSP. Pel que fa als límits d’aquelles unitats del Fanerozoic que encara no tenen un GSSP ratificat, o dels quals no es disposa d’una edat numèrica acotada, la taula dóna una edat numèrica aproximada (~). Les edats numèriques de tots els sistemes, excepte el Triàsic, el Cretaci i el Precambrià, provenen de Gradstein et al. (A Geologic Time Scale 2012). Les del Triàsic i el Cretaci són aportacions originals de les subcomissions respectives de la ICS-IUGS.
El codi de colors segueix la convenció establerta per la Comissió del Mapa Geològic del Món (CCGM-IUGS) http://www.ccgm.org
Taula dissenyada per K.M. Cohen, S.C. Finney i P.L. Gibbard
Gener de 2013 © Comissió Internacional d’Estratigrafia (IUGS)""
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""IUGS' International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). January 2013
Units of all ranks are in... more ""IUGS' International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). January 2013
Units of all ranks are in the process of being defined by Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points (GSSP) for their lower boundaries, including those of the Archean and Proterozoic, long defined by Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages (GSSA). Charts and detailed information on ratified GSSPs are available at the website http://www.stratigraphy.org. The URL to this chart is found below.
Numerical ages are subject to revision and do not define units in the Phanerozoic and the Ediacaran; only GSSPs do. For boundaries in the Phanerozoic without ratified GSSPs or without constrained numerical ages, an approximate numerical age (~) is provided.
Numerical ages for all systems except Permian,Triassic, Cretaceous and Precambrian are taken from ‘A Geologic Time Scale 2012’ by Gradstein et al. (2012); those for the Permian, Triassic and Cretaceous were provided by the relevant ICS subcommissions.
Coloring follows the Commission for the Geological Map of the World. http://www.ccgm.org
Chart drafted by K.M. Cohen, S. Finney, P.L. Gibbard
(c) International Commission on Stratigraphy, January 2013"
Units of all ranks are in the process of being defined by Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points (GSSP) for their lower boundaries, including those of the Archean and Proterozoic, long defined by Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages (GSSA). Charts and detailed information on ratified GSSPs are available at the website http://www.stratigraphy.org. The URL to this chart is found below.
Numerical ages are subject to revision and do not define units in the Phanerozoic and the Ediacaran; only GSSPs do. For boundaries in the Phanerozoic without ratified GSSPs or without constrained numerical ages, an approximate numerical age (~) is provided.
Numerical ages for all systems except Permian,Triassic, Cretaceous and Precambrian are taken from ‘A Geologic Time Scale 2012’ by Gradstein et al. (2012); those for the Permian, Triassic and Cretaceous were provided by the relevant ICS subcommissions.
Coloring follows the Commission for the Geological Map of the World. http://www.ccgm.org
Chart drafted by K.M. Cohen, S. Finney, P.L. Gibbard
(c) International Commission on Stratigraphy, January 2013"
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French translation of ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2012. K.M. Cohen, S. Finney, P.... more French translation of ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2012. K.M. Cohen, S. Finney, P.L. Gibbard. IUGS ICS. Translation by CCGM commission.
"La définition de la limite inférieure de chaque unité formelle par un point précis dans la coupe d’un stratotype de limite global (GSSP-Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points) est encore en cours, y compris celle des unités de l’Archéen et du Protérozoïque, auparavant définie par des âges absolus (GSSA-Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages).
Les chartes et des informations plus détaillées sur les GSSP sont disponibles sur le site web de l’International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) www.stratigraphy.org.
Les âges numériques sont sujets à révision et ne définissent pas les unités du Phanérozoïque et de l’Édicarien; seuls les GSSP le font. Pour les limites du Phanérozoïque qui n’ont pas de GSSP ratifiés ou des âges numériques calibrés, un âge numérique approximatif (~) est indiqué.
Les âges numériques de tous les systèmes à l’exception du Trias, Crétacé et Précambrien sont tirés du livre ˝A Geologic Time Scale 2012˝ par Gradstein et al. (2012) ; ceux du Trias et du Crétacé ont été définis par les subcommissions de l’ICS.
Les couleurs suivent l’usage de la Commission de la Carte Géologique du Monde (CCGM). http:/www.ccgm.org
Mai 2012 © International Commission on Stratigraphy
Conception & dessin : K.M. Cohen, S.Finney, P.L. Gibbard"
"La définition de la limite inférieure de chaque unité formelle par un point précis dans la coupe d’un stratotype de limite global (GSSP-Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points) est encore en cours, y compris celle des unités de l’Archéen et du Protérozoïque, auparavant définie par des âges absolus (GSSA-Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages).
Les chartes et des informations plus détaillées sur les GSSP sont disponibles sur le site web de l’International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) www.stratigraphy.org.
Les âges numériques sont sujets à révision et ne définissent pas les unités du Phanérozoïque et de l’Édicarien; seuls les GSSP le font. Pour les limites du Phanérozoïque qui n’ont pas de GSSP ratifiés ou des âges numériques calibrés, un âge numérique approximatif (~) est indiqué.
Les âges numériques de tous les systèmes à l’exception du Trias, Crétacé et Précambrien sont tirés du livre ˝A Geologic Time Scale 2012˝ par Gradstein et al. (2012) ; ceux du Trias et du Crétacé ont été définis par les subcommissions de l’ICS.
Les couleurs suivent l’usage de la Commission de la Carte Géologique du Monde (CCGM). http:/www.ccgm.org
Mai 2012 © International Commission on Stratigraphy
Conception & dessin : K.M. Cohen, S.Finney, P.L. Gibbard"
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactUnits of all ranks are in the process of being defined by Global Boundary Stratotype Section and ... more Units of all ranks are in the process of being defined by Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points (GSSP) for their lower boundaries, including those of the Archean and Proterozoic, long defined by Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages (GSSA). Charts and detailed information on ratified GSSPs are available at the website http://www.stratigraphy.org
Numerical ages are subject to revision and do not define units in the Phanerozoic and the Ediacaran; only GSSPs do. For boundaries in the Phanerozoic without ratified GSSPs or without constrained numerical ages, an approximate numerical age (~) is provided.
Numerical ages for all systems except Triassic, Cretaceous and Precambrian are taken from ‘A Geologic Time Scale 2012’ by Gradstein et al. (2012); those for the Triassic and Cretaceous were provided by the relevant ICS subcommissions.
Coloring follows the Commission for the Geological Map of the World. http://www.cgm.org
Chart drafted by K.M. Cohen, S. Finney, P.L. Gibbard
(c) International Commission on Stratigraphy, July 2012
http://www.stratigraphy.org"
Numerical ages are subject to revision and do not define units in the Phanerozoic and the Ediacaran; only GSSPs do. For boundaries in the Phanerozoic without ratified GSSPs or without constrained numerical ages, an approximate numerical age (~) is provided.
Numerical ages for all systems except Triassic, Cretaceous and Precambrian are taken from ‘A Geologic Time Scale 2012’ by Gradstein et al. (2012); those for the Triassic and Cretaceous were provided by the relevant ICS subcommissions.
Coloring follows the Commission for the Geological Map of the World. http://www.cgm.org
Chart drafted by K.M. Cohen, S. Finney, P.L. Gibbard
(c) International Commission on Stratigraphy, July 2012
http://www.stratigraphy.org"
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact
Table and written explanation on www.quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk/charts.
The table provid... more Table and written explanation on www.quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk/charts.
The table provides a correlation of chronostratigraphical subdivisions of late Cenozoic geological time, spanning the last 2.7 million years. The formal division of the Quaternary is the responsibility of the IUGS International Commission on Stratigraphy’s (ICS) Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS), in partnership with the International Union for Quaternary Research’s (INQUA) Commission on Stratigraphy and Chronology (SACCOM). Previous versions of the chart (see website ) were published as Gibbard et al. (2004, 2005) and Gibbard & Cohen (2008). Since then annual updated versions have appeared on the web.
Gibbard, P.L., Cohen, K.M., Boreham, S. & Moscariello, A. 2004. Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years. Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, International Commission on Stratigraphy: Cambridge.
Gibbard, P.L., Boreham, S., Cohen, K.M. & Moscariello, A. 2005 Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years. Boreas 34 (1) (inclusion).
Gibbard, P.L. and Cohen, K.M. 2008. Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years. Episodes 31, 243-247.
The table provides a correlation of chronostratigraphical subdivisions of late Cenozoic geological time, spanning the last 2.7 million years. The formal division of the Quaternary is the responsibility of the IUGS International Commission on Stratigraphy’s (ICS) Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS), in partnership with the International Union for Quaternary Research’s (INQUA) Commission on Stratigraphy and Chronology (SACCOM). Previous versions of the chart (see website ) were published as Gibbard et al. (2004, 2005) and Gibbard & Cohen (2008). Since then annual updated versions have appeared on the web.
Gibbard, P.L., Cohen, K.M., Boreham, S. & Moscariello, A. 2004. Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years. Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, International Commission on Stratigraphy: Cambridge.
Gibbard, P.L., Boreham, S., Cohen, K.M. & Moscariello, A. 2005 Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years. Boreas 34 (1) (inclusion).
Gibbard, P.L. and Cohen, K.M. 2008. Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years. Episodes 31, 243-247.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactTable and written explanation on www.quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk/charts. This version is also ... more Table and written explanation on www.quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk/charts. This version is also distributed via www.stratigraphy.org.
The table provides a correlation of chronostratigraphical subdivisions of late Cenozoic geological time, spanning the last 2.7 million years. The formal division of the Quaternary is the responsibility of the IUGS International Commission on Stratigraphy‟s (ICS) Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS), in partnership with the International Union for Quaternary Research‟s (INQUA) Commission on Stratigraphy and Chronology (SACCOM). Previous versions of the chart (see website) were published as Gibbard et al. (2004, 2005) and Gibbard & Cohen (2008).
Gibbard, P.L., Cohen, K.M., Boreham, S. & Moscariello, A. 2004. Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years. Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, International Commission on Stratigraphy: Cambridge.
Gibbard, P.L., Boreham, S., Cohen, K.M. & Moscariello, A. 2005 Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years. Boreas 34 (1) (inclusion).
Gibbard, P.L. and Cohen, K.M. 2008. Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years. Episodes 31, 243-247.
The table provides a correlation of chronostratigraphical subdivisions of late Cenozoic geological time, spanning the last 2.7 million years. The formal division of the Quaternary is the responsibility of the IUGS International Commission on Stratigraphy‟s (ICS) Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS), in partnership with the International Union for Quaternary Research‟s (INQUA) Commission on Stratigraphy and Chronology (SACCOM). Previous versions of the chart (see website) were published as Gibbard et al. (2004, 2005) and Gibbard & Cohen (2008).
Gibbard, P.L., Cohen, K.M., Boreham, S. & Moscariello, A. 2004. Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years. Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, International Commission on Stratigraphy: Cambridge.
Gibbard, P.L., Boreham, S., Cohen, K.M. & Moscariello, A. 2005 Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years. Boreas 34 (1) (inclusion).
Gibbard, P.L. and Cohen, K.M. 2008. Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years. Episodes 31, 243-247.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactThe table provides a correlation of chronostratigraphical subdivisions of late Cenozoic geologica... more The table provides a correlation of chronostratigraphical subdivisions of late Cenozoic geological time, spanning the last 2.7 million years.
The table provides a correlation of chronostratigraphical subdivisions of late Cenozoic geological time, spanning the last 2.7 million years. The formal division of the Quaternary is the responsibility of the IUGS International Commission on Stratigraphy’s (ICS) Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS), in partnership with the International Union for Quaternary Research’s (INQUA) Commission on Stratigraphy and Chronology (SACCOM). Previous versions of the chart (see website ) were published as Gibbard et al. (2004, 2005)
The table provides a correlation of chronostratigraphical subdivisions of late Cenozoic geological time, spanning the last 2.7 million years. The formal division of the Quaternary is the responsibility of the IUGS International Commission on Stratigraphy’s (ICS) Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS), in partnership with the International Union for Quaternary Research’s (INQUA) Commission on Stratigraphy and Chronology (SACCOM). Previous versions of the chart (see website ) were published as Gibbard et al. (2004, 2005)
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact
by Jan Peeters and Kim M Cohen
"In order to improve our insights in the sequence stratigraphic and architectural development of ... more "In order to improve our insights in the sequence stratigraphic and architectural development of lower deltaic hydrocarbon reservoirs we study the Last Interglacial Rhine delta (MIS-5), and compare it to its well investigated counterpart, the Holocene (MIS-1) Rhine-Meuse delta (Berendsen & Stouthamer, 2000). The Last Interglacial record has experienced a full glacial-interglacial cycle of sea-level and climate change in a subsiding tectonic setting, and arguably is in a more relevant state of preservation when the delta is to be used as a reservoir analogue.
For both deltas a large amount of sedimentary and chronological control is available from borehole-databases of Utrecht University and Geological Survey of the Netherlands – TNO. The dataset for the Last Interglacial is composed of undisturbed continuous cores, cone penetration tests, gamma well logs, as well as offshore and onshore seismics. 3D geological models aided to architecturally characterize the near-coastal deposits. Optically Stimulated Luminescence dating, palaeomagnetism, U/Th dating and biostratigraphy were used for age determination.
Here we compare the sedimentary architecture of both deltas and discuss the preservation potential of deltaic sediments dating from the Last Interglacial.
The Last Interglacial lower Rhine delta occupies and buries a relative wide ice-marginal valley, inherited from the deglaciation stages of the penultimate glacial (MIS-6), incised in and flanked by Middle Pleistocene fluvial deposits with a till-sheet cap (Peeters et al., 2013). The Last Interglacial deltaic sediments are primarily flood basin fines of the Rhine and occur over the full width of the palaeo-valley. These fresh-water sequence shows a gradual change into estuarine conditions towards its top. A shallow- marine sequence, deposited during the Eemian transgression and sea-level high-stand, forms the upper part of the Last Interglacial sequence. These Last Interglacial deposits are erosionally truncated and buried by Rhine (and local) sediments of Weichselian Pleniglacial age and Late Glacial eolian sediments. The sedimentary sequence is capped by Holocene age lagoonal and fluvio-deltaic deposits.
One way to add to a better understanding and predictability is to focus on (non)preservation of the lower delta in transgressive and high stand settings (Peeters exp. 2014).
The Weichselian Rhine strongly eroded parts of the Last Interglacial sequence but left it nearly intact at the valley sides. An analysis of the preserved versus eroded sequence shows that of the Last Interglacial Rhine delta only the lower transgressive estuarine and delta deposits have been preserved, the latter being equivalent to the Holocene estuarine deposits and basal peats. The major difference between both deltas is the (near) lack of Last Interglacial high stand sediments.
The one-million-dollar-question is of course whether these high stand deposits are eroded or never have been deposited, and whether we understand why and can use it predictively.
A detailed comparison of the Last Interglacial and Holocene Rhine deltas illustrates the preservation potential of a delta during a full glacial-interglacial cycle. Our comparison helps to better understand and reconstruct older deltas and hence the stratigraphic architecture of hydrocarbon reservoirs.
Acknowledgements
This presentation abstract is part of Jan Peeters’ PhD-research at Utrecht University, which is generously supported by Statoil, TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands and Deltares.
References
Berendsen, H.J.A. and Stouthamer, E. (2000) Late Weichselian and Holocene palaeogeography of the Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands. Palaeo3, 161, 311-335.
Peeters, J., Busschers, F.S., Bosch, J.H.A., vd Berg, M.W., Bunnik, F.P.M. and Stouthamer, E. (2013) Architecture and preservation of a Last Interglacial lower delta: case study of the River Rhine, The Netherlands. Submitted.
Peeters, J. (exp. 2014) PhD Thesis Utrecht University. In preparation.
"
For both deltas a large amount of sedimentary and chronological control is available from borehole-databases of Utrecht University and Geological Survey of the Netherlands – TNO. The dataset for the Last Interglacial is composed of undisturbed continuous cores, cone penetration tests, gamma well logs, as well as offshore and onshore seismics. 3D geological models aided to architecturally characterize the near-coastal deposits. Optically Stimulated Luminescence dating, palaeomagnetism, U/Th dating and biostratigraphy were used for age determination.
Here we compare the sedimentary architecture of both deltas and discuss the preservation potential of deltaic sediments dating from the Last Interglacial.
The Last Interglacial lower Rhine delta occupies and buries a relative wide ice-marginal valley, inherited from the deglaciation stages of the penultimate glacial (MIS-6), incised in and flanked by Middle Pleistocene fluvial deposits with a till-sheet cap (Peeters et al., 2013). The Last Interglacial deltaic sediments are primarily flood basin fines of the Rhine and occur over the full width of the palaeo-valley. These fresh-water sequence shows a gradual change into estuarine conditions towards its top. A shallow- marine sequence, deposited during the Eemian transgression and sea-level high-stand, forms the upper part of the Last Interglacial sequence. These Last Interglacial deposits are erosionally truncated and buried by Rhine (and local) sediments of Weichselian Pleniglacial age and Late Glacial eolian sediments. The sedimentary sequence is capped by Holocene age lagoonal and fluvio-deltaic deposits.
One way to add to a better understanding and predictability is to focus on (non)preservation of the lower delta in transgressive and high stand settings (Peeters exp. 2014).
The Weichselian Rhine strongly eroded parts of the Last Interglacial sequence but left it nearly intact at the valley sides. An analysis of the preserved versus eroded sequence shows that of the Last Interglacial Rhine delta only the lower transgressive estuarine and delta deposits have been preserved, the latter being equivalent to the Holocene estuarine deposits and basal peats. The major difference between both deltas is the (near) lack of Last Interglacial high stand sediments.
The one-million-dollar-question is of course whether these high stand deposits are eroded or never have been deposited, and whether we understand why and can use it predictively.
A detailed comparison of the Last Interglacial and Holocene Rhine deltas illustrates the preservation potential of a delta during a full glacial-interglacial cycle. Our comparison helps to better understand and reconstruct older deltas and hence the stratigraphic architecture of hydrocarbon reservoirs.
Acknowledgements
This presentation abstract is part of Jan Peeters’ PhD-research at Utrecht University, which is generously supported by Statoil, TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands and Deltares.
References
Berendsen, H.J.A. and Stouthamer, E. (2000) Late Weichselian and Holocene palaeogeography of the Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands. Palaeo3, 161, 311-335.
Peeters, J., Busschers, F.S., Bosch, J.H.A., vd Berg, M.W., Bunnik, F.P.M. and Stouthamer, E. (2013) Architecture and preservation of a Last Interglacial lower delta: case study of the River Rhine, The Netherlands. Submitted.
Peeters, J. (exp. 2014) PhD Thesis Utrecht University. In preparation.
"
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by Jan Stafleu and Kim M Cohen
Peat is abundantly present in the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta and coastal plain of the Netherlands... more Peat is abundantly present in the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta and coastal plain of the Netherlands, where it occurs intercalated with fluvial and marine deposits. Due to its susceptibility to oxidation and compaction, peat had a major influence on deltaic and coastal sedimentary processes. At present peat is a major contributor to land subsidence. A research outline will be presented on 3D modeling of peat characteristics in the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta, in order to assess its control on past and present landscape dynamics. Modeling will be executed in the GeoTop domain of TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands and will cover the delta and adjacent peaty coastal plain areas of Zuid-Holland, Noord-Holland and Flevoland. Input data will be derived from the DINO and Utrecht University borehole and CPT databases, mapping products and 14C data. The modeling procedure comprises four stages: 1) palaeo-groundwater rise, 2) peat-related land subsidence, 3) organic-facies distribution and 4) compaction, oxidation and mechanical properties of peat. The modeling results will eventually be integrated in a generic 3D map product, describing present day peat characteristics in relation to Holocene dynamics of peat formation and Rhine-Meuse sedimentary development.
