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1
he
 Rubrtkr
JDE[FK^
`dr
[HEKQ^UBHEIHL N[FU[QK, ^DNIKUY,  BHE WDFIUIN^ (LQBEK 21)
Ebtk Ekvkfdpke= Dnt. 1717 Jdeufk Hd.
2
 
Wblk 2 d` 5
Ekvkfdpke ay=
UKEEY A. NBUIJABHL
 
JDE[FK #2 (\KKO 2) - ^DNIBF DQLBHI]BUIDH^ DAMKNUIPK^=
Bt tck khe d` tcis jdeufk ydu wiff ak bafk td= 2.
 
trbnk oihscip tiks bhe sdnibf hktwdros. 1.
 
eksnriake bhe drlbhizke hbturk d` sdnibf fi`k bhe rufks ldvkrhihl akcbvidur? >.
 
fkbrh badut ei``krkht oihes d` butcdrity bhe fklitijbny prbntinke ih pdfitins.
KSWFDQK IH^UQ[NUIDH^=
 Uck ektbifs pkrtbihihl td nufturbf, sdnibf bhe pdfitinbf ihstitutidhs brk livkh  akfdw. Iekhti`y wcbt is bsoke ay ndjpfktihl tck stbtkjkht. Ncdinks brk nitke akfdw rilct b`tkr tck skhtkhnks.
N[FU[QBF, ^DNIBF BHE WDFIUINBF IH^UIU[UIDH^ B.
 
Oihscip ay afdde (N[FU[QBF IH^UIU[UIDH^)
2. b rkfbtidhscip witc dtckr pkdpfk tcrdulc afdde oihscip tiks abske dh eksnkht nbh ak 1. (abske dh `kjbfk fihk), >. (abske dh jbfk fihk) dr 5. (ndhsist d` adtc `kjbfk bhe jbfk fihks).
 jbtrifihkbf aifihkbf pbtrifihkbf ndhsbhluihkdus oihscip
A.
 
Oihes d` `bjify (^DNIBF IH^UIU[UIDH^)
2.
ndhsist d` pbrkhts bhe nciferkh
1.
ndjpdske d` hunfkbr `bjify bhe rkfbtivks
>.
ndjpdske d` spdusks bhe tckir nciferkh `rdj b prkvidus jbrriblk
 hunfkbr kxtkheke rkndhstitutke
N.
 
Wdfitinbf Drlbhizbtidhs (WDFIUINBF IH^UIU[UIDH^)
2.
b sjbff lrdup ndhhkntke ay `bjify tiks bhe is pdfitinbffy ihekpkhekht.
1.
b triabf drlbhizbtidh wcinc brk uhitke ay b ndjjdh nufturk
>.
ldvkrhke ay b ldvkrhihl adey, bptfy nbffke b ncik`. It is b pdfitinbf drlbhizbtidh tcbt ihvdfvks b jdrk `drjbf bhe pkrjbhkht pdfitinbf strunturk ndjpbrke td triabf bhe abhe drlbhizbtidhs.
5.
drlbhizke pdfitinbf ndjjuhity tcbt is fivihl uhekr b sihlfk systkj d` ldvkrhjkht wcinc ldvkrhs b fbrlk pdpufbtidh, witc b cikrbrncy d` ei``krihl pdfitinbf pdsitidhs bhe tck pdwkr td kh`drnk eknisidhs
 abhes triaks ncik`edjs stbtk
 
1
he
 Rubrtkr
JDE[FK^
`dr
[HEKQ^UBHEIHL N[FU[QK, ^DNIKUY,  BHE WDFIUIN^ (LQBEK 21)
Ebtk Ekvkfdpke= Dnt. 1717 Jdeufk Hd.
2
 
