امریکی خانہ جنگی

American Civil War
	Battle of Gettysburg Battle of Franklin US Horse Artillery Brigade officers under Captain John Tidball Battle of Antietam A Harvest of Death Ironclad یو ایس ایس Atlanta
تاریخ	April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865 (4 سال، 1 مہینہ اور 2 ہفتے)
مقام	ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا، بحر اوقیانوس
نتیجہ	یونین victory
سرحدی; تبدیلیاں	Dissolution of the ریاستہائے کنفیڈریٹ امریکا
مُحارِب
یونین (امریکی خانہ جنگی)	ریاستہائے کنفیڈریٹ
کمان دار اور رہنما
ابراہم لنکن ✘; یولیسس ایس گرانٹ; and others...;	Jefferson Davis ; Robert E. Lee ; and others...;
طاقت
698,000 at peak; 2,200,000 total;	360,000 at peak; 750,000–1,000,000 total;
ہلاکتیں اور نقصانات
110,000+ لڑائی میں مقتول; 230,000+ died from accidents or disease; 25,000–30,000 died in Confederate prisons; 365,000+ total dead; 282,000+ wounded; 181,193 captured; 828,000+ total casualties;	94,000+ لڑائی میں مقتول; 164,000+ died from accidents or disease ; 26,000–31,000 died in Union prisons; 290,000+ total dead; 137,000+ wounded; 436,658 captured; 864,000+ total casualties;
	50,000 free civilians died; 60,000 documented slaves, "tens of thousands" of undocumented slaves died from disease; 616,222–1,000,000+ total dead;

امریکی خانہ جنگی (1861ء - 1865ء) ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا کی ریاستوں کے مابین لڑی جانے والی ایک داخلی جنگ تھی۔ جنوب میں واقع گیارہ ریاستوں نے امریکا سے آزادی کا اعلان کر دیا اور شمالی ریاستوں کے خلاف مسلح جنگ لڑی۔ اس تنازع کی بنیادی وجہ امریکا کے افریقی نژاد باشندوں کی غلامی پر ان ریاستوں کا اختلاف رائے تھی۔ شمالی ریاستیں ان غلاموں کو آزاد کر دینا چاہتی تھیں اور غلامی کے خلاف قانون سازی کرکے اسے خلاف قانون قرار دینا چاہتی تھیں۔ جنوبی ریاستوں کی معیشت کا دارومدار کپاس کی کاشت پر تھا اور غلاموں کو اس کاشتکاری میں بھاری مشقت کے لیے استعمال کیا جاتا تھا اس لیے وہ غلامی کا سلسلہ جاری رکھنا چاہتی تھیں۔

یہ صنعتی دور کی اولین جنگوں میں سے ایک ہے جس میں ریل گاڑی، ٹیلیگراف، بھاپ سے چلنے والے بحری جہاز اور صنعتی بنیادوں پر تیار کردہ اسلحہ بڑے پیمانے پر استعمال کیے گئے۔ یہ جنگ امریکا کی تاریخ کی خونی ترین جنگ تھی جس میں لگ بھگ 6,20,000 امریکی سپاہیوں اور عوام کی ایک نامعلوم مگر بہت بڑی تعداد کو جان سے ہاتھ دھونا پڑے۔

جنگ میں شمالی ریاستوں کو ابراہام لنکن کی قیادت میں فتح حاصل ہوئی اور ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا میں غلامی کا خاتمہ ہو گیا۔

حوالہ جات

↑ "{{subst:PAGENAME}} of the Union Army in the American Civil War"۔ 2016-01-30 کو اصل سے آرکائیو کیا گیا۔ Of which 131,000 were in the Navy and Marines, 140,000 were garrison troops and home defense militia, and 427,000 were in the field army
1 2 3 4 "{{subst:PAGENAME}}"۔ National Park Service
↑ "{{subst:PAGENAME}} war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies; Series 4 – Volume 2"۔ United States War Dept.۔ 1900۔ 2017-07-25 کو اصل سے آرکائیو کیا گیا
↑ Long 1971, p. 705
1 2 3 William F. Fox (1889)۔ {{subst:PAGENAME}} losses in the American Civil War۔ اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ بتاریخ 2017-05-25{{حوالہ کتاب}}: اسلوب حوالہ 1 کا انتظام: ناموزوں یوآرایل (link)
1 2 3 "{{subst:PAGENAME}} Military Casualties: Principal Wars 1775–1991"۔ Defence Casuality Analysis System (DCAS)
↑ Chambers & Anderson 1999, p. 849
1 2 James Ford Rhodes (1893)۔ {{subst:PAGENAME}} of the United States from the Compromise of 1850۔ New York: Harper & Bros.۔ ص 507–508
↑
↑ Downs 2012. "The rough 19th century estimate was that 60,000 former slaves died from the epidemic, but doctors treating black patients often claimed that they were unable to keep accurate records due to demands on their time and the lack of manpower and resources. The surviving records only include the number of black patients whom doctors encountered; tens of thousands of other slaves had no contact with army doctors, leaving no records of their deaths."
↑ Toward a Social History of the American Civil War Exploratory Essays, Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 4.
↑
↑ Downs 2012. "An 2 April 2012 New York Times article, 'New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll', reports that a new study ratchets up the death toll from an estimated 650,000 to a staggering 850,000 people. As horrific as this new number is, it fails to reflect the mortality of former slaves during the war. If former slaves were included in this figure, the Civil War death toll would likely be over a million casualties ...".