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by Harm Jan Pierik and Kim M Cohen
In Late Holocene coastal plains significant landscape developments took place, partly due to natu... more In Late Holocene coastal plains significant landscape developments took place, partly due to natural factors, but they were also affected by human activities. The coastal segments that make up the Dutch coast, each had a distinct evolution over the last 2500 years. Abundant geological and archaeological data allows to review and compare this evolution in detail.
We consider processes from the marine realm and from the hinterland, with natural and human-induced forcings. Feedbacks between these protecting landscape elements, the degree of peat land loss and human occupation are evident from details in the Late Holocene evolution.
From 5 to 2.5 ka, the coastal evolution in most coastal segments was essentially characterised by stabilisation. Under steadily decreasing rates of sea level rise a matured barrier system protected a wide back-barrier area that saw extensive peat formation. In the last 2.5 ka however, large areas of the coastal plain area became ingressed and marine inundated, mainly as a consequence of human reclamation. Especially the peat lands in coastal segments with narrow beach barriers were more sensitive to flooding and ingression. These saw series of new tidal inlet systems develop that partly silted up again.
Coastal segments that had received abundant fluvial and marine sediment supply in times before, were much less affected by Late Holocene ingressions. The wide barrier complex and tidal-river levee systems in the back-barrier area helped preventing ingression. In the Northern Netherlands, accretion of salt marsh ridges took place half way in the back-barrier area, while regional ingression and loss of peat land occurred in further inland areas.
We consider processes from the marine realm and from the hinterland, with natural and human-induced forcings. Feedbacks between these protecting landscape elements, the degree of peat land loss and human occupation are evident from details in the Late Holocene evolution.
From 5 to 2.5 ka, the coastal evolution in most coastal segments was essentially characterised by stabilisation. Under steadily decreasing rates of sea level rise a matured barrier system protected a wide back-barrier area that saw extensive peat formation. In the last 2.5 ka however, large areas of the coastal plain area became ingressed and marine inundated, mainly as a consequence of human reclamation. Especially the peat lands in coastal segments with narrow beach barriers were more sensitive to flooding and ingression. These saw series of new tidal inlet systems develop that partly silted up again.
Coastal segments that had received abundant fluvial and marine sediment supply in times before, were much less affected by Late Holocene ingressions. The wide barrier complex and tidal-river levee systems in the back-barrier area helped preventing ingression. In the Northern Netherlands, accretion of salt marsh ridges took place half way in the back-barrier area, while regional ingression and loss of peat land occurred in further inland areas.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactS09 Commission Poster Session - INQUA2015 Nagoya congress
Allocated Session Time: 29 July (Wed... more S09 Commission Poster Session - INQUA2015 Nagoya congress
Allocated Session Time: 29 July (Wed) 9:00-20:00 (core time 14:00-15:00), Event Hall
Allocated Session Time: 29 July (Wed) 9:00-20:00 (core time 14:00-15:00), Event Hall
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactThis presentation will offer a regional stratigraphical scheme for Europe north of the Mediterran... more This presentation will offer a regional stratigraphical scheme for Europe north of the Mediterranean Sea. The chart will show the events during the critical last 10% of Quaternary time. The implications of these events bear strongly on today's environment. Deposits from this critical period are studied in the highest resolution. They are widespread, still being preserved, indeed they are better preserved than those from older cycles.
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Stratigraphical architecture and lithological variability of deltaic deposits are principally det... more Stratigraphical architecture and lithological variability of deltaic deposits are principally determined at syn-depositional time-scales. During delta aggradation, the properties of strata (thickness, consistency, depth, geometry) change rapidly, with strong feedbacks on successive sedimentation patterns. Simulation models that generate synthetic architectures operate on this time scale. They need their parameters specified based on field studies in order to realistically simulate deltaic build up and the auto- and allo-stratigraphic patterns therein. Dedicated studies from Quaternary settings can provide this. For parameters describing the rates of subsidence (whether due to compaction, tectonics or both) it is especially important to have these determined at appropriate time-steps.
We present results from the southern North Sea Basin where the Rhine-Meuse delta and adjacent coastal plain took the last 9 millennia to build up. The lithogenetic diversity within the Holocene coastal prism is known very well and the area serves as an analogue to ancient reservoirs and a target case for simulation-modelling. More importantly, we have now quantified peat compaction rates, which significantly contribute to total Holocene subsidence rates. Moreover, rates of subsidence due to tectonics and glacio-hydro isostatic adjustment are quantified.
Holocene-averaged compaction rates are quantified for a range of floodplain environments and sequences, e.g. for distal flood basin peats with and without natural loads of younger flood basin clays, natural levee and splay complexes, based on direct field measurements and a compaction model calibrated on field data. Neotectonic differential subsidence is quantified throughout the delta, using substrate deformation and lagoon water level rise to determine rates for the last 15 ka and 7 ka respectively. Local and regional architectural effects of differential compaction and tectonics have been inventoried.
We compare the quantified rates for peat compaction and substrate subsidence in space (e.g. tidal lagoon, central delta, delta-lagoon fringe parts) and time (e.g. in the Transgressive Systems Tracts, Highstand Systems Tract). We use this to explain facies and architectural differences within the deltaic wedge. The separated components of syn-depositional subsidence each show complex spatial patterns and non-linearity in time. To understand and simulate autogenic processes in, and alluvial architecture of modern and ancient deltas, it is needed to independently grasp the differential effects of compaction, tectonics and isostacy on the syn-depositional time scale.
We present results from the southern North Sea Basin where the Rhine-Meuse delta and adjacent coastal plain took the last 9 millennia to build up. The lithogenetic diversity within the Holocene coastal prism is known very well and the area serves as an analogue to ancient reservoirs and a target case for simulation-modelling. More importantly, we have now quantified peat compaction rates, which significantly contribute to total Holocene subsidence rates. Moreover, rates of subsidence due to tectonics and glacio-hydro isostatic adjustment are quantified.
Holocene-averaged compaction rates are quantified for a range of floodplain environments and sequences, e.g. for distal flood basin peats with and without natural loads of younger flood basin clays, natural levee and splay complexes, based on direct field measurements and a compaction model calibrated on field data. Neotectonic differential subsidence is quantified throughout the delta, using substrate deformation and lagoon water level rise to determine rates for the last 15 ka and 7 ka respectively. Local and regional architectural effects of differential compaction and tectonics have been inventoried.
We compare the quantified rates for peat compaction and substrate subsidence in space (e.g. tidal lagoon, central delta, delta-lagoon fringe parts) and time (e.g. in the Transgressive Systems Tracts, Highstand Systems Tract). We use this to explain facies and architectural differences within the deltaic wedge. The separated components of syn-depositional subsidence each show complex spatial patterns and non-linearity in time. To understand and simulate autogenic processes in, and alluvial architecture of modern and ancient deltas, it is needed to independently grasp the differential effects of compaction, tectonics and isostacy on the syn-depositional time scale.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactPOSTER Abstract """Renée de Bruijn, Astrid S. Ruiter, Kim M. Cohen, Wim Z. Hoek
Although pingo... more POSTER Abstract """Renée de Bruijn, Astrid S. Ruiter, Kim M. Cohen, Wim Z. Hoek
Although pingo remnant depressions widely occur in the northern Netherlands, in north-west Germany these features have not often been described. For this study, 17 potential pingo remnants have been studied in four regions: Friesland and Drenthe in the Netherlands and Ost-Friesland and Oldenburg in Niedersachsen, Germany. Depression shap and infill were compared based on coring transects and samples of the deepest infill of the depressions, in order to evaluate geographical and temporal trends.
27-30 april 2013"""
Although pingo remnant depressions widely occur in the northern Netherlands, in north-west Germany these features have not often been described. For this study, 17 potential pingo remnants have been studied in four regions: Friesland and Drenthe in the Netherlands and Ost-Friesland and Oldenburg in Niedersachsen, Germany. Depression shap and infill were compared based on coring transects and samples of the deepest infill of the depressions, in order to evaluate geographical and temporal trends.
27-30 april 2013"""
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geo.uu.nl
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The Gelderse IJssel is the youngest natural distributary of the Rhine delta. When it came into ex... more The Gelderse IJssel is the youngest natural distributary of the Rhine delta. When it came into existence between 300 and 700 AD, it annexed a valley that had not previously been part of the Holocene deltaplain. Understanding the drainage configuration of the valley and the position of the main divide, which separated ‘Rhine tributaries’ from ‘drainage going north’ prior to the formation of the IJssel, is key when reconstructing the timing and mechanics of the annexation process. The initiation of the IJssel is of archeological-historical interest, and the features from the initial stage - preserved some meters above deposits from later stages - offer a great opportunity to quantify a major flood of the Rhine.
During 5 years of field campaign covering the full river valley length and width, we mapped and dated landscape features related to the IJssel diversion and the area’s many dissected older elements. This allowed us to position the paleodivide between Zutphen and Deventer, and to explain how it formed. The outcomes falsify former paleodrainage reconstructions that assume the divide lay further south and that showed the rivers Berkel and Oude IJssel draining northward, instead of heading west towards the Rhine.
http://www.nac10.nl/documents/Geo-Archeology.pdf - abstract #14 | Talk transformed to Poster presentation.
During 5 years of field campaign covering the full river valley length and width, we mapped and dated landscape features related to the IJssel diversion and the area’s many dissected older elements. This allowed us to position the paleodivide between Zutphen and Deventer, and to explain how it formed. The outcomes falsify former paleodrainage reconstructions that assume the divide lay further south and that showed the rivers Berkel and Oude IJssel draining northward, instead of heading west towards the Rhine.
http://www.nac10.nl/documents/Geo-Archeology.pdf - abstract #14 | Talk transformed to Poster presentation.
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POSTER - Fluvial records in various ways contain evidence of past hydrological events, which can ... more POSTER - Fluvial records in various ways contain evidence of past hydrological events, which can be linked to Earth’s climate variability. Chronological control of fluvial archives has much improved in the last decades particularly for the Holocene and Late Pleistocene records, and this is renewing their use to improve palaeoflood sequences of rivers worldwide. The INQUA funded HEX Events project aims to combine extended regional records of hydrological events (above average stream flow and discrete flood events) from multiple proxies and to establish in-phase and out-of-phase periods of hydrological activity in response to climate and atmospheric circulation variability. The project approach is based on combined meta-analysis of large sets of dates (radiocarbon, OSL, IRSL) of diverse fluvial contexts, allowing series of fluvial activity periods to be more objectively defined, better facilitating their characterization in terms of forcing hydrological conditions, once overprint effects due to ‘preservation’ and ‘radiocarbon plateaus’ are corrected. This approach is applied to records of fluvial activity in different clusters of catchments, larger river drainage basins, and countries. The approach facilitates comparison with other climate and human impact proxy records, time series and other indicators, demonstrating the value of creating aggregate fluvial-palaeohydrological databases, to explain the past and predict the future of floods and droughts in our rivers. The HEX project has established the bases for addressing this standardised methodology on five target zones: (1) Mediterranean region; (2) Central Europe and Russian Plain; (3) North America (4) South America, (5) North Africa and (6) Australia.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactPOSTER The Dutch coast consists of beach barriers and tidal inlet systems which dynamically devel... more POSTER The Dutch coast consists of beach barriers and tidal inlet systems which dynamically developed during the Holocene. The resulting coastal plain geology has been studied extensively since the beginning of the 20th century, in various ways and from different backgrounds. Today, a large amount of heterogeneous data and many regional studies are available. However, the overwhelming quantities make that knowledge tends to stay fragmented. To analyze coastal system dynamics at millennial time scales, an overview and integration of knowledge on coastal development is required. Therefore, a GIS-system has been developed, expanding on methods for mapping the Rhine-Meuse delta. The new GIS-system documents the accumulated knowledge on individual geological-geomorphological elements and allows to map coastal evolution from past to present. The system links digital base maps (extent of geological-geomorphological elements) and database tables (dating, lines of reasoning, references to sources), which both are dynamically updatable. The system combines this data in scripts to produce palaeogeographical maps for times of choice, as far as data allows. It enables supraregional comparison of coastal plain development, along the entire Dutch coast, and its local and regional forcings by quantitatively analyzing sea ingression dynamics. Both academic and applied research can benefit from this integrated reconstruction.
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Overstromingen van de Rijn gedurende het Holoceen:
Relevantie van de grootste overstromingen voo... more Overstromingen van de Rijn gedurende het Holoceen:
Relevantie van de grootste overstromingen voor archeologie van het Nederlandse rivierengebied
Dit rapport relateert onlangs verworven kennis over de grootte en timing van zeldzaam grote overstromingen van de Rijn in Nederland en aangrenzend Duitsland aan toepassingen in de ‘rivierarcheologie’. Sporen van bewoning van het rivierengebied liggen overwegend ingebed in oeverafzettingen van rivieren, die zijn afgezet tijdens overstromingen. Overstromingen zijn langs rivieren gewone, regelmatig terugkerende verschijnselen, maar niet iedere overstroming is even groot en extreem grote overstromingen komen onregelmatig voor.
Uit fysisch-geografisch onderzoek dat in de periode 2007-2013 vanuit de Universiteit Utrecht met partners is opgezet en uitgevoerd, is een tijdreeks met de grootste overstromingen van de Rijn in de afgelopen 8000 jaar beschikbaar gekomen (Proefschrift W.H.J. Toonen, 2013).
Met het beschikbaar komen van nieuwe methodieken die een continu overzicht in het optreden van overstromingen scheppen –completer en generieker dan voorheen – lijken ook de mogelijkheden hiervan in archeologisch gebruik te zijn gegroeid. Dit was aanleiding te verkennen wat de aanbevolen manieren van zulk gebruik zijn.
Zowel voor prehistorische tijdvakken, als voor protohistorische en historische, levert de ontwikkelde onderzoeksmethode een sedimentaire overstromingsgeschiedenis waarin juist de allergrootste events zijn aan te wijzen en van een datering worden voorzien (figuur 10, tabel 1, p. 41-42). Ingebed in sedimenten van normale overstromingen, zijn de afwijkende event-lagen herkend van onregelmatig terugkerende extreme overstromingen en op zeldzaamheid gerangschikt. Bij de huidige stand van onderzoek kan daarmee tot 8000 jaar terug van de allergrootste overstromingen –die zeldzamer dan eens per 500 jaar – de timing worden vastgesteld. Voor de jongste 1500 jaar is de resolutie van de tot nu toe verzamelde set gegevens groter, waardoor overstromingsevents met gemiddelde terugkeertijden van eens per 25 jaar individueel herkend konden worden.
Het in de tijd en in sedimentaire opeenvolgingen op archeologische sites kunnen aanwijzen van de allergrootste overstromingen, biedt nieuwe archeologisch-geologische dateringsmogelijkheden op site niveau (‘event-stratigrafie’). Dat voegt resolutie en interpretatief detail toe aan de bewoningsgeschiedenis van nederzettingen langs rivieren in de delta. Het herkennen van markers van overstromingen op archeo-logisch onderzochte locaties kan ook verdere kwantificering van de grootte van (pre)historische overstromingen ten goede komen.
Patronen van bewoning hangen door alle archeologische perioden heen sterk samen met verleggingen van rivierlopen, die zich tijdens opeenvolgende overstromingen hebben voltrokken. In het laatste millennium voor Christus was de overstromingsintensiteit lager dan in het eerste millennium na Christus. Dat inzicht in de overstromings-geschiedenis werkt door in paleogeografisch-archeologische reconstructies van veranderingen in de delta (vooral in de jongste 2500 jaar, gekoppeld aan het zich geleidelijk voltrekken van rivierverleggin-gen; tabel 2, p. 52-53) en is daarmee bruikbaar in synthetiserende archeologische studies. De invloed van overstromingen op de rivierdeltabewoners in de IJzertijd en Vroeg Romeinse tijd was vermoedelijk minder groot dan die in de Laat Romeinse tijden de Vroege Middeleeuwen.
Relevantie van de grootste overstromingen voor archeologie van het Nederlandse rivierengebied
Dit rapport relateert onlangs verworven kennis over de grootte en timing van zeldzaam grote overstromingen van de Rijn in Nederland en aangrenzend Duitsland aan toepassingen in de ‘rivierarcheologie’. Sporen van bewoning van het rivierengebied liggen overwegend ingebed in oeverafzettingen van rivieren, die zijn afgezet tijdens overstromingen. Overstromingen zijn langs rivieren gewone, regelmatig terugkerende verschijnselen, maar niet iedere overstroming is even groot en extreem grote overstromingen komen onregelmatig voor.
Uit fysisch-geografisch onderzoek dat in de periode 2007-2013 vanuit de Universiteit Utrecht met partners is opgezet en uitgevoerd, is een tijdreeks met de grootste overstromingen van de Rijn in de afgelopen 8000 jaar beschikbaar gekomen (Proefschrift W.H.J. Toonen, 2013).
Met het beschikbaar komen van nieuwe methodieken die een continu overzicht in het optreden van overstromingen scheppen –completer en generieker dan voorheen – lijken ook de mogelijkheden hiervan in archeologisch gebruik te zijn gegroeid. Dit was aanleiding te verkennen wat de aanbevolen manieren van zulk gebruik zijn.
Zowel voor prehistorische tijdvakken, als voor protohistorische en historische, levert de ontwikkelde onderzoeksmethode een sedimentaire overstromingsgeschiedenis waarin juist de allergrootste events zijn aan te wijzen en van een datering worden voorzien (figuur 10, tabel 1, p. 41-42). Ingebed in sedimenten van normale overstromingen, zijn de afwijkende event-lagen herkend van onregelmatig terugkerende extreme overstromingen en op zeldzaamheid gerangschikt. Bij de huidige stand van onderzoek kan daarmee tot 8000 jaar terug van de allergrootste overstromingen –die zeldzamer dan eens per 500 jaar – de timing worden vastgesteld. Voor de jongste 1500 jaar is de resolutie van de tot nu toe verzamelde set gegevens groter, waardoor overstromingsevents met gemiddelde terugkeertijden van eens per 25 jaar individueel herkend konden worden.
Het in de tijd en in sedimentaire opeenvolgingen op archeologische sites kunnen aanwijzen van de allergrootste overstromingen, biedt nieuwe archeologisch-geologische dateringsmogelijkheden op site niveau (‘event-stratigrafie’). Dat voegt resolutie en interpretatief detail toe aan de bewoningsgeschiedenis van nederzettingen langs rivieren in de delta. Het herkennen van markers van overstromingen op archeo-logisch onderzochte locaties kan ook verdere kwantificering van de grootte van (pre)historische overstromingen ten goede komen.