Wblk 1 d` 5
Ekvkfdpke ay=
UKEEY A. NBUIJABHL
 
FK^^DH WQDWKQ ^dnibf drlbhizbtidh
is ek`ihke bs tck systkj d` rkfbtidhscips aktwkkh pkrsdhs bhe bjdhl lrdups witc rklbre td tck eivisidh d` bntivity bhe `uhntidhbf jutubf dafilbtidhs witcih sdnikty. Uck
`bjify
skrvks bs bh ijpdrtbht uhivkrsbf sdnibf ihstitutidh. It is tck absin uhit d` sdnibf drlbhizbtidh tcbt is ksskhtibf pbrt d` cujbh sdnikty. Ucksk brk skvkrbf oihes d` `bjifiks=
 
hunfkbr
(ndhsist d` pbrkhts bhe nciferkh)
 
 
kxtkheke
(hunfkbr `bjify witc rkfbtivks)
 
 
rkndhstitutke `bjifiks
(spdusks bhe nciferkh `rdj prkvidus jbrriblk). It is tck absis d` oihscip- b systkj d` sdnibf drlbhizbtidh wcinc is abske dh rkndlhizke `bjify tiks. Oihscip tiks is abske dh eksnkht nbh ak=
 
Jbtrifihkbf
(`kjbfk fihk)
 
Wbtrifihkbf Oihscip
(jbfk fihk)
 
Aifihkbf oihscip
(adtc `kjbfk bhe jbfk fihks). Ucrkk typks d` Oihscip
 
Ndhsbhluihkdus oihscip
tcbt is bfsd ohdwh bs b oihscip ay afdde.
 
B``ihbf oihscip
 wcinc is bfsd ohdwh bs oihscip ay jbrriblk.
 
Oihscip ay ritubf
 
 
b privifklke sdnibf rkfbtidhscip kstbafiscke ay
ritubf
, sunc bs tcbt d` ldepbrkhts dr `rbtkrhbf drekrs.
 
B``ihbf oihscip
, dh tck dtckr cbhe rk`krs td tck adhe tcbt is `drjke tcrdulc jbrriblk. It nbh ak jdhdlbjdus dr pdfylbjdus.
 
Jdhdlbjy
jkbhs tcbt b pkrsdh is jbrrike td dhk pkrsdh dhfy.
 
Wdfylbjy
, dh tck dtckr cbhe, jkbhs tcbt b pkrsdh cbs jdrk tcbh dhk spdusk bt b tijk.
Oihscip
 pfbys b culk rdfk ih tck oihe d` sdnikty tcbt wk brk fivihl tdeby. Its ih`fukhnks b``knt dur pdfitins bhe kndhdjy. Dhk kxbjpfk wdufe ak tck kxistkhnk d` tck
pdfitinbf eyhbstiks.
B
eyhbsty
 rk`krs td b sunnkssidh d` rufkrs `rdj tck sbjk `bjify dr fihkblk. Wdfitinbf drlbhizbtidhs `dffdw nkrtbih luiekfihks dr rklufbtidhs td khsurk tcbt pdfitinbf prdnkssks brk ldihl sjddtcfy.
 
Butcdrity
 „ 
 is tck ndhnkpt d` rilct td issuk bhe, usihl ndkrnivk pdwkr td kh`drnk b ndjjbhe.
 
Fklitijbny
 „ 
 drilihbtke `rdj tck Fbt
ih wdre ‖fklitijbrk‚, jkbhihl td eknfbrk, fbw`uf‚.
 
1
he
 Rubrtkr
JDE[FK^
`dr
[HEKQ^UBHEIHL N[FU[QK, ^DNIKUY,  BHE WDFIUIN^ (LQBEK 21)
Ebtk Ekvkfdpke= Dnt. 1717 Jdeufk Hd.
2
 
Wblk > d` 5
Ekvkfdpke ay=
UKEEY A. NBUIJABHL
 
QK@KQQKHNK^=
 Jbrib Kffb Btikhzb, kt. bf. ebtk. [hekrstbheihl Nufturk, ^dnikty bhe Wdfitins= Keitidh, N & K Wuafiscihl Ihn.
 
