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By default modprobe loads modules from kernel subdirectories located in the /lib/modules/$(uname -r) directory. Usually all files have extension .ko, so you can list them with

  find /lib/modules/$(uname -r) -type f -name '*.ko'

or, taking into account compressed files:

  find /lib/modules/$(uname -r) -type f -name '*.ko*'

Each module can be also loaded by referring to its aliases, stored in the /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/modules.alias (and modules.alias.bin).

However, to load a modules successfully modprobe needs their dependencies listed in the file /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/modules.dep (and a corresponding binary version modules.dep.bin). If some module is present on the system, but is not on the list, then you should run a command depmod which will generate such dependencies and automatically include your module to modules.dep and modules.dep.bin.

Additionally, if the module is successfully loaded it will be listed in the file /proc/modules (also accessed via command lsmod).