Patronen van bewoning hangen door alle archeologische perioden heen sterk samen met verleggingen van rivierlopen, die zich tijdens opeenvolgende overstromingen hebben voltrokken. In het laatste millennium voor Christus was de overstromingsintensiteit lager dan in het eerste millennium na Christus. Dat inzicht in de overstromings-geschiedenis werkt door in paleogeografisch-archeologische reconstructies van veranderingen in de delta (vooral in de jongste 2500 jaar, gekoppeld aan het zich geleidelijk voltrekken van rivierverleggin-gen; tabel 2, p. 52-53) en is daarmee bruikbaar in synthetiserende archeologische studies. De invloed van overstromingen op de rivierdeltabewoners in de IJzertijd en Vroeg Romeinse tijd was vermoedelijk minder groot dan die in de Laat Romeinse tijden de Vroege Middeleeuwen.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact
"[in Dutch - English below] Dit rapport, gericht op beleidmakers en bestuurders in het rivierenge... more "[in Dutch - English below] Dit rapport, gericht op beleidmakers en bestuurders in het rivierengebied, beoogt enig inzicht te verschaffen in het natuurlijke gedrag van rivieren in Nederland, zowel zonder menselijke invloed als in de door de mens beïnvloede situatie, in de huidige situatie en in de recente ontstaansgeschiedenis van de delta. Deze inzichten kunnen behulpzaam zijn bij het maken van keuzes over de toekomstige inrichting van het rivierengebied en het beheer van de rivier.
Door de vraag te stellen: ‘Wat wil de rivier zelf eigenlijk?’ wordt duidelijk in hoeverre de rivierbeheerder tegen de natuur inwerkt en waar met natuurlijke processen en ontwikkelingen kan worden meegelift. Dit biedt inspiratie bij het bepalen van beleidsstrategieën voor de toekomst die de kwaliteit van het geo-ecologisch functioneren van de rivier en van de delta als geheel ten goede komen; en die mogelijk duurzamer, makkelijker te handhaven en op den duur ook goedkoper zijn.
Het rapport is gestructureerd rond verschillende ruimte- en tijdschalen. Huidige vormen van ingrijpen en kunstwerken worden daar besproken waar ze natuurlijke processen beïnvloeden, tegenwerken of pogen te simuleren. Dit gebeurt dan in algemene rivierkundige termen zonder op details van dergelijk ingrijpen in te gaan. Op basis van eerder uitgevoerd onderzoek wordt aangegeven hoe het systeem zich in de komende decennia waarschijnlijk zal ontwikkelen, waar de kwaliteit van functioneren zou kunnen worden vergroot, en waar nog onvoldoende kennis over bestaat om ontwikkeling en mogelijkheden voor verbetering te kunnen voorzien.
[In English] The report, in Dutch, summarises the natural tendencies of human-managed rivers in the Dutch delta, for policy makers and river managers."""
Door de vraag te stellen: ‘Wat wil de rivier zelf eigenlijk?’ wordt duidelijk in hoeverre de rivierbeheerder tegen de natuur inwerkt en waar met natuurlijke processen en ontwikkelingen kan worden meegelift. Dit biedt inspiratie bij het bepalen van beleidsstrategieën voor de toekomst die de kwaliteit van het geo-ecologisch functioneren van de rivier en van de delta als geheel ten goede komen; en die mogelijk duurzamer, makkelijker te handhaven en op den duur ook goedkoper zijn.
Het rapport is gestructureerd rond verschillende ruimte- en tijdschalen. Huidige vormen van ingrijpen en kunstwerken worden daar besproken waar ze natuurlijke processen beïnvloeden, tegenwerken of pogen te simuleren. Dit gebeurt dan in algemene rivierkundige termen zonder op details van dergelijk ingrijpen in te gaan. Op basis van eerder uitgevoerd onderzoek wordt aangegeven hoe het systeem zich in de komende decennia waarschijnlijk zal ontwikkelen, waar de kwaliteit van functioneren zou kunnen worden vergroot, en waar nog onvoldoende kennis over bestaat om ontwikkeling en mogelijkheden voor verbetering te kunnen voorzien.
[In English] The report, in Dutch, summarises the natural tendencies of human-managed rivers in the Dutch delta, for policy makers and river managers."""
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactTwintig meter diep! Mesolithicum in de Yangtzehaven-Maasvlakte te Rotterdam. Landschapsontwikkeling en bewoning in het Vroeg Holoceen. , Jul 7, 2014
VERSION IN ENGLISH? See: https://www.academia.edu/11561969/ Chapter 7 ----------------
Peeter... more VERSION IN ENGLISH? See: https://www.academia.edu/11561969/ Chapter 7 ----------------
Peeters, J.H.M., Brinkhuizen, D.C., Cohen, K.M., Kooistra, L.I., Lubiak-Martens, L., Moree, J.M., Niekus, M.J..L.Th., Schiltmans, D.E.A., Verbaas, A., Verbruggen, F., Vos, P.C., Zeiler, J.T. (2014) Synthese. In: Moree J.M. & Sier M.M. (Red.) Twintig meter diep! Mesolithicum in de Yangtzehaven-Maasvlakte te Rotterdam. Landschapsontwikkeling en bewoning in het Vroeg Holoceen. BOORrapporten 523. Gemeente Rotterdam. p. 289-322.
This 360-page publication on the mesolithic wetland archaeology and early Holocene transgressive landscape evolution of a submerged grab-excavated site in the Rotterdam-Maasvlakte 2 Yangtzeharbour is currently being abridged into English, and expected to appear at the end of the year.
Peeters, J.H.M., Brinkhuizen, D.C., Cohen, K.M., Kooistra, L.I., Lubiak-Martens, L., Moree, J.M., Niekus, M.J..L.Th., Schiltmans, D.E.A., Verbaas, A., Verbruggen, F., Vos, P.C., Zeiler, J.T. (2014) Synthese. In: Moree J.M. & Sier M.M. (Red.) Twintig meter diep! Mesolithicum in de Yangtzehaven-Maasvlakte te Rotterdam. Landschapsontwikkeling en bewoning in het Vroeg Holoceen. BOORrapporten 523. Gemeente Rotterdam. p. 289-322.
This 360-page publication on the mesolithic wetland archaeology and early Holocene transgressive landscape evolution of a submerged grab-excavated site in the Rotterdam-Maasvlakte 2 Yangtzeharbour is currently being abridged into English, and expected to appear at the end of the year.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactTwintig meter diep! Mesolithicum in de Yangtzehaven-Maasvlakte te Rotterdam. Landschapsontwikkeling en bewoning in het Vroeg Holoceen, Jul 7, 2014
VERSION IN ENGLISH? See: https://www.academia.edu/11561969/ Chapter 3
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V... more VERSION IN ENGLISH? See: https://www.academia.edu/11561969/ Chapter 3
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Vos, P.C. & Cohen, K.M. (2014) Landschapsgenese en paleogeografie. In: Moree J.M. & Sier M.M. (Red.) Twintig meter diep! Mesolithicum in de Yangtzehaven-Maasvlakte te Rotterdam. Landschapsontwikkeling en bewoning in het Vroeg Holoceen. BOORrapporten 523. Gemeente Rotterdam. p 61-146.
This 360-page publication on the mesolithic wetland archaeology and early Holocene transgressive landscape evolution of a submerged grab-excavated site in the Rotterdam-Maasvlakte 2 Yangtzeharbour is currently being abridged into English, and expected to appear at the end of the year.
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Vos, P.C. & Cohen, K.M. (2014) Landschapsgenese en paleogeografie. In: Moree J.M. & Sier M.M. (Red.) Twintig meter diep! Mesolithicum in de Yangtzehaven-Maasvlakte te Rotterdam. Landschapsontwikkeling en bewoning in het Vroeg Holoceen. BOORrapporten 523. Gemeente Rotterdam. p 61-146.
This 360-page publication on the mesolithic wetland archaeology and early Holocene transgressive landscape evolution of a submerged grab-excavated site in the Rotterdam-Maasvlakte 2 Yangtzeharbour is currently being abridged into English, and expected to appear at the end of the year.
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This is a sollicited report for the Netherlands ministerial departments envolved in water managem... more This is a sollicited report for the Netherlands ministerial departments envolved in water management and flood safety.
We investigated possibilities for utilizing data and insights from palaeogeography, to better constrain the flooding safety levels as maintained (by law) in the Rhine delta in the Netherlands (Rijkswaterstaat, RIZA Lelystad). The report summarises current knowledge regarding past flooding along the fluvial reaches of the Rhine-delta. It assesses the potential usage of the sedimentary archive for constrainment of rare flood frequency-magnitude relations: available data and insight, preferable methodology, costs of a dedicated research effort.
The modern delta is the outcome of the waxing and waning, avulsion, bifurcation and abandonment of subsequent channels as the result of natural flooding. The build-up of the subsurface is understood in great detail, especially for the last 5000 years. However, information on specific individual extreme floods is very limited. This means that palaeogeographical knowledge currently is not in a form that allows direct application for better constraining e.g. the discharge with a 1/1250 yearly recurrence. Such constraints are much wanted as Dutch flood protection laws demand dikes to protect against such floods, and estimates for it so-far are based on extrapolation of measured discharge series that span too short time. Targeted new research can deliver suitable constraining information within the next few years, and hereto we formulated a double-headed approach.
An important role is attributed to the formation of the Gelderse IJssel branch, which routes a percentage of total discharge northward instead of westward. Before this distributary channel came into existence, Rhine peak discharges lead to higher floods in the central delta than peaks of the same magnitude did afterwards. Furthermore, we relate the initiation-event of this channel (timed between 350-500 AD) to an extreme flood, unsurpassed ever after. This flood left widespread geomorphological and sedimentary traces, which allow the reconstruction of water levels, water depths, gradients and dimensions of crevasse splays and –channels. The ‘IJssel’-case offers a chance to pin-point a ‘design-flood’ in geological history. This case is suitable for numerical modelling: preservation of the event is such that the discharge necessary to maintain the reconstructed flooding state can be model-calculated. Such would yield the magnitude of one extreme flood, but to assess the frequency of floods of this magnitude, a complementary approach is needed covering many floods.
A sedimentary archive documenting the history of extreme peak-discharges lies enclosed in fills of residual channels, oxbow lakes and dike breach scours along active and former deltaic river branches. Individual fill sequences (2-4 meters thick) reflect sedimentation at distance of semi-annually flooding rivers, typically recording for 500-1000 years after which filling is complete. The age of individual fills is known accurate to ~250 years. Furthermore, the distance of these fills to bifurcating, avulsing and migrating coeval active channels is fully known. For the upstream part of the delta (20-km radius around the present delta apex at the Dutch-German border) this archive can be used to distil frequency-magnitude distributions. For ~40 sites, the history of flooding is to be determined, as thin layers of distinct sediment that settled following severe flooding, encased in sediments that accumulated during normal floods. Routine laboratory analysis (variations in grain size and organic matter content, radiocarbon and historical palynological dating) of cores from these fills, at high resolution yields a local flood record. The ensemble of local flood records covers the flooding history over the full width of the Rhine delta of the last 5000 year.
Statistical analysis of the to-be-collected dataset (sedimentary data + positional data relative to nearby channels) will reveal the history of distribution of discharge over the deltaic branches, as well as the history of larger peak discharges, allowing to list frequencies of peak floods for several magnitude classes.
At present, extreme discharge frequency-magnitude relations follow from statistical extrapolation of measured discharges in the last 100-200 years. The current estimate for the 1/1250 yearly recurrence Rhine discharge is 13,000–18,000 m3/s, and based on this river dikes are maintained to withstand 16,000 m3/s. Our formulated approach will reduce the uncertainty associated to this extrapolation.
We investigated possibilities for utilizing data and insights from palaeogeography, to better constrain the flooding safety levels as maintained (by law) in the Rhine delta in the Netherlands (Rijkswaterstaat, RIZA Lelystad). The report summarises current knowledge regarding past flooding along the fluvial reaches of the Rhine-delta. It assesses the potential usage of the sedimentary archive for constrainment of rare flood frequency-magnitude relations: available data and insight, preferable methodology, costs of a dedicated research effort.
The modern delta is the outcome of the waxing and waning, avulsion, bifurcation and abandonment of subsequent channels as the result of natural flooding. The build-up of the subsurface is understood in great detail, especially for the last 5000 years. However, information on specific individual extreme floods is very limited. This means that palaeogeographical knowledge currently is not in a form that allows direct application for better constraining e.g. the discharge with a 1/1250 yearly recurrence. Such constraints are much wanted as Dutch flood protection laws demand dikes to protect against such floods, and estimates for it so-far are based on extrapolation of measured discharge series that span too short time. Targeted new research can deliver suitable constraining information within the next few years, and hereto we formulated a double-headed approach.
An important role is attributed to the formation of the Gelderse IJssel branch, which routes a percentage of total discharge northward instead of westward. Before this distributary channel came into existence, Rhine peak discharges lead to higher floods in the central delta than peaks of the same magnitude did afterwards. Furthermore, we relate the initiation-event of this channel (timed between 350-500 AD) to an extreme flood, unsurpassed ever after. This flood left widespread geomorphological and sedimentary traces, which allow the reconstruction of water levels, water depths, gradients and dimensions of crevasse splays and –channels. The ‘IJssel’-case offers a chance to pin-point a ‘design-flood’ in geological history. This case is suitable for numerical modelling: preservation of the event is such that the discharge necessary to maintain the reconstructed flooding state can be model-calculated. Such would yield the magnitude of one extreme flood, but to assess the frequency of floods of this magnitude, a complementary approach is needed covering many floods.
A sedimentary archive documenting the history of extreme peak-discharges lies enclosed in fills of residual channels, oxbow lakes and dike breach scours along active and former deltaic river branches. Individual fill sequences (2-4 meters thick) reflect sedimentation at distance of semi-annually flooding rivers, typically recording for 500-1000 years after which filling is complete. The age of individual fills is known accurate to ~250 years. Furthermore, the distance of these fills to bifurcating, avulsing and migrating coeval active channels is fully known. For the upstream part of the delta (20-km radius around the present delta apex at the Dutch-German border) this archive can be used to distil frequency-magnitude distributions. For ~40 sites, the history of flooding is to be determined, as thin layers of distinct sediment that settled following severe flooding, encased in sediments that accumulated during normal floods. Routine laboratory analysis (variations in grain size and organic matter content, radiocarbon and historical palynological dating) of cores from these fills, at high resolution yields a local flood record. The ensemble of local flood records covers the flooding history over the full width of the Rhine delta of the last 5000 year.
Statistical analysis of the to-be-collected dataset (sedimentary data + positional data relative to nearby channels) will reveal the history of distribution of discharge over the deltaic branches, as well as the history of larger peak discharges, allowing to list frequencies of peak floods for several magnitude classes.
At present, extreme discharge frequency-magnitude relations follow from statistical extrapolation of measured discharges in the last 100-200 years. The current estimate for the 1/1250 yearly recurrence Rhine discharge is 13,000–18,000 m3/s, and based on this river dikes are maintained to withstand 16,000 m3/s. Our formulated approach will reduce the uncertainty associated to this extrapolation.
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by Hans Middelkoop and Kim M Cohen
Public letter (in dutch) in response to a proposed Dutch national law regarding registration of s... more Public letter (in dutch) in response to a proposed Dutch national law regarding registration of subsurface datasets and models.
Response to points made in all letters, including ours (01-Aug-2012):
http://www.internetconsultatie.nl/basisregistratieondergrond
Original letter:
http://www.internetconsultatie.nl/basisregistratieondergrond/reacties
Response to points made in all letters, including ours (01-Aug-2012):
http://www.internetconsultatie.nl/basisregistratieondergrond
Original letter:
http://www.internetconsultatie.nl/basisregistratieondergrond/reacties
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by Harm Jan Pierik and Kim M Cohen
In het kader van een nieuw te formuleren visie op het beheer van de bodemligging van de Lek voor ... more In het kader van een nieuw te formuleren visie op het beheer van de bodemligging van de Lek voor de korte en lange termijn willen Rijkswaterstaat en Deltares weten hoe groot de stabiliteit van de oevers, de onderwatertaluds en de rivierbodem is. Deltares heeft het Departement Fysische Geografie, Universiteit Utrecht opdracht gegeven om op basis van bestaande gegevens van de samenstelling van de ondergrond de erodibiliteit en de kans op het ontstaan van zettingsvloeiing te bepalen en daarmee de stabiliteit van de oevers, de onderwatertaluds en de rivierbodem van de Lek (Fig. 1) zo goed mogelijk te kwantificeren.
De stabiliteit wordt onder andere bepaald door de erodibiliteit en de kans op het ontstaan van zettingsvloeiing. De erodibiliteit is afhankelijk van de samenstelling van de oevers en onderwatertaluds tot op de diepte van de geulbasis en de samenstelling van het sediment waarin de basis van de riviergeul is ingesneden. De lithologische opbouw van de oevers, onderwatertaluds en het materiaal waarin de basis van de watervoerende geul van de Lek is ingesneden, is bepaald in lithologische dwars- en langsprofielen. De ruimtelijke verbreiding en de diepteligging van zand in de ondergrond is ook weergegeven in een zanddieptekaart.
In stroomafwaartse richting van Hagestein naar Kinderdijk neemt de diepte van de pleistoceen daloppervlak toe en ook het verschil met de gemiddelde bodemligging van de Lek. In het stroomopwaartse deel kruist de Lek veelvuldig oudere holocene stroomgordels. Stroomafwaarts van Vianen neemt dit significant af. Stroomopwaarts van Schoonhoven worden zandige meeropvullingen aangesneden. In het meest stroomafwaartse gedeelte kruist de Lek enkele grote rivierduincomplexen. Het voorkomen en de diepte van de erosiekuilen is positief gerelateerd aan het voorkomen van deze Holocene zandbanen, zandige meervullingen en Pleistocene rivierduinen in de ondiepe ondergrond.
Het was mogelijk om voor lithologische eenheden (10 typen zand, klei en veen) de erodibiliteit te karakteriseren. De erodibiliteit van zand is vastgesteld op basis van de relatie tussen de mediane korrelgrootte en de kritieke Shields'-waarde. De erodibiliteit van klei en veen is bepaald op boring/sondering combinaties. De kans op het ontstaan van zettingsvloeiing als gevolg van belasting van de oevers en onderwatertaluds van de Lek is bepaald voor dezelfde boring/sondering combinaties.
De stabiliteit wordt onder andere bepaald door de erodibiliteit en de kans op het ontstaan van zettingsvloeiing. De erodibiliteit is afhankelijk van de samenstelling van de oevers en onderwatertaluds tot op de diepte van de geulbasis en de samenstelling van het sediment waarin de basis van de riviergeul is ingesneden. De lithologische opbouw van de oevers, onderwatertaluds en het materiaal waarin de basis van de watervoerende geul van de Lek is ingesneden, is bepaald in lithologische dwars- en langsprofielen. De ruimtelijke verbreiding en de diepteligging van zand in de ondergrond is ook weergegeven in een zanddieptekaart.