1 2
- "امریکی خانہ جنگی of the Rebellion; The Last Rebel Army Disbands"۔ نیو یارک ٹائمز۔ United States Department of War۔ 29 مئی 1865۔ 2018-09-15 کو اصل سے آرکائیو کیا گیا۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2022-07-29
- Robertson 1963, p. 31. "Lee's surrender left Johnston with no place to go. On April 26, near Durham, N.C., the Army of Tennessee laid down its arms before Sherman's forces. With the surrender of isolated forces in the Trans-Mississippi West on May 4, 11, and 26, the most costly war in American history came to an end."
- Catton 1965, p. 445. "[A]nd on May 26 he [E. Kirby Smith] surrendered and the war was over."
- Gallagher et al. 2003, p. 308. "By 26 May, General Edward Kirby Smith had surrendered the Rebel forces in the trans-Mississippi west. The war was over."
- Blair 2015, p. 9. "The sheer weight of scholarship has leaned toward portraying the surrenders of the Confederate armies as the end of the war."
↑ 211,411 Union soldiers were captured, and 30,218 died in prison. The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double-counting of casualties.
↑ 462,634 Confederate soldiers were captured and 25,976 died in prison. The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double-counting of casualties.

[2] "{{subst:PAGENAME}} of the Union Army in the American Civil War"۔ 2016-01-30 کو اصل سے آرکائیو کیا گیا۔ Of which 131,000 were in the Navy and Marines, 140,000 were garrison troops and home defense militia, and 427,000 were in the field army

[NationalParkService-3] 1 2 3 4 "{{subst:PAGENAME}}"۔ National Park Service

[4] "{{subst:PAGENAME}} war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies; Series 4 – Volume 2"۔ United States War Dept.۔ 1900۔ 2017-07-25 کو اصل سے آرکائیو کیا گیا

[FOOTNOTELong1971705-5] Long 1971, p. 705

[Fox1889-6] 1 2 3 William F. Fox (1889)۔ {{subst:PAGENAME}} losses in the American Civil War۔ اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ بتاریخ 2017-05-25{{حوالہ کتاب}}: اسلوب حوالہ 1 کا انتظام: ناموزوں یوآرایل (link)

[DCAS-7] 1 2 3 "{{subst:PAGENAME}} Military Casualties: Principal Wars 1775–1991"۔ Defence Casuality Analysis System (DCAS)

[FOOTNOTEChambersAnderson1999849-8] Chambers & Anderson 1999, p. 849

[Rhodes1893-9] 1 2 James Ford Rhodes (1893)۔ {{subst:PAGENAME}} of the United States from the Compromise of 1850۔ New York: Harper & Bros.۔ ص 507–508

[Nofi2001-12] ↑

[13] Downs 2012. "The rough 19th century estimate was that 60,000 former slaves died from the epidemic, but doctors treating black patients often claimed that they were unable to keep accurate records due to demands on their time and the lack of manpower and resources. The surviving records only include the number of black patients whom doctors encountered; tens of thousands of other slaves had no contact with army doctors, leaving no records of their deaths."

[14] Toward a Social History of the American Civil War Exploratory Essays, Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 4.

[Hacker2011-15] ↑

[16] Downs 2012. "An 2 April 2012 New York Times article, 'New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll', reports that a new study ratchets up the death toll from an estimated 650,000 to a staggering 850,000 people. As horrific as this new number is, it fails to reflect the mortality of former slaves during the war. If former slaves were included in this figure, the Civil War death toll would likely be over a million casualties ...".

[امریکی_خانہ_جنگی-1] 1 2
"امریکی خانہ جنگی of the Rebellion; The Last Rebel Army Disbands"۔ نیو یارک ٹائمز۔ United States Department of War۔ 29 مئی 1865۔ 2018-09-15 کو اصل سے آرکائیو کیا گیا۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2022-07-29
Robertson 1963, p. 31. "Lee's surrender left Johnston with no place to go. On April 26, near Durham, N.C., the Army of Tennessee laid down its arms before Sherman's forces. With the surrender of isolated forces in the Trans-Mississippi West on May 4, 11, and 26, the most costly war in American history came to an end."
Catton 1965, p. 445. "[A]nd on May 26 he [E. Kirby Smith] surrendered and the war was over."
Gallagher et al. 2003, p. 308. "By 26 May, General Edward Kirby Smith had surrendered the Rebel forces in the trans-Mississippi west. The war was over."
Blair 2015, p. 9. "The sheer weight of scholarship has leaned toward portraying the surrenders of the Confederate armies as the end of the war."

[mwAQs] "امریکی خانہ جنگی of the Rebellion; The Last Rebel Army Disbands"۔ نیو یارک ٹائمز۔ United States Department of War۔ 29 مئی 1865۔ 2018-09-15 کو اصل سے آرکائیو کیا گیا۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2022-07-29

[mwARc] Robertson 1963, p. 31. "Lee's surrender left Johnston with no place to go. On April 26, near Durham, N.C., the Army of Tennessee laid down its arms before Sherman's forces. With the surrender of isolated forces in the Trans-Mississippi West on May 4, 11, and 26, the most costly war in American history came to an end."

[mwARo] Catton 1965, p. 445. "[A]nd on May 26 he [E. Kirby Smith] surrendered and the war was over."

[mwAR0] Gallagher et al. 2003, p. 308. "By 26 May, General Edward Kirby Smith had surrendered the Rebel forces in the trans-Mississippi west. The war was over."

[mwASA] Blair 2015, p. 9. "The sheer weight of scholarship has leaned toward portraying the surrenders of the Confederate armies as the end of the war."

[10] 211,411 Union soldiers were captured, and 30,218 died in prison. The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double-counting of casualties.

[11] 462,634 Confederate soldiers were captured and 25,976 died in prison. The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double-counting of casualties.

[ا]