Wdfitinbf Drlbhizbtidh. Qktrikvke `rdj= cttp=//www.zkkpkeib.ndj/rkbe.pcp4pdfitinbfTdrlbhizbtidhTabhesTtri abfTdrlbhizbtidhsTncik`edjsTnufturbfTbhtcrdpdfdly&a:93&n:1;
 
Wdfitinbf Drlbhizbtidh= Abhes, Uriaks, Ncik`edjs, & ^tbtks. Qktrikvke `rdj= cttp=//stuey.ndj/bnbekjy/fkssdh/pdfitinbf-drlbhizbtidhs-abhestriaks-ncik`edjs- stbtks.ctjf
 
Urbeitidhbf Butcdrity. Aduhefkss. Qktrikvke `rdj= cttps=//www.aduhefkss.ndj/sdnidfdly/tkxtaddos/aduhefksssdnidfdly- tkxtaddo/ldvkrhjkht-2;/pdfitins-pdwkr-bhe-butcdrity221/trbeitidhbf-butcdrity-011- 32;3/
 
Jbx \kakr= Urbeitidhbf, Fklbf-Qbtidhbf, bhe Ncbrisjbtin Butcdrity. Qktrikvke `rdj= cttp=//ebhbwiffibjs1.tripde.ndj/butcdrity.ctjf 
 
Jbxijifibh Obrf Kjif \kakr
 12 Bprif 2305
 „ 
 25 Muhk 2917) wbs b Lkrjbh sdnidfdlist,  murist, bhe   pdfitinbf kndhdjist, wcd is rklbreke tdeby bs dhk d`
 
tck jdst ijpdrtbht tckdrists dh tck ekvkfdpjkht d` jdekrh \kstkrh sdnikty. Cis iekbs wdufe prd`duhefy ih`fukhnk sdnibf tckdry bhe  sdnibf rkskbrnc
.
 Bnndreihl td \kakr, it is tck absis d` kvkry systkj d` butcdrity, b wiffihlhkss td
daky, bhe b akfik` ay virtuk d` wcinc pkrsdhs kxkrnisihl butcdrity brk fkht prkstilk‚
 
\kakr’s Uckdry d` Butcdrity
is nfbssi`ike ihtd tcrkk typks=
 
Urbeitidhbf Butcdrity-
is fklitijbtke ay sbhntity d` trbeitidh dr nustdj
 
Ncbrisjbtin Butcdrity
-is butcdrity jbek fklitijbtk ay b fkbekr witc b jissidh bhe visidh tcbt ihspirks dtckrs.
 
Fklbf-Qbtidhbf Butcdrity
-rk`krs td b `drj d` fkbekrscip jbek fklitijbtk ay fklbf rbtidhbfity. Its fklitijbny ekrivke `rdj tck pdwkr d` tck ndhtkht d` fbw.
Bhswkr tck `dffdwihl qukstidhs usihl ydur dwh wdres= writk ydur bhswkr ih b nfkbh sckkt d` pbpkr.
2.
 
\cbt is b sdnibf ihstitutidh4 1.
 
Ih ydur dwh dpihidh cdw sdnibf bhe nufturbf ihstitutidhs fiok `bjify b``knt ydu ih tkrjs d`  pkrsdhbfity `drjbtidh4 >.
 
\cbt typks d` butcdrity ed ydu daskrvke prkvbfkht ih ydur fdnbfity4 \cbt rdfks bhe rkspdhsiaifitiks ed stuekht fkbekrs pkr`drj ih ydur abrbhlby4 5.
 
\cbt is tck ijpfinbtidh d` pdfylbjy strunturk d` jbrriblk ih Wcifippihk sdnikty4 ;.
 
\cbt nbh ydu sby badut tck rdfk d` oihscip ih ih`fukhnihl dtckr drlbhizbtidhs, b``kntihl kvkh dur pdfitins bhe kndhdjy4

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