In stroomafwaartse richting van Hagestein naar Kinderdijk neemt de diepte van de pleistoceen daloppervlak toe en ook het verschil met de gemiddelde bodemligging van de Lek. In het stroomopwaartse deel kruist de Lek veelvuldig oudere holocene stroomgordels. Stroomafwaarts van Vianen neemt dit significant af. Stroomopwaarts van Schoonhoven worden zandige meeropvullingen aangesneden. In het meest stroomafwaartse gedeelte kruist de Lek enkele grote rivierduincomplexen. Het voorkomen en de diepte van de erosiekuilen is positief gerelateerd aan het voorkomen van deze Holocene zandbanen, zandige meervullingen en Pleistocene rivierduinen in de ondiepe ondergrond.
Het was mogelijk om voor lithologische eenheden (10 typen zand, klei en veen) de erodibiliteit te karakteriseren. De erodibiliteit van zand is vastgesteld op basis van de relatie tussen de mediane korrelgrootte en de kritieke Shields'-waarde. De erodibiliteit van klei en veen is bepaald op boring/sondering combinaties. De kans op het ontstaan van zettingsvloeiing als gevolg van belasting van de oevers en onderwatertaluds van de Lek is bepaald voor dezelfde boring/sondering combinaties.
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Vrijdag 14 september Busexcursie:
9:00: vertrek busexcursie vanaf Stayokay Arnhem
Ochtend: dal ... more Vrijdag 14 september Busexcursie:
9:00: vertrek busexcursie vanaf Stayokay Arnhem
Ochtend: dal van de Oude IJssel (Doetinchem - Doesburg - Bronckhorst)
Vlechtende en meanderende rivieren, restgeulen, Hoogvloedleem, rivierduinen
PUNT 1: Laatglaciale en Laat Holocene komafzettingen bij Netterden (boring)
PUNT 2: Vroeg Holocene restgeul bij Vethuizen (boring)
PUNT 3: Rivierduinen in het IJsseldal bij Rha
Lunch stop in Bronckhorst (incl. lunch pakket)
Middag: dal van de Gelderse IJssel (Bronckhorst - Zutphen - Voorst)
Ontstaan van de Gelderse IJssel, beekdalen, kronkelwaardreliëf, diepere ondergrond
PUNT 4a: Opvulling van het IJsseldal (lakprofiel Schalkhaar)
PUNT 4b: Laat Holocene restgeul Zutphense Pad bij Voorst (wandeling met boring)
PUNT 5: Laat Holocene IJsselafzettingen Voorster klei
onderweg (ca 16:30): uitstapstop bij Dieren NS station
17:00 einde excursie (Stayokay Arnhem)
9:00: vertrek busexcursie vanaf Stayokay Arnhem
Ochtend: dal van de Oude IJssel (Doetinchem - Doesburg - Bronckhorst)
Vlechtende en meanderende rivieren, restgeulen, Hoogvloedleem, rivierduinen
PUNT 1: Laatglaciale en Laat Holocene komafzettingen bij Netterden (boring)
PUNT 2: Vroeg Holocene restgeul bij Vethuizen (boring)
PUNT 3: Rivierduinen in het IJsseldal bij Rha
Lunch stop in Bronckhorst (incl. lunch pakket)
Middag: dal van de Gelderse IJssel (Bronckhorst - Zutphen - Voorst)
Ontstaan van de Gelderse IJssel, beekdalen, kronkelwaardreliëf, diepere ondergrond
PUNT 4a: Opvulling van het IJsseldal (lakprofiel Schalkhaar)
PUNT 4b: Laat Holocene restgeul Zutphense Pad bij Voorst (wandeling met boring)
PUNT 5: Laat Holocene IJsselafzettingen Voorster klei
onderweg (ca 16:30): uitstapstop bij Dieren NS station
17:00 einde excursie (Stayokay Arnhem)
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Fluvial records, through palaeo-discharge estimates, provide a proxy for climate produced runoff.... more Fluvial records, through palaeo-discharge estimates, provide a proxy for climate produced runoff. In potential they are an instrument to evaluate climate model (GCM) output versus field records. Such an instrument would be useful for GCM runs that simulate past climate situations, such as the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) or the middle Holocene, complementing other instruments that evaluate other outputs, but whether we are able to make the potential instrument operational, remains questionable:
• Can we make quantitative palaeo-discharge estimates from fluvial records at all? Can we convert mapped bodies of sand and gravel to estimates of past water flow?
• What discharge exactly can we quantify? One event? A mean for several events?
• Does the estimate reflect a regularly reoccurring peak discharge (comparable to GCM output) or extreme peak discharge (far less comparable to GCM output)?
GCM’s simulate climate at continental scales at relative coarse spatial resolution. For that reason, to transform fluvial records into a GCM-evaluation tool requires focus on rivers that give information aggregated over large parts of a continent: the world’s larger rivers, of which the drainage basins cover several GCM grid cells. The size of the Rhine drainage basin, 185.000 km2 is at the lower end of being suitable. Furthermore, the applied methods should not be too detail demanding, to make it feasible to prepare a dataset that achieves global coverage within reasonable time.
As a pilot project, we explore the well documented LGM-Late Glacial-Holocene record of the lower reaches of the rivers Rhine and Meuse, and test the consistency of a method of palaeo-discharge estimation by combining existing knowledge.
• Can we make quantitative palaeo-discharge estimates from fluvial records at all? Can we convert mapped bodies of sand and gravel to estimates of past water flow?
• What discharge exactly can we quantify? One event? A mean for several events?
• Does the estimate reflect a regularly reoccurring peak discharge (comparable to GCM output) or extreme peak discharge (far less comparable to GCM output)?
GCM’s simulate climate at continental scales at relative coarse spatial resolution. For that reason, to transform fluvial records into a GCM-evaluation tool requires focus on rivers that give information aggregated over large parts of a continent: the world’s larger rivers, of which the drainage basins cover several GCM grid cells. The size of the Rhine drainage basin, 185.000 km2 is at the lower end of being suitable. Furthermore, the applied methods should not be too detail demanding, to make it feasible to prepare a dataset that achieves global coverage within reasonable time.
As a pilot project, we explore the well documented LGM-Late Glacial-Holocene record of the lower reaches of the rivers Rhine and Meuse, and test the consistency of a method of palaeo-discharge estimation by combining existing knowledge.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impactby Luis de Vries and Kim M Cohen
… held 2-7 May, 2010 in …, May 1, 2010
Current methods for interpretation and interpolation of sedimentological records often rely on qu... more Current methods for interpretation and interpolation of sedimentological records often rely on qualitative process knowledge. This has the disadvantage that results are often subjective and open for multiple interpretations. An alternative approach is to use process-based models simulating processes that were active to produce the observed deposit. Because process-based models formalize process knowledge in mathematical equations, this approach has the advantage of being more objective. Thus far, the use of process- ...
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactThe Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta in the Netherlands covers 5700 km2 and is the densest investigated... more The Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta in the Netherlands covers 5700 km2 and is the densest investigated delta in the world. At Utrecht University a dataset containing approximately 220000 lithological borehole descriptions and 1800 radiocarbon dates is available, as well as laser altimetry-based high-resolution digital elevation models and delta-wide palaeogeographical reconstructions. This allows to study the Holocene delta evolution in great detail, to pin-point the many interacting processes that influenced it, and to quantify ...
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactGeophysical Research …, 2011
Deltaic sedimentation is facilitated by sea-level rise and tectonics, but most importantly is the... more Deltaic sedimentation is facilitated by sea-level rise and tectonics, but most importantly is the result of the sediment input by the rivers. The architecture of the Holocene Rhine delta in the Netherlands (3000 km2) is well documented and the provision of accommodation space ...
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by Wim Z. Hoek, Harm Jan Pierik, Kim M Cohen, and Ingwer Bos
In the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta, the geography, architecture, and chronology of the channel bel... more In the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta, the geography, architecture, and chronology of the channel belts and their
flood basins is known in exceptional high detail. This is due
to a long history of intensive geological, geomorphological,
and archeological research by various universities and knowledge institutes and archaeological consultancy companies.
flood basins is known in exceptional high detail. This is due
to a long history of intensive geological, geomorphological,
and archeological research by various universities and knowledge institutes and archaeological consultancy companies.
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In the Netherlands, improved knowledge on frequency-magnitude relations of extreme discharge/floo... more In the Netherlands, improved knowledge on frequency-magnitude relations of extreme discharge/flood events is in great demand. It raises the need for extending the period of
observations beyond the monitored last 200 years. This extension can be found in the sedimentary archive of the Rhine-Meuse delta. To aid frequency-magnitude statistics in the 1/50-1/2000 recurrence range and to pin-point one “design flood” in the recent geological history, we advocate targeted new research in the upstream part of the delta (Cohen & Lodder, 2007).
observations beyond the monitored last 200 years. This extension can be found in the sedimentary archive of the Rhine-Meuse delta. To aid frequency-magnitude statistics in the 1/50-1/2000 recurrence range and to pin-point one “design flood” in the recent geological history, we advocate targeted new research in the upstream part of the delta (Cohen & Lodder, 2007).
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POSTER
Herhalingstijd extreme rivierafvoeren slecht bekend
RWS heeft een meetreeks van 100 j... more POSTER
Herhalingstijd extreme rivierafvoeren slecht bekend
RWS heeft een meetreeks van 100 jaar om mee te bepalen wat de kans op extreme afvoeren langs de rivieren is. Deze meetreeks is in feite te kort om rechtstreeks de magnitude van de gezochte extremen met kansen van 1/1250 tot 1/10.000 per jaar te bepalen. Noodgedwongen wordt gebruik gemaakt van statistische extrapolatie met inherente onzekerheidsmarges van aanzienlijke omvang. De onzekerheid in herhalingstijden van zeldzaam grote afvoeren kan worden verminderd door gebruik te maken van aanvullende informatiebronnen. In het verleden is reeds gekeken naar historische afvoeren en overstromingen zoals vermeld in bijvoorbeeld stadskronieken. Een tot nog toe ongebruikte bron van informatie ligt opgeslagen in de Nederlandse ondergrond.
Jonge sedimenten als informatiebron
De afzettingen van de Rijn en Maas vormen een sedimentair archief dat vooral is opgebouwd ten gevolge van overstromingen vanuit de rivieren. Deze overstromingen traden op bij normale maar ook zeldzaam grote rivier afvoer. Laatstgenoemde extremen zijn waarop we in Nederland ons veiligheidsbeleid baseren. Waar overstromingen in het sedimentaire archief herkend worden, biedt dit de mogelijkheid de ‘meetreeks’ van rivier afvoeren uit te breiden met herhalingstijden en groottes van extreme piekafvoeren. Zo wordt de onzekerheid op de schatting van het 1/1250 hoogwater aanzienlijk verkleind en kunnen beschermingsmaatregelen worden onderbouwd met harde data, en worden niet nodeloos grote beschermingsmaatregelen genomen.
De laatste 5000 jaar: nulmeting voor extreme afvoeren
Nederland bezit internationaal gezien unieke kennis over het ontstaan van het riverengebied in de afgelopen duizenden jaren. Het resulterende overzicht stelt ons nu in staat met behulp van sedimentologische, paleogeografische en paleoecologische technieken de frequentie en magnitude van zeldzaam-grote overstromingen te reconstrueren – mits een onderzoeksaanpak hiertoe (bijv. Cohen & Lodder, 2007) compleet (dekkend datanetwerk) en geïntegreerd (aanpak gericht op frequentie én magnitude) wordt uitgevoerd. Zo’n reconstructie is in feite een nulmeting van de terugkeertijd van overstromingen, indicatief voor de huidige veiligheidsituatie en uitgangssituatie bij het doorrekenen van klimaatsscenario’s voor de toekomst. Deltares, TNO en Universiteit Utrecht hebben samen de kennis in huis om dit project uit te voeren. Uitgebreide haalbaarheidsstudies (“proof of principles”) zijn beschikbaar. De tijd is rijp voor het deltadekkend en geïntegreerd financieren en uitvoeren van piekafvoer reconstructie, op basis van sedimenten vastgelegd in overstromingen uit de laatste 5000 jaar.
Proof of principle: overstromingen van de Maas
Hoe kunnen nu grotere overstromingen langs voormalige rivieren worden herkend? Dit kan op geschikte, permanent natte locaties op enige afstand van de actieve rivierbedding zoals verlaten geulen en dijkdoorbraakgaten. Daar brengen overstromingen slib, zand en ingespoelde stuifmeelkorrels (pollen) binnen en rijkt tussen overstromingen vooral lokaal organisch materiaal aan. Figuur 4 toont resultaten van een boring in een opvullende verlaten riviergeul van de Maas. Tussen 2500 en 800 jaar voor Christus (de Bronstijd) lijken er periodisch groter dan gemiddelde overstromingen voor te komen. De blauwe balken in Figuur 4 tonen oscillaties in organisch materiaal en ingespoeld pollen (dennen uit het achterland). Mogelijk zijn de overstromingscycli in deze periode te correleren aan regionale klimaatsfluctuaties - de regelmatigheid van de oscillaties met een periode van 205 jaar komt ook terug in metingen uit ijskernen in Groenland en Europese boomringen. In dat geval is deze klimaatscyclus relevant voor toekomstprojecties ten aanzien van veiligheid tegen overstromen.
Herhalingstijd extreme rivierafvoeren slecht bekend
RWS heeft een meetreeks van 100 jaar om mee te bepalen wat de kans op extreme afvoeren langs de rivieren is. Deze meetreeks is in feite te kort om rechtstreeks de magnitude van de gezochte extremen met kansen van 1/1250 tot 1/10.000 per jaar te bepalen. Noodgedwongen wordt gebruik gemaakt van statistische extrapolatie met inherente onzekerheidsmarges van aanzienlijke omvang. De onzekerheid in herhalingstijden van zeldzaam grote afvoeren kan worden verminderd door gebruik te maken van aanvullende informatiebronnen. In het verleden is reeds gekeken naar historische afvoeren en overstromingen zoals vermeld in bijvoorbeeld stadskronieken. Een tot nog toe ongebruikte bron van informatie ligt opgeslagen in de Nederlandse ondergrond.
Jonge sedimenten als informatiebron
De afzettingen van de Rijn en Maas vormen een sedimentair archief dat vooral is opgebouwd ten gevolge van overstromingen vanuit de rivieren. Deze overstromingen traden op bij normale maar ook zeldzaam grote rivier afvoer. Laatstgenoemde extremen zijn waarop we in Nederland ons veiligheidsbeleid baseren. Waar overstromingen in het sedimentaire archief herkend worden, biedt dit de mogelijkheid de ‘meetreeks’ van rivier afvoeren uit te breiden met herhalingstijden en groottes van extreme piekafvoeren. Zo wordt de onzekerheid op de schatting van het 1/1250 hoogwater aanzienlijk verkleind en kunnen beschermingsmaatregelen worden onderbouwd met harde data, en worden niet nodeloos grote beschermingsmaatregelen genomen.
De laatste 5000 jaar: nulmeting voor extreme afvoeren
Nederland bezit internationaal gezien unieke kennis over het ontstaan van het riverengebied in de afgelopen duizenden jaren. Het resulterende overzicht stelt ons nu in staat met behulp van sedimentologische, paleogeografische en paleoecologische technieken de frequentie en magnitude van zeldzaam-grote overstromingen te reconstrueren – mits een onderzoeksaanpak hiertoe (bijv. Cohen & Lodder, 2007) compleet (dekkend datanetwerk) en geïntegreerd (aanpak gericht op frequentie én magnitude) wordt uitgevoerd. Zo’n reconstructie is in feite een nulmeting van de terugkeertijd van overstromingen, indicatief voor de huidige veiligheidsituatie en uitgangssituatie bij het doorrekenen van klimaatsscenario’s voor de toekomst. Deltares, TNO en Universiteit Utrecht hebben samen de kennis in huis om dit project uit te voeren. Uitgebreide haalbaarheidsstudies (“proof of principles”) zijn beschikbaar. De tijd is rijp voor het deltadekkend en geïntegreerd financieren en uitvoeren van piekafvoer reconstructie, op basis van sedimenten vastgelegd in overstromingen uit de laatste 5000 jaar.
Proof of principle: overstromingen van de Maas
Hoe kunnen nu grotere overstromingen langs voormalige rivieren worden herkend? Dit kan op geschikte, permanent natte locaties op enige afstand van de actieve rivierbedding zoals verlaten geulen en dijkdoorbraakgaten. Daar brengen overstromingen slib, zand en ingespoelde stuifmeelkorrels (pollen) binnen en rijkt tussen overstromingen vooral lokaal organisch materiaal aan. Figuur 4 toont resultaten van een boring in een opvullende verlaten riviergeul van de Maas. Tussen 2500 en 800 jaar voor Christus (de Bronstijd) lijken er periodisch groter dan gemiddelde overstromingen voor te komen. De blauwe balken in Figuur 4 tonen oscillaties in organisch materiaal en ingespoeld pollen (dennen uit het achterland). Mogelijk zijn de overstromingscycli in deze periode te correleren aan regionale klimaatsfluctuaties - de regelmatigheid van de oscillaties met een periode van 205 jaar komt ook terug in metingen uit ijskernen in Groenland en Europese boomringen. In dat geval is deze klimaatscyclus relevant voor toekomstprojecties ten aanzien van veiligheid tegen overstromen.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impactby Kim M Cohen and Harm Jan Pierik
In the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta, the geography, architecture and chronology of the channel belt... more In the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta, the geography, architecture and chronology of the channel belts and their flood basins is known in exceptional high detail. This is due to a long history of intensive geological, geomorphological and archeological research by various academic and knowledge institutes and archaeological consultancy companies.
A first reconstruction showing the build-up and palaeogeographical development of the delta in 500 year
time-slices was published by Berendsen & Stouthamer (2001). The mapping and the GIS to maintain it turned out to be of great value for academic and applied studies in archaeology,
hydrology and sedimentary geology. Now, more than a decade later, knowledge of the evolving delta river network
has majorly grown in both coverage and accuracy. This was reason to majorly update and expand the reconstruction
and GIS database of the Rhine-Meuse delta. With the expansion of the mapping, the reconstruction of the palaeogeographical
development and avulsion history have also been updated. Our contribution shows the new reconstruction
and embedded avulsion history, and highlights the most important controls and lessons learned since 2001.
A first reconstruction showing the build-up and palaeogeographical development of the delta in 500 year
time-slices was published by Berendsen & Stouthamer (2001). The mapping and the GIS to maintain it turned out to be of great value for academic and applied studies in archaeology,
hydrology and sedimentary geology. Now, more than a decade later, knowledge of the evolving delta river network
has majorly grown in both coverage and accuracy. This was reason to majorly update and expand the reconstruction
and GIS database of the Rhine-Meuse delta. With the expansion of the mapping, the reconstruction of the palaeogeographical
development and avulsion history have also been updated. Our contribution shows the new reconstruction
and embedded avulsion history, and highlights the most important controls and lessons learned since 2001.
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""POSTER (ftp.geog.uu.nl 44 MB PDF) ABSTRACT (academia PDF) - In the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta, ... more ""POSTER (ftp.geog.uu.nl 44 MB PDF) ABSTRACT (academia PDF) - In the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta, the geography, architecture and chronology of the channel belts and their flood basins is known in exceptional high detail. This is due to a long history of intensive geological, geomorphological and archeological research by various academic and knowledge institutes and archaeological consultancy companies. A first reconstruction showing the build-up and palaeogeographical development of the delta in 500 year time-slices was published in 2001. The mapping and the GIS to maintain it turned out to be of great value for academic and applied studies in archaeology, hydrology and sedimentary geology. Now, more than a decade later, knowledge of the evolving delta river network has majorly grown in both coverage and accuracy. This was reason to majorly update and
expand the reconstruction and GIS database of the Rhine-Meuse delta. With that, the reconstruction of the palaeogeographical development and avulsion history have been updated and expanded. Our contribution shows the new reconstruction and embedded avulsion history, and highlights the most important controls and lessons learned since 2001.""
expand the reconstruction and GIS database of the Rhine-Meuse delta. With that, the reconstruction of the palaeogeographical development and avulsion history have been updated and expanded. Our contribution shows the new reconstruction and embedded avulsion history, and highlights the most important controls and lessons learned since 2001.""
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Holocene sedimentation in the Rhine-Meuse delta central Netherlands) is facilitated by sea-level ... more Holocene sedimentation in the Rhine-Meuse delta central Netherlands) is facilitated by sea-level rise and tectonics, but most importantly is the result of the sediment flux received through rivers from the hinterland. It is not known how much sediment is delivered to the Dutch delta by these rivers over longer time periods (e.g. > 1 ka) neither how delivery rates have changed at millennia time scale. We developed a way of using subsurface data (borehole database, complementary digital maps, radiocarbon dates) to calculate deposited volumes for subsequent 1000-yr time slices over the past
10,000 years.
10,000 years.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactComparison of field-based fluvial data with landscape modelling output of various types and at di... more Comparison of field-based fluvial data with landscape modelling output of various types and at different time-scales is not simple due to mismatches in the types of data generated. For example, field work generates detailed site-specific field data with significant and uncertain time gaps even with the most robust chronologies compared with continuous three- dimensional model data which often lacks detail. Also, time-series outputs at the catchment outflow are the simplest output to produce from models, but not available from field data except in rare situations when a system drains into a closed basin. There may also be a different focus required when assessing tectonic or climatic drivers. Fine-tuning of both field data collection and model outputs can do much to ensure greater comparability, and thus improve our understanding of how systems operate. These issues were addressed in December 2013 by a group of European specialists in both numerical modelling and field investigation of fluvial systems at a workshop in Twente in the Netherlands.
Following this meeting, two workgroups were convened to deliver the objectives listed below: Workgroup 1: • We will prepare a research proposal which aims to benchmark and document a wide- range of Landscape Evolution Models. • We will prepare an outline framework for rigorous model testing. Workgroup 2: • We will prepare an outline framework for the comprehensive recording and reporting of field based observations targeted for model-data comparison. • We will establish a robust set of ‘real-world’ model testing datasets.
This paper reports on the outline framework from Workgroup 2 as it has been developed so far, and provides an opportunity for us to seek feedback on it from the wider fluvial archives community. The framework suggests changes to both site-based and catchment-scale observations, to provide data for both initial model conditions and evaluation of model outputs. Key points are the importance of chronologies – both at-a-site (as is standard practice) but also catchment-wide (addressing the importance of sampling strategies); recording more three-dimensional field data and recording field data on hillslopes as well as fluvial landforms / sediments – i.e. the whole catchment, as is modelled. We stress also the need to generate field data that better facilitates the evaluation of model output using pattern-matching – i.e. looking for similar emergent properties from model output to the field data rather than an exact match. The pattern-matching approach enables the stochastic properties of both natural and modelled systems to be accommodated.
Following this meeting, two workgroups were convened to deliver the objectives listed below: Workgroup 1: • We will prepare a research proposal which aims to benchmark and document a wide- range of Landscape Evolution Models. • We will prepare an outline framework for rigorous model testing. Workgroup 2: • We will prepare an outline framework for the comprehensive recording and reporting of field based observations targeted for model-data comparison. • We will establish a robust set of ‘real-world’ model testing datasets.
This paper reports on the outline framework from Workgroup 2 as it has been developed so far, and provides an opportunity for us to seek feedback on it from the wider fluvial archives community. The framework suggests changes to both site-based and catchment-scale observations, to provide data for both initial model conditions and evaluation of model outputs. Key points are the importance of chronologies – both at-a-site (as is standard practice) but also catchment-wide (addressing the importance of sampling strategies); recording more three-dimensional field data and recording field data on hillslopes as well as fluvial landforms / sediments – i.e. the whole catchment, as is modelled. We stress also the need to generate field data that better facilitates the evaluation of model output using pattern-matching – i.e. looking for similar emergent properties from model output to the field data rather than an exact match. The pattern-matching approach enables the stochastic properties of both natural and modelled systems to be accommodated.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactABSTRACT The non-alpine Rhine catchment has a long history of human occupation and — especially f... more ABSTRACT The non-alpine Rhine catchment has a long history of human occupation and — especially from the Neolithic onwards — the landscape has been increasingly altered by human cultivation. This most likely influenced erosion and subsequently sediment delivery to the fluvial system. Increased sediment input as a result of human land use has been documented in smaller tributaries of the Rhine, but has so-far not been quantified on a catchment scale. This study quantifies the amounts of floodplain sedimentation per millennium for natural and human-impact time scales (the last 9000 years) for three large floodplain areas that have functioned as sediment sinks: the northern Upper Rhine Graben, the Lower Rhine Embayment and the Rhine-Meuse delta. New collected field data and borehole data from extensive databases, and C-14 and OSL dates allow calculating thicknesses, volumes and ages of the floodplain sediments. The results show remarkable coherent trends for different parts of the drainage basin: increased sediment delivery during the late Holocene caused raised overbank sedimentation by up to 60 % when compared to the pre-human impact time interval in all study areas. Changes in sediment-trapping efficiency and climate change are unable to explain the encountered sedimentation trends, and the bulk of this increase seems to be the result of land use changes. A time lag of several hundreds of years may exist between the upstream and downstream sinks, but all sinks show a response to pre-Roman land use. Within a couple of millennia, human land use caused a shift from a natural controlled to a human modified fluvial system. The magnitude and scale of human impact is impressive: pre-historic agricultural practises already influenced the development of the Rhine trunk valley and delta, and should be regarded as a catchment-scale forcing factor. The results may be of major importance for a thorough understanding of the spatial scale, temporal scale and magnitude of fluvial system response to future changes in climate and land use.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactEarth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2011
Westaway and Bridgland (2010) present a palaeoflow estimation for the Channel River, partly based... more Westaway and Bridgland (2010) present a palaeoflow estimation for the Channel River, partly based on calculations using input from the Busschers et al.(2007) Rhine–Meuse dataset. There are flaws in these calculations. Westaway and Bridgland calculate high-magnitude 'bankfull'palaeoflows (Qbf) for presumed critical periods within Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 and MIS 6. To do so, geometric parameters were inferred from cored geological cross-sections, under the assumption that the source geometries represent ...
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Quaternary Science Reviews, 2007
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by Kim M Cohen, W Roebroeks, and W. Westerhoff
The relatively shallow southern North Sea is one of the most productive Pleistocene fossils beari... more The relatively shallow southern North Sea is one of the most productive Pleistocene fossils bearing localities. Perhaps the most spectacular find thus far is a fragment of a Neanderthal skull. Unfortunately, it lacked a stratigraphical context and that applies to most of the finds retrieved. The North Sea Neanderthal project was therefore started with the aim to provide a better stratigraphical context for archaeological and palaeontological finds. Northwestern Europe was at the edge of the living range of hominins during major parts of the ...
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Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactRADIO documentary and interviews, by Matthijs Deen (in Dutch), broadcasted on national radio. On ... more RADIO documentary and interviews, by Matthijs Deen (in Dutch), broadcasted on national radio. On Homo Antecessor, the first European.
The documentary is a road trip from Gibraltar to Norfolk, and the soundbites along the route are mixed with interviews of researchers.
Abstract (in Dutch): Vorig jaar vonden archeologen op de kust van Norfolk voetstappen van mensen die daar 800.000 jaar geleden hebben rondgelopen. Het zijn de oudste menselijke voetsporen buiten Afrika. En ze spreken de bestaande theorieën over de eerste kolonisatie van ons werelddeel tegen.
The documentary is a road trip from Gibraltar to Norfolk, and the soundbites along the route are mixed with interviews of researchers.
Abstract (in Dutch): Vorig jaar vonden archeologen op de kust van Norfolk voetstappen van mensen die daar 800.000 jaar geleden hebben rondgelopen. Het zijn de oudste menselijke voetsporen buiten Afrika. En ze spreken de bestaande theorieën over de eerste kolonisatie van ons werelddeel tegen.
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Het is in de herfst van 2005. Een lief meisje, Marieke, rijdt op haar vouwfiets door Rotterdam. B... more Het is in de herfst van 2005. Een lief meisje, Marieke, rijdt op haar vouwfiets door Rotterdam. Bij het Centraal Station is het al tijden een grote bouwplaats. Onder de nieuwe hal komt een veel groter
metrostation en ook onder de Statenweg in Blijdorp is een grote bouwput voor een nieuw station. Meestal fietst ze er snel langs, maar die dag ziet ze een glimp van een meer dan 10 m diep gat.
Ze weet niets van geologie of sedimentologie, maar denkt toch aan ons, liefhebbers van de ondiepe ondergrond van West-Nederland.
metrostation en ook onder de Statenweg in Blijdorp is een grote bouwput voor een nieuw station. Meestal fietst ze er snel langs, maar die dag ziet ze een glimp van een meer dan 10 m diep gat.
Ze weet niets van geologie of sedimentologie, maar denkt toch aan ons, liefhebbers van de ondiepe ondergrond van West-Nederland.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactA map figure covering the full delta, supplemented with a historic overview of the displayed mapp... more A map figure covering the full delta, supplemented with a historic overview of the displayed mapping, and a figure caption highlighting the main features of the delta, illustrated with the map and outcome of a long series of PhD thesises from our group, serving as an example of progress in delta mapping in the 100 years of existence of the Royal Netherlands' Society for Geology and Mining (KNGMG). The rest of this abstract is the figure caption (K.M. Cohen, 2011).
Distribution, Age-of-Abandonment and Network Evolution of Fluvial Channel Belts in the Rhine-Meuse delta (Holocene, The Netherlands. Mapping based on ca. 250.000 shallow boreholes collected since 1950. Dating based on ca. 1500 14C dates on fluvial depositional elements and >30.000 catalogued archeological finds, in known stratigraphical context. Background topography from laser altimetry (www.ahn.nl). Delta network queried from the Utrecht Rhine-Meuse Delta Studies' GIS system for delta palaeogeography reconstruction, originally developed for Berendsen & Stouthamer (2000, 2001) Stouthamer (2001): see Berendsen, Cohen, Stouthamer (2007). Updated 2003, 2007, 2011 (Cohen, 2003; Gouw, 2007, 2008; Erkens, 2009; Bos, 2010; Stouthamer et al., 2011).
Feature description: (i) Delta is bound by Pleistocene ice-marginal topography, including terminal ice-pushed ridges of the Saalian Drenthe Substage maximum limit, ca. 150,000 years ago. (ii) Delta is protected by the Middle-Late Holocene Holland coastal barrier system. (iii) major 19th and 20th cy reclamations in the central Netherlands' lagoon and works at the Amsterdam and Rotterdam harbours bound the modern delta. Diggings, embankments and reclamations in the delta plain go back to Medieval times, starting 1000 years ago. The southwest of the delta is an estuary network resulting form Medieval storm surge ingressions into early reclaimed lands, and human response hereto. (iv) In the central delta, the Rhine is joined by its tributary the Meuse. The rivers share estuaries and tidal river reaches in the delta. (v) Middle Holocene deltaic channel belt avulsions occurred, during and following transgression that made the delta form at its present position. Despite avulsions, however, the trunk channel system remained in position at the Northern edge of the pre-transgression valley: only minor Rhine branches were active to the south, and trunk channel avulsions were always northward. (vi) A major avulsive network reorganisation occured in the Late Holocene, commencing in the last millenium BC, a marked trend break with the five millenia of delta evolution before.The reorganisation was triggered in the upper part of the delta, as a response to increased loads of fine sediment, delivered from the prehistoric deforested hinterland. New northward distributaries avulsed and found the central Netherlands' lagoon. New southwestward distributaries avulsed and found the Meuse estuary, and gradually became the major branches. This culminated in abandonment of the former Rhine trunk channel and its northerly outlet at the time human embankments began (11th cy AD). (vii) The network reorganization, initiated at the upstream side of the delta, at the downstream end caused the abandonment of the matured Leiden outlet, where the river had long injected sediment into the open North Sea. It replaced this outlet with a mouth into Rotterdam estuary, which trapped more and more Rhine bed load, as the avulsed branch gained importance. At the beginning of the first millenium AD, this triggered major coastal reorganisation along the Zeeland-Holland coastal barrier system, further helped by the additional accommodation created by auto-compaction that occured where clay buried peats and by storm surges that eroded reclaimed peat land and created new estuaries and new inshore trapping space for Rhine-Meuse sediments.
Distribution, Age-of-Abandonment and Network Evolution of Fluvial Channel Belts in the Rhine-Meuse delta (Holocene, The Netherlands. Mapping based on ca. 250.000 shallow boreholes collected since 1950. Dating based on ca. 1500 14C dates on fluvial depositional elements and >30.000 catalogued archeological finds, in known stratigraphical context. Background topography from laser altimetry (www.ahn.nl). Delta network queried from the Utrecht Rhine-Meuse Delta Studies' GIS system for delta palaeogeography reconstruction, originally developed for Berendsen & Stouthamer (2000, 2001) Stouthamer (2001): see Berendsen, Cohen, Stouthamer (2007). Updated 2003, 2007, 2011 (Cohen, 2003; Gouw, 2007, 2008; Erkens, 2009; Bos, 2010; Stouthamer et al., 2011).
Feature description: (i) Delta is bound by Pleistocene ice-marginal topography, including terminal ice-pushed ridges of the Saalian Drenthe Substage maximum limit, ca. 150,000 years ago. (ii) Delta is protected by the Middle-Late Holocene Holland coastal barrier system. (iii) major 19th and 20th cy reclamations in the central Netherlands' lagoon and works at the Amsterdam and Rotterdam harbours bound the modern delta. Diggings, embankments and reclamations in the delta plain go back to Medieval times, starting 1000 years ago. The southwest of the delta is an estuary network resulting form Medieval storm surge ingressions into early reclaimed lands, and human response hereto. (iv) In the central delta, the Rhine is joined by its tributary the Meuse. The rivers share estuaries and tidal river reaches in the delta. (v) Middle Holocene deltaic channel belt avulsions occurred, during and following transgression that made the delta form at its present position. Despite avulsions, however, the trunk channel system remained in position at the Northern edge of the pre-transgression valley: only minor Rhine branches were active to the south, and trunk channel avulsions were always northward. (vi) A major avulsive network reorganisation occured in the Late Holocene, commencing in the last millenium BC, a marked trend break with the five millenia of delta evolution before.The reorganisation was triggered in the upper part of the delta, as a response to increased loads of fine sediment, delivered from the prehistoric deforested hinterland. New northward distributaries avulsed and found the central Netherlands' lagoon. New southwestward distributaries avulsed and found the Meuse estuary, and gradually became the major branches. This culminated in abandonment of the former Rhine trunk channel and its northerly outlet at the time human embankments began (11th cy AD). (vii) The network reorganization, initiated at the upstream side of the delta, at the downstream end caused the abandonment of the matured Leiden outlet, where the river had long injected sediment into the open North Sea. It replaced this outlet with a mouth into Rotterdam estuary, which trapped more and more Rhine bed load, as the avulsed branch gained importance. At the beginning of the first millenium AD, this triggered major coastal reorganisation along the Zeeland-Holland coastal barrier system, further helped by the additional accommodation created by auto-compaction that occured where clay buried peats and by storm surges that eroded reclaimed peat land and created new estuaries and new inshore trapping space for Rhine-Meuse sediments.
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De loop van rivieren in het lage Nederland werd niet alleen bijgestuurd door klimaatveranderingen... more De loop van rivieren in het lage Nederland werd niet alleen bijgestuurd door klimaatveranderingen met koude en warme perioden, zeespiegelstijgingen en overstromingen, maar ook door tektonische bewegingen - hoe bescheiden ook.
KNAG Geografie
http://www.geografie.nl/
Popular paper in bimonthly magazine of Royal Dutch Geographical Society (KNAG), targeting geography teachers.
KNAG Geografie
http://www.geografie.nl/
Popular paper in bimonthly magazine of Royal Dutch Geographical Society (KNAG), targeting geography teachers.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactDe Needse Berg is een kleine stuwwal in het noordelijk deel van de Achterhoek. Deze 15 m hoge heu... more De Needse Berg is een kleine stuwwal in het noordelijk deel van de Achterhoek. Deze 15 m hoge heuvel maakt deel uit van een complex van stuwwallen dat gevormd is tijdens de voorlaatste ijstijd. Er is veel onduidelijk over de exacte ontstaanswijze van dit complex en vooral over de volgorde waarop de verschillende stuwwallen gevormd zijn. De Needse Berg vertegenwoordigt in dit grotere geheel een speciaal puzzelstukje vanwege zijn centrale ligging tussen de duidelijke tongbekkens van het IJsseldal en het Nordhorn Bekken. Hierdoor kan de Needse Berg interessante informatie opleveren over de glaciale geschiedenis van Oost-Nederland.
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by Kim M Cohen and Marc Hijma
(Abstract in English)
A 21-m deep construction pit in Rotterdam allowed an opportunity to inspec... more (Abstract in English)
A 21-m deep construction pit in Rotterdam allowed an opportunity to inspect the base of the the Holocene sequence in the Netherlands. The deposits showed a drowning fluvial and inland-dune landscape: fast sea-level rise changed that landscape into an estuarine sedimentary environment. This transition occured between 9 and 8 thousand years ago, was gradual but includes two events, about 8,400 years and 8000 years ago. These events are tentatively attributed to accellerated sea-level rise respectively run-out of the Storegga-tsunami (known to have occured in the northern North Sea), if not an occassional extreme storm surge (leaving major impact in the southern North Sea only).
(Abstract in Dutch)
Een 21 m diepe bouwput in Rotterdam bood de gelegenheid de basis van het Holocene pakket te bekijken. De afzettingen lieten een verdrinkend rivier- en duinlandschap zien als gevolg van snelle zeespiegelstijging en een overgang naar estuariene condities. Deze overgang vond plaats tussen 9 en 8 duizend jaar geleden en verliep geleidelijk met twee versnellingen: één rond 8,400 jaar geleden als gevolg van een zeespiegelsprongetje en één rond 8,000 jaar geleden, mogelijk als gevolg van een zware storm of de uitrollende Storegga-tsunami.
http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/fysgeo/2009-0306-203511/UUindex.html
http://www.geologischevereniging.nl/publicaties/publicaties.htm
A 21-m deep construction pit in Rotterdam allowed an opportunity to inspect the base of the the Holocene sequence in the Netherlands. The deposits showed a drowning fluvial and inland-dune landscape: fast sea-level rise changed that landscape into an estuarine sedimentary environment. This transition occured between 9 and 8 thousand years ago, was gradual but includes two events, about 8,400 years and 8000 years ago. These events are tentatively attributed to accellerated sea-level rise respectively run-out of the Storegga-tsunami (known to have occured in the northern North Sea), if not an occassional extreme storm surge (leaving major impact in the southern North Sea only).
(Abstract in Dutch)
Een 21 m diepe bouwput in Rotterdam bood de gelegenheid de basis van het Holocene pakket te bekijken. De afzettingen lieten een verdrinkend rivier- en duinlandschap zien als gevolg van snelle zeespiegelstijging en een overgang naar estuariene condities. Deze overgang vond plaats tussen 9 en 8 duizend jaar geleden en verliep geleidelijk met twee versnellingen: één rond 8,400 jaar geleden als gevolg van een zeespiegelsprongetje en één rond 8,000 jaar geleden, mogelijk als gevolg van een zware storm of de uitrollende Storegga-tsunami.
http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/fysgeo/2009-0306-203511/UUindex.html
http://www.geologischevereniging.nl/publicaties/publicaties.htm
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Ranking the Rivers - Hendrik Marsman dichtte in 1936: 'Denkend aan... more (english translation below)
Ranking the Rivers - Hendrik Marsman dichtte in 1936: 'Denkend aan Holland zie ik brede rivieren traag door oneindig laagland gaan.' Maar welke rivier doet dat het allerbest? Quest zocht een jury en hield een wedstrijdje.
Ranking the Rivers - A famous dutch poem (Marsman, 1936) depicts Holland as 'wide rivers slowly moving through endless lowlands.' But what Dutch river does that the best? Popular science magazine Quest recruited a jury that matched six of the Dutch rivers up.
Ranking the Rivers - Hendrik Marsman dichtte in 1936: 'Denkend aan Holland zie ik brede rivieren traag door oneindig laagland gaan.' Maar welke rivier doet dat het allerbest? Quest zocht een jury en hield een wedstrijdje.
Ranking the Rivers - A famous dutch poem (Marsman, 1936) depicts Holland as 'wide rivers slowly moving through endless lowlands.' But what Dutch river does that the best? Popular science magazine Quest recruited a jury that matched six of the Dutch rivers up.
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Het is algemeen bekend dat de Noordzee een rijke schatkamer herbergt aan fossiele zoogdieren. Dit... more Het is algemeen bekend dat de Noordzee een rijke schatkamer herbergt aan fossiele zoogdieren. Dit wordt keer op keer bevestigd wanneer bij het vissen (met sleepnetten) of bij zand- en schelpwinningsprojecten grote hoeveelheden botmateriaal mee omhoog worden gehaald. Grote resten van mammoeten, zoals slagtanden en kiezen, zijn sterk tot de verbeelding sprekende voorbeelden. Voor velen is het echter een verrassing te horen dat OOK een groot deel van het Nederlandse paleo- en mesolithische erfgoed in de Noordzee ligt. Vuurstenen werktuigen en gereedschappen uit bot zijn en worden met regelmaat gevonden. Het in 2009 door Ronald Plasterk gepresenteerde stukje schedel van een 'Zeeuwse' neanderthaler is een uitzonderlijke toevalstreffer die het belang van het erfgoedpotentieel van de Noordzee onderstreept. In dit eerste van twee artikelen over de archeologie van de Noordzeebodem wordt aandacht besteed aan het Noordzee Neanderthal Project en aan archeologie en geologie van het Eurogeulgebied.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impactby Kim M Cohen and Wil Roebroeks
Arcticle in Dutch in magazine for professional archaeology in the Netherlands. Abridged title: Cu... more Arcticle in Dutch in magazine for professional archaeology in the Netherlands. Abridged title: Cultural heritage in the North Sea: how do we deal with it?
Wanneer op het vaste land een terrein met archeologische waarde verstoort gaat worden, betaalt de verstoorder de kosten van het archeologisch onderzoek. Dit is vastgelegd in de Wet op de Arcehologische Monumentenzorg (WAMZ) uit 2007 en een gevolg van het Europese Verdrag van Malta. Ook de bodem van de Noordzee bevat veel cultureel erfgoed, met name resten van paleo- en mesolitische culturen ouder dan 8.500 jaar. Zandwinning, kustsuppletie en de aanleg van windparken leiden tot een groeiend gebruik van de Noordzeebodem en er vindt daardoor steeds vaker verstoring van het bodemarchief van de Noordzee plaats. Hierbij wordt geen rekening gehouden met het prehistorische erfgoed en gaat er dus veel verloren. De bestaande wetgeving is namelijk vooral gericht op de bescherming van het maritieme erfgoed (onder andere scheepswrakken) en niet zozeer op de bescherming van archeologische waarden in de Noordzeebodem. De WAMZ is daarvoor echter wel een geschikt middel en ook op zee dient het principe te worden toegepast dat de verstoorder inventarisatie en onderzoek naar archeologische bodemschatten bekostigt. Goede gecoördineerde samenwerking tussen archeologen, geologen en ontwerpers van ingrepen vormt daarbij een belangrijk onderdeel. Het is dé manier om optimaal gebruik te maken van alle bodeminformatie die voor en tijdens ingrepen gegenereerd wordt.
http://www.archeobrief.nl
Wanneer op het vaste land een terrein met archeologische waarde verstoort gaat worden, betaalt de verstoorder de kosten van het archeologisch onderzoek. Dit is vastgelegd in de Wet op de Arcehologische Monumentenzorg (WAMZ) uit 2007 en een gevolg van het Europese Verdrag van Malta. Ook de bodem van de Noordzee bevat veel cultureel erfgoed, met name resten van paleo- en mesolitische culturen ouder dan 8.500 jaar. Zandwinning, kustsuppletie en de aanleg van windparken leiden tot een groeiend gebruik van de Noordzeebodem en er vindt daardoor steeds vaker verstoring van het bodemarchief van de Noordzee plaats. Hierbij wordt geen rekening gehouden met het prehistorische erfgoed en gaat er dus veel verloren. De bestaande wetgeving is namelijk vooral gericht op de bescherming van het maritieme erfgoed (onder andere scheepswrakken) en niet zozeer op de bescherming van archeologische waarden in de Noordzeebodem. De WAMZ is daarvoor echter wel een geschikt middel en ook op zee dient het principe te worden toegepast dat de verstoorder inventarisatie en onderzoek naar archeologische bodemschatten bekostigt. Goede gecoördineerde samenwerking tussen archeologen, geologen en ontwerpers van ingrepen vormt daarbij een belangrijk onderdeel. Het is dé manier om optimaal gebruik te maken van alle bodeminformatie die voor en tijdens ingrepen gegenereerd wordt.
http://www.archeobrief.nl
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact
PGK field guide Excursion April 11th 2014
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactK.M. Cohen (2009) het IJsseldal op Bekkenschaal. Lezing alumnidag Faculteit Geowetenschappen. 29 ... more K.M. Cohen (2009) het IJsseldal op Bekkenschaal. Lezing alumnidag Faculteit Geowetenschappen. 29 mrt 2009.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactEerste deel
========
Algemene geologische setting Nederlandse ondergrond in Pleistoceen en Holo... more Eerste deel
========
Algemene geologische setting Nederlandse ondergrond in Pleistoceen en Holoceen naar de laatste inzichten, met kruisverbanden naar dagelijks gebruik van deze kennis.
Met Zoom-in op de Rijn-Maas delta.
Tweede deel
=========
Focus op landschapsevolutie: overerving van vorige situaties op latere situaties en kruisverbanden met zaken als ijstijden, zeespiegelstijging, klimaatschommelingen, opkomst van de de mens als geologische factor.
Literatuur: College haakt aan en verdiept op de Fysische Geografie van Nederland boekenserie van H.J.A. Berendsen (1997/2005/2010; Van Gorcum), het boek Geologie van Nederland (De Mulder e.a. 2003; Wolters), de Atlas van Nederland in het Holoceen (Vos e.a. 2011 / Bazelmans e.a. 2011; Prometheus). Boek-rapport Zand in Banen, derde druk (Cohen e.a. 2009; Prov Gelderland & Univ Utrech - zie http://uu.academia.edu/KimCohen/Books voor een PDF en details voor het bestellen van een hardcopy.
Materialen: www.ahn.nl en www.gelderland.nl/wateratlas
========
Algemene geologische setting Nederlandse ondergrond in Pleistoceen en Holoceen naar de laatste inzichten, met kruisverbanden naar dagelijks gebruik van deze kennis.
Met Zoom-in op de Rijn-Maas delta.
Tweede deel
=========
Focus op landschapsevolutie: overerving van vorige situaties op latere situaties en kruisverbanden met zaken als ijstijden, zeespiegelstijging, klimaatschommelingen, opkomst van de de mens als geologische factor.
Literatuur: College haakt aan en verdiept op de Fysische Geografie van Nederland boekenserie van H.J.A. Berendsen (1997/2005/2010; Van Gorcum), het boek Geologie van Nederland (De Mulder e.a. 2003; Wolters), de Atlas van Nederland in het Holoceen (Vos e.a. 2011 / Bazelmans e.a. 2011; Prometheus). Boek-rapport Zand in Banen, derde druk (Cohen e.a. 2009; Prov Gelderland & Univ Utrech - zie http://uu.academia.edu/KimCohen/Books voor een PDF en details voor het bestellen van een hardcopy.
Materialen: www.ahn.nl en www.gelderland.nl/wateratlas
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact[in Dutch - for geography teachers]
Exogene processen spelen zich af aan de oppervlakte van d... more [in Dutch - for geography teachers]
Exogene processen spelen zich af aan de oppervlakte van de aardkorst. De aardkorst wordt voortdurend afgebroken als gevolg van exogene processen. Die afbraak gebeurt door verwering, erosie en sedimentatie. Hierbij spelen wind, water en ijs een grote rol. De uitzending is bedoeld ter herhaling van eerder als losse onderdelen behandelde stof, in de bovenbouw van HAVO/VWO, ter voorbereiding van het eindexamen.
De aflevering laat achtereenvolgens zien:
- Diversiteit van door exogene krachten gevormd landschap in Nederland: zowel zandig hoog als drassig laag Nederland.
- De stuwwal bij Maarn (Utrechtse Heuvelrug) als product van exogene kracht landijs, gevormd 150.000 jaar geleden, met animatie.
- De zandgroeve in de stuwwal en de zwerfstenen daarin, in Scandinavie losgemaakt en van daar naar NL getransporteerd door exogene krachten in de ijstijd,
- Moedergesteente van de zwerfkeien: granieten door endogene krachten van ooit, zandstenen door exogene krachten van ooit, ruim een miljard jaar geleden in toenmalig Scandinavie.
- Animatie over verwering, met zwerfsteen als lijdend voorwerp.
- Zandstenen met interne structuur: 'ooit getransporteerd zand'
- Zuidelijke zwerfstenen: ook ijs, maar dan op rivieren: schotsen met erin vastgevroren keien.
- De buitenrand van de stuwwal: stromend water als exogene kracht: smeltwater van het ijs en rivieren in ijstijd en sindsdien
- De Nederrijn langs de Utrechtse Heuvelrug.
- Smeltwaterafvoer aan de ijsafwaartse kant van de stuwwal op reliefkaart
- Bijzondere ontsluiting 'Zandpilaren Ecoducht Elst (Amerongen)', tonen de afzettingen van de smeltwaterwaaier (massas zand met grindjes aangevoerd en als opbouwende waaier tot stilstand gekomen in snelstromend water).
- Aanwezigheid van vorstwiggen, door opgevroren raken van de waaier direct na de afzetting, nog steeds in die ijstijd.
- Sedimentbron/aanvoerrichting afleiden uit (a) inzoomen op interne gelaagdheid van het zand (b) uitzoomen naar helling van de waaier als landschapvorm.
- Ondergraving van afspoelingswaaiers en stuwwal door jongere rivieren: de Grebbeberg (Koningstafel) en uitzicht over de Betuwe.
- Steilste hellingen waar deze door rivieren tot het meest recent ondergraven is.
- Verplaatsing van zand door rivieren, uitgewerkt voor meanderende rivieren.
- Geulverplaatsing in stroomgroot in video en als timelapse (UU, Fysische Geografie: Kleinhans, van Dijk, van de Lageweg).
- Zand in bedding door als maar stromend water, klei erbovenop en ernaast door overstromingen.
- Proefboring nabij Kesteren (UU, Fysische Geografie: E. Stouthamer, K.M. Cohen) met handboor en zuigerboor.
- Meanderen als oorzaak van patronen en afwisselingen in zanddiepte (en dus kleidikte) in de ondergrond van delta.
- Afrondend gesprekje bij zonsondergang terug op Grebbeberg.
Er worden luchtig kruisverbanden gelegd met 'De Nederlandse Landschappen', maar vooral de diversiteit van uitwerking en rollen van 'exogene krachten' illustreren is het hoofddoel van de uitzending.
De Ecoduct 'zandpilaren' ontsluiting is 'bij toeval' ontstaan, als bijproduct van de omvorming van het stuk provinciale weg tot ecoduct. Oorspronkelijk lag de weg op de hoge zijde van de terrasrand op de afzettingen. Het Ecoduct is er aangelegd om stuwwal en riviervlakte biotopen te verbinden, door zand onder de weg weg te graven. In voorbereiding hierop was het nodig de weg zelf met betonnen pilaren te funderen. Dat is gedaan door boomstam-dikke gaten in de ondergrond te boren en deze met beton vol te gieten (en in de kern van gaten ook wel wapening zitten). Het vloeibare beton is toen een cm of wat in de porieen van het zand ingedrongen, en vervolgens uitgehard. Toen het zand onder de weg werd weggegraven is een paneerlaagje van zand en grind is aan het beton blijven zitten. De werking van wind en wintervorst in de laatste jaren heeft de natuurlijke structuren die aan de funderingsbeton vastkleven verder uitgeprepareerd.
Exogene processen spelen zich af aan de oppervlakte van de aardkorst. De aardkorst wordt voortdurend afgebroken als gevolg van exogene processen. Die afbraak gebeurt door verwering, erosie en sedimentatie. Hierbij spelen wind, water en ijs een grote rol. De uitzending is bedoeld ter herhaling van eerder als losse onderdelen behandelde stof, in de bovenbouw van HAVO/VWO, ter voorbereiding van het eindexamen.
De aflevering laat achtereenvolgens zien:
- Diversiteit van door exogene krachten gevormd landschap in Nederland: zowel zandig hoog als drassig laag Nederland.
- De stuwwal bij Maarn (Utrechtse Heuvelrug) als product van exogene kracht landijs, gevormd 150.000 jaar geleden, met animatie.
- De zandgroeve in de stuwwal en de zwerfstenen daarin, in Scandinavie losgemaakt en van daar naar NL getransporteerd door exogene krachten in de ijstijd,
- Moedergesteente van de zwerfkeien: granieten door endogene krachten van ooit, zandstenen door exogene krachten van ooit, ruim een miljard jaar geleden in toenmalig Scandinavie.
- Animatie over verwering, met zwerfsteen als lijdend voorwerp.
- Zandstenen met interne structuur: 'ooit getransporteerd zand'
- Zuidelijke zwerfstenen: ook ijs, maar dan op rivieren: schotsen met erin vastgevroren keien.
- De buitenrand van de stuwwal: stromend water als exogene kracht: smeltwater van het ijs en rivieren in ijstijd en sindsdien
- De Nederrijn langs de Utrechtse Heuvelrug.
- Smeltwaterafvoer aan de ijsafwaartse kant van de stuwwal op reliefkaart
- Bijzondere ontsluiting 'Zandpilaren Ecoducht Elst (Amerongen)', tonen de afzettingen van de smeltwaterwaaier (massas zand met grindjes aangevoerd en als opbouwende waaier tot stilstand gekomen in snelstromend water).
- Aanwezigheid van vorstwiggen, door opgevroren raken van de waaier direct na de afzetting, nog steeds in die ijstijd.
- Sedimentbron/aanvoerrichting afleiden uit (a) inzoomen op interne gelaagdheid van het zand (b) uitzoomen naar helling van de waaier als landschapvorm.
- Ondergraving van afspoelingswaaiers en stuwwal door jongere rivieren: de Grebbeberg (Koningstafel) en uitzicht over de Betuwe.
- Steilste hellingen waar deze door rivieren tot het meest recent ondergraven is.
- Verplaatsing van zand door rivieren, uitgewerkt voor meanderende rivieren.
- Geulverplaatsing in stroomgroot in video en als timelapse (UU, Fysische Geografie: Kleinhans, van Dijk, van de Lageweg).
- Zand in bedding door als maar stromend water, klei erbovenop en ernaast door overstromingen.
- Proefboring nabij Kesteren (UU, Fysische Geografie: E. Stouthamer, K.M. Cohen) met handboor en zuigerboor.
- Meanderen als oorzaak van patronen en afwisselingen in zanddiepte (en dus kleidikte) in de ondergrond van delta.
- Afrondend gesprekje bij zonsondergang terug op Grebbeberg.
Er worden luchtig kruisverbanden gelegd met 'De Nederlandse Landschappen', maar vooral de diversiteit van uitwerking en rollen van 'exogene krachten' illustreren is het hoofddoel van de uitzending.
De Ecoduct 'zandpilaren' ontsluiting is 'bij toeval' ontstaan, als bijproduct van de omvorming van het stuk provinciale weg tot ecoduct. Oorspronkelijk lag de weg op de hoge zijde van de terrasrand op de afzettingen. Het Ecoduct is er aangelegd om stuwwal en riviervlakte biotopen te verbinden, door zand onder de weg weg te graven. In voorbereiding hierop was het nodig de weg zelf met betonnen pilaren te funderen. Dat is gedaan door boomstam-dikke gaten in de ondergrond te boren en deze met beton vol te gieten (en in de kern van gaten ook wel wapening zitten). Het vloeibare beton is toen een cm of wat in de porieen van het zand ingedrongen, en vervolgens uitgehard. Toen het zand onder de weg werd weggegraven is een paneerlaagje van zand en grind is aan het beton blijven zitten. De werking van wind en wintervorst in de laatste jaren heeft de natuurlijke structuren die aan de funderingsbeton vastkleven verder uitgeprepareerd.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact
"Video-link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dYhUApVrtCU
Three day course set up by Dr. Janrik... more "Video-link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dYhUApVrtCU
Three day course set up by Dr. Janrik van den Berg (Primary Sedimentary Structures). 1-day contribution by Dr. Kim Cohen (Transgressive sediments).
Emphasis on Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt deltaic and estuarine systems (Southern North Sea, Netherlands; Pliocene, Pleistocene, Holocene).
ABSTRACT - The need to recognize the depositional facies in the subsurface is basic to evaluate reservoir properties. This training uses a unique collection of full-scale, high resolution photographs
of lacquer peels to analyse the characteristics of fluvial, tidal,
transitional fluvial-tidal, coastal barrier and aeolian depositional facies.Lacquer peels are undisturbed slices taken from outcrops of unconsolidated sediments. They provide superb 2-D sections that allow for detailed sedimentological analysis. During the ‘hands-on’ part of the three day-training, insights obtained from sedimentological analysis of the poster-sized lacquer peels are used to describe, interpret and evaluate core data.
After completion of the training, participants will have obtained the skills to recognize essential characteristics of common siliciclastic systems and to apply these to core description, interpretation and evaluation.
Participants learn to:
• Understand the relationship between hydrodynamic flow and bedform variability
• Carry out process-related interpretation of primary sedimentary structures
• Recognize diagnostic attributes and sedimentary structure assemblages for fluvial, tidal, shoreface and aeolian depositional facies
• Log and interpret facies recognized in unscaled photographs of lacquer peels and simulated cores from lacquer peel windows.
Course aimed at:
Sedimentologists, stratigraphers, reservoir geologists and geomodelers involved in the description, interpretation and evaluation of siliciclastics in core data.
For more info: mailto:training@enresinternational.com "
Three day course set up by Dr. Janrik van den Berg (Primary Sedimentary Structures). 1-day contribution by Dr. Kim Cohen (Transgressive sediments).
Emphasis on Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt deltaic and estuarine systems (Southern North Sea, Netherlands; Pliocene, Pleistocene, Holocene).
ABSTRACT - The need to recognize the depositional facies in the subsurface is basic to evaluate reservoir properties. This training uses a unique collection of full-scale, high resolution photographs
of lacquer peels to analyse the characteristics of fluvial, tidal,
transitional fluvial-tidal, coastal barrier and aeolian depositional facies.Lacquer peels are undisturbed slices taken from outcrops of unconsolidated sediments. They provide superb 2-D sections that allow for detailed sedimentological analysis. During the ‘hands-on’ part of the three day-training, insights obtained from sedimentological analysis of the poster-sized lacquer peels are used to describe, interpret and evaluate core data.
After completion of the training, participants will have obtained the skills to recognize essential characteristics of common siliciclastic systems and to apply these to core description, interpretation and evaluation.
Participants learn to:
• Understand the relationship between hydrodynamic flow and bedform variability
• Carry out process-related interpretation of primary sedimentary structures
• Recognize diagnostic attributes and sedimentary structure assemblages for fluvial, tidal, shoreface and aeolian depositional facies
• Log and interpret facies recognized in unscaled photographs of lacquer peels and simulated cores from lacquer peel windows.
Course aimed at:
Sedimentologists, stratigraphers, reservoir geologists and geomodelers involved in the description, interpretation and evaluation of siliciclastics in core data.
For more info: mailto:training@enresinternational.com "
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactEen lakprofiel zegt meer dan duizend woorden. Lakprofielen worden gemaakt in greppels, bouwputten... more Een lakprofiel zegt meer dan duizend woorden. Lakprofielen worden gemaakt in greppels, bouwputten en groeves waar zandige afzettingen zijn ontsloten. Het is een impregnatie-techniek waarbij stroperige lak enige millimeters diep de wand in trekt. In een geslaagd lakprofiel zijn de sedimentaire structuren in afzettingen veel beter zichtbaar dan in de verse ontsluiting. Bovendien is het een manier om een stukje putwand in los zand vast te leggen en mee naar huis te nemen, om er nog jaren lang onderwijs op te verzorgen en onderzoek mee te doen.
Eind jaren ’70 was er bij de aanleg van de Oosterscheldekering (onderdeel van de Deltawerken) bij de aanleg van een 13 meter diepe, met kofferdammen omsloten en droog gepompte bouwput in op het werkeiland Neeltje Jans, de unieke gelegenheid lakprofielen te verzamelen van opgevulde geulstructuren in de monding van de Oosterschelde. De schitterende collectie wordt nog altijd gebruikt in het onderwijs. Generaties eerstejaars ontdekken er het geheim van ‘stop-‘n’-go’ en ‘drie stappen vooruit, een halve stap terug’ van sedimenttransport en duinvorming en zandbankvorming, tamelijk diep onder water in de monding het estuarium, onder voortdurende aanwezigheid van het getij, dat maar komt en gaat, en maar om blijft keren.
Sedimentaire structuren in lakprofielen zijn er van allerlei aard. Een voorbeeld zijn sporen van ribbeltjes, klei-drapering, duintjes - vormen die ontstaan in bewegend sediment, en bij begraving bewaard blijven. Er zijn ook sporen van bodemleven en doorworteling van naderhand. Er zijn ook erosieve contacten waar te nemen. Bepaalde typen structuren en systematische opeenvolgingen daarin en herhalingen daarvan, zijn diagnostisch voor het afzettingsmilieu. Aan hoe de sedimentaire structuren er uit zien (‘facies’), kan een aardwetenschapper zien in wat voor omgeving het materiaal ooit is afgezet. Met een beetje begeleiding, zouden ouders van aardwetenschappers dit toch ook moeten kunnen.
De lakprofielen bieden de gelegenheid de herkenning van facies te oefenen op schoolvoorbeelden. Bovendien is de routine van systematisch beschrijven toepasbaar op iedere vorm van geologische veldgegevens: rotswanden in zand-, klei- of kalksteen in de bergen, boringen in een delta, een steile ondergraven oever, hoge resolutie seismiek of grondradar. Die routine is: eerst tekenen en benoemen wat je ziet (observeren), daarna in een paar stappen overdenken wat dit zegt over de vormende processen en het afzettingsmilieu (interpreteren), en daarna door naar het volgende punt om te kijken of je interpretatie en wand- en kaartbeeld daar ook nog bevestigd wordt (verifiëren). Die cyclus komt eigenlijk altijd terug.
Eind jaren ’70 was er bij de aanleg van de Oosterscheldekering (onderdeel van de Deltawerken) bij de aanleg van een 13 meter diepe, met kofferdammen omsloten en droog gepompte bouwput in op het werkeiland Neeltje Jans, de unieke gelegenheid lakprofielen te verzamelen van opgevulde geulstructuren in de monding van de Oosterschelde. De schitterende collectie wordt nog altijd gebruikt in het onderwijs. Generaties eerstejaars ontdekken er het geheim van ‘stop-‘n’-go’ en ‘drie stappen vooruit, een halve stap terug’ van sedimenttransport en duinvorming en zandbankvorming, tamelijk diep onder water in de monding het estuarium, onder voortdurende aanwezigheid van het getij, dat maar komt en gaat, en maar om blijft keren.
Sedimentaire structuren in lakprofielen zijn er van allerlei aard. Een voorbeeld zijn sporen van ribbeltjes, klei-drapering, duintjes - vormen die ontstaan in bewegend sediment, en bij begraving bewaard blijven. Er zijn ook sporen van bodemleven en doorworteling van naderhand. Er zijn ook erosieve contacten waar te nemen. Bepaalde typen structuren en systematische opeenvolgingen daarin en herhalingen daarvan, zijn diagnostisch voor het afzettingsmilieu. Aan hoe de sedimentaire structuren er uit zien (‘facies’), kan een aardwetenschapper zien in wat voor omgeving het materiaal ooit is afgezet. Met een beetje begeleiding, zouden ouders van aardwetenschappers dit toch ook moeten kunnen.
De lakprofielen bieden de gelegenheid de herkenning van facies te oefenen op schoolvoorbeelden. Bovendien is de routine van systematisch beschrijven toepasbaar op iedere vorm van geologische veldgegevens: rotswanden in zand-, klei- of kalksteen in de bergen, boringen in een delta, een steile ondergraven oever, hoge resolutie seismiek of grondradar. Die routine is: eerst tekenen en benoemen wat je ziet (observeren), daarna in een paar stappen overdenken wat dit zegt over de vormende processen en het afzettingsmilieu (interpreteren), en daarna door naar het volgende punt om te kijken of je interpretatie en wand- en kaartbeeld daar ook nog bevestigd wordt (verifiëren). Die cyclus komt eigenlijk altijd terug.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactDe bovenste tientallen meters van de ondergrond en het natuurlijke oppervlak zelf; welk fysiek pr... more De bovenste tientallen meters van de ondergrond en het natuurlijke oppervlak zelf; welk fysiek project (iets bouwen) en welk ruimtelijk beleid (gebiedje plannen) heeft daar eigenlijk niet mee te maken? Er is een groot aantal verschillende vormen van kennis over oppervlak en ondiepe ondergrond die voor planning en uitvoering bijeengebracht moet worden. Deze wordt aan beleidsmakers gecommuniceerd door deskundigen van uiteenlopende disciplinaire achtergrond. Niet altijd is men zich even bewust van de schotten tussen disciplines binnen de vele deskundigen en/of hoe het bestaan daarvan negatief kan doorwerken in uiteindelijk beleidsbeslissingen.
Een uitdaging van de 21ste eeuw is om te gaan met de steeds groter geworden hoeveelheid kennis en inzicht en veranderde beroepsprofielen. Deze groei en verandering hebben geleid tot steeds grotere kloven tussen tussen ‘gebruikers’ en ‘makers’ van geo-adviezen, en tussen specialistische ‘makers’ onderling. Inzicht in de verschillende bronnen van kennis waarop groepen deskundigen zich baseren kan helpen. Een beleidsmaker met besef over deze aspecten van actuele ondergrondkennis kan verzoeken om advies scherper formuleren en kan zo interdisciplinaire afstemming tussen subdisciplines al in de opdracht afdwingen. Zo’n geïnformeerde beleidsmaker kan ook afzonderlijk ingewonnen adviezen beter verwerken.
Doelstellingen
Het doel van de 2e cursusdag is dat de cursisten aan het eind hiervan:
* Snappen hoe de kennis over het oppervlak en de ondergond van Nederland opgedeeld is (geraakt) over diverse subdisciplines en hoe deze samenwerken.
* Een beeld hebben van het detailniveau van de huidige datasets / kennis producten van het natuurlijke oppervlak van Nederland en van de bovenste meters van de ondergrond.
* Een beeld te hebben van de opbouw van de ondiepe ondergrond van Nederland.
* Een beeld hebben van de ruimtelijke verschillen in opbouw, dominante hydrologische en bodemkundige verschijnselen, en historisch menselijk gebruik van het landschap.
* Besef te kweken over integrale kennis van de toestand onder het oppervlak, in beleidspraktijk aan de orde als subdisciplinaire kennis bijeengebracht moet worden.
Het doel is niet de kwartair-geologische geschiedenis van Nederland kunnen na vertellen o.i.d.; het gaat om ‘Kennis over Kennis’.
Programma
1. Inleiding
a. Schets ondiep professioneel geologisch Nederland
b. Valkuilen / langs elkaar heen praten / onmogelijke wensen
c. Kansen / integraler plannen en benaderen ondergrond
d. ‘Kennis’ en ‘Kennis over Kennis’
2. Kwartair Geologie
a. Grote lijnen doorloop ontstaan Nederland Pleistoceen
b. De belangrijkste formaties
c. ‘Daling = Dikte’
d. IJstijden
e. Sediment
f. Link met cursusdag 1 (tectoniek, diepe en ondiepe hydrologie)
3. Geomorfologie
a. Het actueel hoogtebestand van Nederland. Een revolutie
b. ‘Hoog’ Pleistoceen Nederland: regionale verschillen
c. De mens als geologische factor
d. Link met bodemkunde
e. Link met grondwater-hydrologie
f. Grote lijnen doorloop ontstaan Nederland Holoceen
g. De mens als geologische factor
h. ‘Laag’ Holoceen Nederland: regionale verschillen
i. Link met verstedelijking
j. Link met polder-hydrologie
k. Kustzones, Klimaatverandering
4. Veranderende praktijk (als opmaat naar cursusdag 3)
a. Vroeg in projecten
b. Tijdens uitvoering van projecten
c. Rol van overheden
d. Praktijkverschil Stedelijk / Landelijk
e. Praktijkverschil Hoog / Laag
Docent(-en)/ inleiders
Kim Cohen
Een uitdaging van de 21ste eeuw is om te gaan met de steeds groter geworden hoeveelheid kennis en inzicht en veranderde beroepsprofielen. Deze groei en verandering hebben geleid tot steeds grotere kloven tussen tussen ‘gebruikers’ en ‘makers’ van geo-adviezen, en tussen specialistische ‘makers’ onderling. Inzicht in de verschillende bronnen van kennis waarop groepen deskundigen zich baseren kan helpen. Een beleidsmaker met besef over deze aspecten van actuele ondergrondkennis kan verzoeken om advies scherper formuleren en kan zo interdisciplinaire afstemming tussen subdisciplines al in de opdracht afdwingen. Zo’n geïnformeerde beleidsmaker kan ook afzonderlijk ingewonnen adviezen beter verwerken.
Doelstellingen
Het doel van de 2e cursusdag is dat de cursisten aan het eind hiervan:
* Snappen hoe de kennis over het oppervlak en de ondergond van Nederland opgedeeld is (geraakt) over diverse subdisciplines en hoe deze samenwerken.
* Een beeld hebben van het detailniveau van de huidige datasets / kennis producten van het natuurlijke oppervlak van Nederland en van de bovenste meters van de ondergrond.
* Een beeld te hebben van de opbouw van de ondiepe ondergrond van Nederland.
* Een beeld hebben van de ruimtelijke verschillen in opbouw, dominante hydrologische en bodemkundige verschijnselen, en historisch menselijk gebruik van het landschap.
* Besef te kweken over integrale kennis van de toestand onder het oppervlak, in beleidspraktijk aan de orde als subdisciplinaire kennis bijeengebracht moet worden.
Het doel is niet de kwartair-geologische geschiedenis van Nederland kunnen na vertellen o.i.d.; het gaat om ‘Kennis over Kennis’.
Programma
1. Inleiding
a. Schets ondiep professioneel geologisch Nederland
b. Valkuilen / langs elkaar heen praten / onmogelijke wensen
c. Kansen / integraler plannen en benaderen ondergrond
d. ‘Kennis’ en ‘Kennis over Kennis’
2. Kwartair Geologie
a. Grote lijnen doorloop ontstaan Nederland Pleistoceen
b. De belangrijkste formaties
c. ‘Daling = Dikte’
d. IJstijden
e. Sediment
f. Link met cursusdag 1 (tectoniek, diepe en ondiepe hydrologie)
3. Geomorfologie
a. Het actueel hoogtebestand van Nederland. Een revolutie
b. ‘Hoog’ Pleistoceen Nederland: regionale verschillen
c. De mens als geologische factor
d. Link met bodemkunde
e. Link met grondwater-hydrologie
f. Grote lijnen doorloop ontstaan Nederland Holoceen
g. De mens als geologische factor
h. ‘Laag’ Holoceen Nederland: regionale verschillen
i. Link met verstedelijking
j. Link met polder-hydrologie
k. Kustzones, Klimaatverandering
4. Veranderende praktijk (als opmaat naar cursusdag 3)
a. Vroeg in projecten
b. Tijdens uitvoering van projecten
c. Rol van overheden
d. Praktijkverschil Stedelijk / Landelijk
e. Praktijkverschil Hoog / Laag
Docent(-en)/ inleiders
Kim Cohen
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact
First Announcement and Call for Papers for the INQUA-PERIBALTIC working group meeting in the Neth... more First Announcement and Call for Papers for the INQUA-PERIBALTIC working group meeting in the Netherlands 2-8 november, 2015.
The Meeting of the Working Group includes an excursion.
The meeting starts (one night) and ends (two nights) in Utrecht. The middle part of the meeting, we will be in Assen (three nights). In between we will travel by coach and visit the Island of Texel in NW Netherlands, the Hondsrug Geopark in the NE Netherlands, the IJsselvalley in the E Netherlands, the International Soil museum (ISRIC, Wageningen) and Saalian Push Moraines in the central Netherlands, and TNO Geological Survey of the Netherlands. Talks, poster sessions, business meetings will be in the Provincehouse of Drenthe in Assen.
The conference day will be organised in four sessions. Hereto we request abstracts for oral
and/or poster contributions on four themes:
· North Sea and Baltic Coasts
· Periglacial Landscapes
· Glaciated landscapes and their hydrology
· Human Impact on Landscape in Past and Present
A general poster session is hosted to cover further contributions.
The conference and excursion programme schedules include additional invited talks on:
· Science and Policy implementation
· Geoheritage sites in practice
· Applied Quaternary Geology
Organizing committee: Enno Bregman, Kim Cohen, Wim Hoek, Freek Busschers, Lena Smit and Judith Anneveldt.
Main contact: E.P.h.Bregman, enno.bregman@gmail.com
(Pre-)registration: E-mail j.anneveldt@drenthe.nl
Pre-Announcement – December 2014
First circular – 26th March, 2015
Pre-registration – 29th May, 2015
Second circular – 15th June, 2015
Submit abstracts – 15th July, 2015
Pay registration fee – 15th August, 2015
November 2015 - Monday 2 to Sunday 8th Peribaltic wg excursion+conference
Format and venue:
The Organizing Committee provides one day for oral and poster presentations (5
November, 2015) and a four-day field excursion:
· Participants arrive at Utrecht on Monday 2 November (21:00 ice-breaker party, NHHotel,
Utrecht).
· Tuesday 3 November - field excursion by bus, via Texel (NIOZ) to Assen (Drenthe).
· From Tuesday evening 3 to Friday morning 6 November, we stay at Assen.
Wednesday 4 November - field excursion to GeoPark Hondsrug and other sites.
Thursday 5 November- conference day, hosted at Province House of Drenthe, Assen.
· Friday 6 November - field excursion by bus, via IJssel valley and Veluwe to Utrecht.
· From Friday evening 6 to Sunday morning 8 November, we stay at Utrecht.
Saturday 7 November - visit to TNO Geological Survey of the Netherlands, Utrecht.
· Participants depart from Utrecht on Saturday evening 7 or on Sunday 8 November.
The Meeting of the Working Group includes an excursion.
The meeting starts (one night) and ends (two nights) in Utrecht. The middle part of the meeting, we will be in Assen (three nights). In between we will travel by coach and visit the Island of Texel in NW Netherlands, the Hondsrug Geopark in the NE Netherlands, the IJsselvalley in the E Netherlands, the International Soil museum (ISRIC, Wageningen) and Saalian Push Moraines in the central Netherlands, and TNO Geological Survey of the Netherlands. Talks, poster sessions, business meetings will be in the Provincehouse of Drenthe in Assen.
The conference day will be organised in four sessions. Hereto we request abstracts for oral
and/or poster contributions on four themes:
· North Sea and Baltic Coasts
· Periglacial Landscapes
· Glaciated landscapes and their hydrology
· Human Impact on Landscape in Past and Present
A general poster session is hosted to cover further contributions.
The conference and excursion programme schedules include additional invited talks on:
· Science and Policy implementation
· Geoheritage sites in practice
· Applied Quaternary Geology
Organizing committee: Enno Bregman, Kim Cohen, Wim Hoek, Freek Busschers, Lena Smit and Judith Anneveldt.
Main contact: E.P.h.Bregman, enno.bregman@gmail.com
(Pre-)registration: E-mail j.anneveldt@drenthe.nl
Pre-Announcement – December 2014
First circular – 26th March, 2015
Pre-registration – 29th May, 2015
Second circular – 15th June, 2015
Submit abstracts – 15th July, 2015
Pay registration fee – 15th August, 2015
November 2015 - Monday 2 to Sunday 8th Peribaltic wg excursion+conference
Format and venue:
The Organizing Committee provides one day for oral and poster presentations (5
November, 2015) and a four-day field excursion:
· Participants arrive at Utrecht on Monday 2 November (21:00 ice-breaker party, NHHotel,
Utrecht).
· Tuesday 3 November - field excursion by bus, via Texel (NIOZ) to Assen (Drenthe).
· From Tuesday evening 3 to Friday morning 6 November, we stay at Assen.
Wednesday 4 November - field excursion to GeoPark Hondsrug and other sites.
Thursday 5 November- conference day, hosted at Province House of Drenthe, Assen.
· Friday 6 November - field excursion by bus, via IJssel valley and Veluwe to Utrecht.
· From Friday evening 6 to Sunday morning 8 November, we stay at Utrecht.
Saturday 7 November - visit to TNO Geological Survey of the Netherlands, Utrecht.
· Participants depart from Utrecht on Saturday evening 7 or on Sunday 8 November.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactCoastal wetlands are very fragile environment against external environmental changes such as sea-... more Coastal wetlands are very fragile environment against external environmental changes such as sea-level rise and anthropogenic impacts. On the other hand, coastal wetlands have a significant role as a place for carbon sequestration in the belowground as well as the aboveground. This session will discuss the geomorphologic, biologic and anthropogenic processes on the coastal wetlands in the various climate zones during the Holocene. For example, coastal wetlands in the tropics have evolved with the development of wetland forests such as mangrove forest, peat swamp forest and fresh water swamp forest. The most significant process for habitat formation and maintenance of the former two forests are peat production and decomposition, which are also significant processes on the coastal lowlands in the temperate and subarctic zones, though the mechanism of the processes might be different. Geomorphological processes such as sedimentation and erosion by fluvial and marine processes are also important for all of coastal wetlands. However, the environment of coastal wetlands has been destroyed by various human activities such as deforestation, agriculture land development, peat mining, and shrimp firming in and around mangrove forests in recent years. We would like to invite the wide discipline of research papers on not only the natural processes but also the anthropogenic processes in order to offer the scientific basis for creating sustainable management systems on the coastal wetlands in the future.
Number of abstracts received: 26 - Number of allocated oral slots will be clear in March.
Number of abstracts received: 26 - Number of allocated oral slots will be clear in March.
Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact
Studies on late Quaternary paleovalley systems have been progressed dramatically during the past ... more Studies on late Quaternary paleovalley systems have been progressed dramatically during the past decade. This progress is led by high-resolution dating of such as AMS radiocarbon dating and OSL dating. Based on these dating, the strata formation and paleogeography of the paleovalley systems have been reconstructed quantitatively, and based on these reconstructions, the role of centennial-scale sea-level and climate changes on the formation of the paleovalley systems have been evaluated. This session is focused on the late Quaternary paleovalley systems and the component of the coastal environments such as deltas and estuaries with detail chronology. Furthermore, this session is aimed to find out unknown synchronicities of allogenic forcing such as sea-level and climate changes during the late Quaternary.
Number of abstracts received: 21 - Number of allocated oral slots will be clear in March.
Number of abstracts received: 21 - Number of allocated oral slots will be clear in March.
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The Port of Rotterdam will host the 20 meters under water! international symposium on the 5th and... more The Port of Rotterdam will host the 20 meters under water! international symposium on the 5th and 6th of March 2015.
The International Symposium presents the results of recent interdisciplinary research (geological, archaeological, palaeobotanical, archaeolozoological and paleontological) carried out in relation to the construction of the Maasvlakte 2 port extension into the North Sea near Rotterdam in the Netherlands.
Culminating in on-site research 20 meters under water in a drowned landscape, the research produced discoveries of hunter / gatherer’s activities from between 8,400 and 6,400 BC (Late Preboreal to Early Atlantic).
http://www.20metersunderwater.nl/
The programme contains this presentation:
Vos & Cohen (2014) A staged geogenetic approach to underwater archaeological prospection in the Port of Rotterdam (Yangtzehaven, Maasvlakte, The Netherlands): a geological and palaeoenvironmental study of Mesolithic lowland landscapes.
The talk presents the methodology that was applied to detect drowned archaeological sites in the subsurface of Maasvlakte harbour extension area (Yangtzehaven, Port of Rotterdam). The subsurface up to 25 m –NAP consist of marine sand, Early Holocene deltaic deposits and fluvial Late glacial sands. When the construction works were planned, it became clear that dredging this harbour would disturb the subsurface stratigraphy to around -21 m below present mean sea level, a depth zone which was known to contain archaeological remains. The staged approach makes use of geological data starting from a conceptual model that indicates the depths of layers that could be rich in Upper Palaeolithic / early Mesolithic artefacts. This initial model is used to determine the strategy of the subsequent phases of investigation, such as whether to proceed with dredging as part of the engineering work, in this case down to 17 m. This removed the upper (younger) sands and improved opportunities for underwater survey of fluvio-deltaic layers of Mesolithic age. Following the development of the initial site model, a full-area investigation was carried out using geophysics and coring. This provided the materials for palaeoenvironmental analysis and the reconstruction of the long-drowned Early Holocene terrestrial landscape in what became the southern North Sea. This landscape included inland dune areas and local drainage systems and provided the physiographic context for the geoprospection of Mesolithic archeology. This predictive modeling identified two areas in the harbour for investigation in higher detail. Again geophysics and corings were deployed, in denser grids, allowing fine tuning of the palaeolandscape models at the localities of presumed highest archeological potential. Cores from one of the selected areas, an inland dune complex in wetland surroundings, yielded in-situ evidence of Mesolithic occupation of this site. These finds and the palaeolandscape context created with the data from the prospection phases were critical in the decision to undertake an underwater archaeological excavation using a large, boat-mounted grab sampling system. We provide an account of the geological and palaeoenvironmental work undertaken in the prospective phases leading up to the discovery of the site. We highlight the importance of the staged geogenetic approach for informing sampling strategies, tailored for integration with execution of engineering works, and for securing high-quality information on landscape contexts, which in turn, informs archaeological decision-making and prospection strategies. The approach has wider generic application for palaeolandscape reconstruction and mapping at regional scales.
The International Symposium presents the results of recent interdisciplinary research (geological, archaeological, palaeobotanical, archaeolozoological and paleontological) carried out in relation to the construction of the Maasvlakte 2 port extension into the North Sea near Rotterdam in the Netherlands.
Culminating in on-site research 20 meters under water in a drowned landscape, the research produced discoveries of hunter / gatherer’s activities from between 8,400 and 6,400 BC (Late Preboreal to Early Atlantic).
http://www.20metersunderwater.nl/
The programme contains this presentation:
Vos & Cohen (2014) A staged geogenetic approach to underwater archaeological prospection in the Port of Rotterdam (Yangtzehaven, Maasvlakte, The Netherlands): a geological and palaeoenvironmental study of Mesolithic lowland landscapes.
The talk presents the methodology that was applied to detect drowned archaeological sites in the subsurface of Maasvlakte harbour extension area (Yangtzehaven, Port of Rotterdam). The subsurface up to 25 m –NAP consist of marine sand, Early Holocene deltaic deposits and fluvial Late glacial sands. When the construction works were planned, it became clear that dredging this harbour would disturb the subsurface stratigraphy to around -21 m below present mean sea level, a depth zone which was known to contain archaeological remains. The staged approach makes use of geological data starting from a conceptual model that indicates the depths of layers that could be rich in Upper Palaeolithic / early Mesolithic artefacts. This initial model is used to determine the strategy of the subsequent phases of investigation, such as whether to proceed with dredging as part of the engineering work, in this case down to 17 m. This removed the upper (younger) sands and improved opportunities for underwater survey of fluvio-deltaic layers of Mesolithic age. Following the development of the initial site model, a full-area investigation was carried out using geophysics and coring. This provided the materials for palaeoenvironmental analysis and the reconstruction of the long-drowned Early Holocene terrestrial landscape in what became the southern North Sea. This landscape included inland dune areas and local drainage systems and provided the physiographic context for the geoprospection of Mesolithic archeology. This predictive modeling identified two areas in the harbour for investigation in higher detail. Again geophysics and corings were deployed, in denser grids, allowing fine tuning of the palaeolandscape models at the localities of presumed highest archeological potential. Cores from one of the selected areas, an inland dune complex in wetland surroundings, yielded in-situ evidence of Mesolithic occupation of this site. These finds and the palaeolandscape context created with the data from the prospection phases were critical in the decision to undertake an underwater archaeological excavation using a large, boat-mounted grab sampling system. We provide an account of the geological and palaeoenvironmental work undertaken in the prospective phases leading up to the discovery of the site. We highlight the importance of the staged geogenetic approach for informing sampling strategies, tailored for integration with execution of engineering works, and for securing high-quality information on landscape contexts, which in turn, informs archaeological decision-making and prospection strategies. The approach has wider generic application for palaeolandscape reconstruction and mapping at regional scales.
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Session at the annual archeological congress for the Netherlands and Flanders "Reuvensdagen", on ... more Session at the annual archeological congress for the Netherlands and Flanders "Reuvensdagen", on developments in landscape-archaeology of the riverplain and open water areas.
The session has five contributions:
1. Stijn Arnoldussen and others - Prospective archaeological (risk) mapping of the embanked floodplains of the main rivers in the Rhine-Meuse delta. [ based on: https://www.academia.edu/7063163/ ]
2. Kim Cohen, Willem Toonen, Henk Weerts - Archaeology along the lower river Rhine and rare largest floods. [ based on https://www.academia.edu/4829454/ ]
3. Maaike Sier (and others) - Investigations on the Mesolithic of the Early Holocene below Rotterdam and its harbours. [ based on https://www.academia.edu/7621110/ ]
4. Jan Royman - Practice of monitoring archeology during river works along the river Meuse in the southern Netherlands
5. Rene Isarin - Geomorphological mapping of the Meuse valley as input for prospective archaeological (risk) mapping along the river Meuse in the southern Netherlands
In dutch: see links and downloads.
The session has five contributions:
1. Stijn Arnoldussen and others - Prospective archaeological (risk) mapping of the embanked floodplains of the main rivers in the Rhine-Meuse delta. [ based on: https://www.academia.edu/7063163/ ]
2. Kim Cohen, Willem Toonen, Henk Weerts - Archaeology along the lower river Rhine and rare largest floods. [ based on https://www.academia.edu/4829454/ ]
3. Maaike Sier (and others) - Investigations on the Mesolithic of the Early Holocene below Rotterdam and its harbours. [ based on https://www.academia.edu/7621110/ ]
4. Jan Royman - Practice of monitoring archeology during river works along the river Meuse in the southern Netherlands
5. Rene Isarin - Geomorphological mapping of the Meuse valley as input for prospective archaeological (risk) mapping along the river Meuse in the southern Netherlands
In dutch: see links and downloads.
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by Kim M Cohen, Harm Jan Pierik, and Jan Stafleu
EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 2017
Cohen, K.M., Koster, K., Pierik, H.J., Van der Meulen, B., Hijma, M., Schokker, J. & Stafleu, J.,... more Cohen, K.M., Koster, K., Pierik, H.J., Van der Meulen, B., Hijma, M., Schokker, J. & Stafleu, J., 2017. Holocene palaeoDEMs for lowland coastal and delta plain landscape Reconstructions (Abstract). EGU General Assembly, 23 – 28 April 2017, Vienna, Austria.
Geological mapping of Holocene deposits of coastal plains, such as that of The Netherlands can reach high resolution (dense population, diverse applied usage) and good time control (14C dating, archaeology). The next step is then to create time sliced reconstructions for stages in the Holocene, peeling of the subrecent and exposing past relief situation. This includes winding back the history of sea-level rise and delta progradation etc. etc. So far, this has mainly be done as 2D series of landscape maps, or as sea-level curve age-depth plots.
In the last decade, academic and applied projects at Utrecht University, TNO Geological Survey of The Netherlands and Deltares have developed palaeoDEMs for the Dutch low lands, that are a third main way of showing coastal plain evolution. Importantly, we produce two types of palaeoDEMs: (1) geological surface mapping using deposit contacts from borehole descriptions (and scripted 3D processing techniques – e.g. Van der Meulen et al. 2013) and (2) palaeogroundwater surfaces, using sea-level and inland water-level index-points (and 3D kriging interpolations – e.g. Koster et al. 2016). The applications for the combined palaeoDEMs range from relative sea-level rise mapping and assessment of variation in rate of GIA across the coastal plain, to quantification of soft soil deformation, to analysis of pre-embankment extreme flood levels.
Koster, K., Stafleu, J., & Cohen, K.M. (2016). Generic 3D interpolation of Holocene base-level rise and provision of accommodation space, developed for the Netherlands coastal plain and infilled palaeovalleys. Basin Research. DOI 10.1111/bre.12202
Van der Meulen, M.J., Doornenbal, J.C., Gunnink, J.L., Stafleu, J., Schokker, J., Vernes, R.W., Van Geer, F.C., Van Gessel, S.F., Van Heteren, S., Van Leeuwen, R.J.W. & Bakker, M.A.J. (2013). 3D geology in a 2D country: perspectives for geological surveying in the Netherlands. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 92, 217-241. DOI 10.1017/S0016774600000184
Geological mapping of Holocene deposits of coastal plains, such as that of The Netherlands can reach high resolution (dense population, diverse applied usage) and good time control (14C dating, archaeology). The next step is then to create time sliced reconstructions for stages in the Holocene, peeling of the subrecent and exposing past relief situation. This includes winding back the history of sea-level rise and delta progradation etc. etc. So far, this has mainly be done as 2D series of landscape maps, or as sea-level curve age-depth plots.
In the last decade, academic and applied projects at Utrecht University, TNO Geological Survey of The Netherlands and Deltares have developed palaeoDEMs for the Dutch low lands, that are a third main way of showing coastal plain evolution. Importantly, we produce two types of palaeoDEMs: (1) geological surface mapping using deposit contacts from borehole descriptions (and scripted 3D processing techniques – e.g. Van der Meulen et al. 2013) and (2) palaeogroundwater surfaces, using sea-level and inland water-level index-points (and 3D kriging interpolations – e.g. Koster et al. 2016). The applications for the combined palaeoDEMs range from relative sea-level rise mapping and assessment of variation in rate of GIA across the coastal plain, to quantification of soft soil deformation, to analysis of pre-embankment extreme flood levels.
Koster, K., Stafleu, J., & Cohen, K.M. (2016). Generic 3D interpolation of Holocene base-level rise and provision of accommodation space, developed for the Netherlands coastal plain and infilled palaeovalleys. Basin Research. DOI 10.1111/bre.12202
Van der Meulen, M.J., Doornenbal, J.C., Gunnink, J.L., Stafleu, J., Schokker, J., Vernes, R.W., Van Geer, F.C., Van Gessel, S.F., Van Heteren, S., Van Leeuwen, R.J.W. & Bakker, M.A.J. (2013). 3D geology in a 2D country: perspectives for geological surveying in the Netherlands. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 92, 217-241. DOI 10.1017/S0016774600000184
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by Jan Peeters, Kim M Cohen, and Mark J. Sier
The Eemian is the term for the terrestrial and coastal marine Last Interglacial in Europe. The Ee... more The Eemian is the term for the terrestrial and coastal marine Last Interglacial in Europe. The Eemian has been extensively studied from paleolandscape, sedimentary, archaeological, molluscan and botanical perspectives. Although the duration of the Eemian in north western Europe is well know from lake sediments [1], the absolute age of onset and ending are a matter of correlation and discussion. A critical part is the debate on to what extent the Eemian pollenzone biostratigraphical correlation can be diachronic between subregions of Europe [2,3]. A second matter is the correlation to the MIS 6-5e transition [4,5,6]. A third matter is the timing of the North Sea transgression and its relation to Scandinavian and Greenland deglaciation and GIA [7,8,9]. Detection of the Blake paleomagnetic excursion [2] indicate the Eemian in the North Sea to have begun late at ∼121 ka. Marine records offshore Portugal (d18O, pollen, Blake excursion) indicate interglacial conditions over there to have commenced ∼127 ka. About 6000 years of lag in climatic amelioration appears to exist between S and NW Europe. This is quite different from the YD-Holocene transition, where such lag in entering reference interglacial conditions across Atlantic Europe is almost absent. The diachroneity in the onset of interglacial conditions, implies that regional climatic conditions over Europe and the North Atlantic in the first part of MIS 5e were very much different from those in equivalent parts of MIS 1, a feature that is related to known differences between the melting history of the Greenland ice cap following Termination II and Termination I [8]. It also has implications for reading global fingerprints in the sea-level history of the period [9]. The presentation gives an overview of the current state of insights in the age of the Eemian climatic onset and the timing of the transgression within. We perform a cross-correlation including the above and new records, strengthening our earlier findings of diachronic registration of environmental change equated to European Eemian onset and transgression events.
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by Marcel J L T Niekus, Kim M Cohen, and Dick Stapert
Steekproefrapport 2020-07/05, 2021
In deze rapportage worden de resultaten besproken van een inventarisatie van 24 privécollecties m... more In deze rapportage worden de resultaten besproken van een inventarisatie van 24 privécollecties met in totaal 1203 (vuur)stenen artefacten waarvan het merendeel afkomstig is uit de megasuppletie (2011) van de Zandmotor voor de kust bij Ter Heijde. De artefacten zijn afkomstig uit offshore wingebied Q16F,H. Op basis van typologische en technologische kenmerken van de artefacten, deels in combinatie met de post-depositionele oppervlakteveranderingen en grondstofgebruik, kon de assemblage in een aantal perioden worden onderverdeeld. De oudste artefacten rekenen we tot de ‘Rhenen Industrie’ en behoren tot het Acheuléen, met een geschatte ouderdom tussen ca. 250.000 en 170.000 jaar (MIS 7-vroeg MIS 6), d.w.z. voor de landijsbedekking van het Saalien. De artefacten uit deze periode hebben één of meer fasen van verspoeling ondergaan. Een aanzienlijk deel van de artefacten schrijven we toe aan het latere Midden-Paleolithicum met een ruime datering in de eerste helft of het middendeel van de laatste ijstijd (MIS 5d-3: ca. 115.000-40.000 jaar geleden). Een aantal laat-middenpaleolithische werktuigen vertoont affiniteit met specifieke fasen van het Moustérien Complex, zoals het Moustérien de tradition acheuléenne (MTA) en het Moustérien type Quina. Een klein aantal artefacten hoort mogelijk thuis in het vroege Jong-Paleolithicum (MIS 3 en 2); het Laat- Aurignacien en het Vroeg-Gravettien komen in aanmerking. Slechts één artefact hoort waarschijnlijk thuis in de laatpaleolithische Federmesser-traditie. Artefacten uit het Vroeg- en/of Midden-Mesolithicum zijn op de Zandmotor (afkomstig uit wingebied Q16F,H) niet uitgesproken aanwezig, wel iets verder zuidelijk langs het Noordzeestrand, richting Hoek van Holland. De meeste en tegelijk de jongste prehistorische artefacten schrijven we toe aan het Laat-Mesolithicum (Vroeg-Atlanticum), zo rond 6400/6300 v.Chr. Opvallend zijn enkele tientallen bijlen en afslagen die met de productie hiervan samenhangen. Samen met enkele trapezia vormen de bijlen een karakteristiek element van het Noord-Nederlandse Laat-Mesolithicum (voorheen samengevat onder de noemer ‘De Leien-Wartena Complex’).
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by Marcel J L T Niekus and Kim M Cohen
PaleoAnthropology, 2021
Readers Related Papers MentionsView ImpactRelated Authors
