1993 Malaŵi demokilase rifendamu

Pa Juni 14, 1993, ku Malaŵi kukacitika referendum yakukhwaskana na kuwezgerapo demokilase ya vyaru vinandi. Pafupifupi 64% ya awo ŵakavota ŵakazomerezga kuti chipani cha Malawi Congress chileke kulamulira kwa vyaka 31. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, Pulezidenti Hastings Banda, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa caru kufuma apo cikapokera wanangwa, wakathereskeka pa umoyo wake wose ndiposo nkhongono zinandi izo wakaŵa nazo kufuma apo boma la chipani cimoza likambira kuwusa mu 1966. Mu chaka chakulondezgapo, pakaŵa maungano gha chigaŵa. Ŵanthu 67% pa ŵanthu 4.7 miliyoni awo ŵakalembeskeka ŵakavota.

1993 Malaŵi demokilase rifendamu

14 June 1993 (1993-06-14)
Results
Choice Votes % One-party system 1,088,473 35.31% Multi-party system 1,993,996 64.69% Valid votes 3,082,469 97.75% Invalid or blank votes 70,979 2.25% Total votes 3,153,448 100.00% Registered voters/turnout 4,699,527 67.1%
Results of the referendum by region (left) and district (right)

Vyakulondezga

Kusankha	Mavoti	%
Multi-party state	1,993,996	64.69
One-party state	1,088,473	35.31
Invalid/blank votes	70,979	–
Pamoza	3,153,448	100
Registered voters/turnout	4,699,527	67.10
Source: African Elections Database

Vigaŵa vya kuwaro

• Detailed results by district African Elections Database

Kusinthika kwa Vyakukakamizga vya ku Charu Chose na mu Malawi

Kumanyuma kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1980, umaliro wa Nkhondo Yakuzizima na kuchepa kwa muwuso wa apartheid ku South Africa vikapangiska kuti wovwiri wa ŵa ku West ku boma la Banda uchepe, ndipo kukakamizga kwa charu chose kuti paŵe kusintha kwa ndyali kukakwera. Chuma cha Malawi nacho chikamba kusuzgika, ndipo boma likataya chigaŵa chikulu cha wovwiri wakufuma kuwaro. Banda wakamba kufooka pa umoyo ndipo wakaŵa pafupi kufika vyaka 90. John Tembo na Cecilia Kadzamira ŵakamba kunyamura maudindo ghanandi gha boma na kuchepetsa ntchito izo Banda wakachitanga zuŵa na zuŵa.

Paumaliro wa 1991, Malawi ndiyo yikaŵa charu chokha ku southern Africa icho chikhalanga na ndondomeko ya chipani chimoza, penepapo vyaru vya kufupi nga ni Zambia, Tanzania, na Mozambique vikaŵa kuti vikusintha ku ndondomeko za vipani vinandi. Pa 8 March 1992, mabishopu ŵa Katolika ku Malawi ŵakalemba kalata ya chisambizgo yakususkana na kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ndipo nkhani iyi yikapangiska kuti kususkana na boma kuŵe pakweru. Pamanyuma mu mwezi weneyura, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 80 ŵa ku Malawi awo ŵakasuskanga boma kwawo kuwaro ŵakakumana ku Lusaka, Zambia, kuti ŵakambiskane nthowa zakusinthira ku demokilase ku Malawi.

Mu Epulero 1992, mulongozgi wa wupu wa ŵantchito Chakufwa Chihana wakawelera ku Malawi ndipo wakayowoya nkhani ku Lilongwe International Airport. Wakayowoya MCP kuti ni chipani cha nyifwa na mdima ndipo wakachema kuti pachitike referendum ya charu chose. Wakakakika nyengo yeneyiyo ndipo wakalangika kukhala mu jele vyaka viŵiri na kugwira ntchito zinonono chifukwa cha mulandu wa sedition. Kukakika kwake kukakwiyiska ŵanthu ndipo kususkana kukakuruka ku Lilongwe na Blantyre. Ŵasilikari ŵakagwiliskira ntchito nkhongono zakukoma ŵanthu pakuthandazga ŵanthu awo ŵakachitanga viwawa, ndipo ŵanthu 38 ŵakafwa. Ivi vikaŵa chiyerezgero chikuru chomene cha kususkana na boma la MCP mu vyaka pafupifupi vitatu vya ulamuliro wake.

Pakukumana na kususkana kwakukura, boma likaparanya National Assembly ndipo likachema maungano gha chisankho cha chipani chimoza mu Juni kuti vazuzge mipando ya ndyali yakukwana 141. Magulu ghakususkana, agho ghakaŵa pasi pa komiti yakucemeka Committee for a Democratic Alliance, ghakachema ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kuvota. Kuyana na viŵerengero vya boma, ŵanthu 45 ŵakawelera kwambura kususkika, ndipo mipando yinkhondi yikakhala yambura ŵanthu chifukwa cha kuleka kuzomerezgeka. Mu vigaŵa ivyo mavoti ghakachitika, ŵalongozgi 62 awo ŵakaŵa kale pa mipando ŵakataya mipando yawo. Boma likayowoya kuti ŵanthu 80% ŵakiza kuzavota, kweni viŵerengero vyambura kujiyimira vikayerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵakukwana 40% pera ndiwo ŵakavota pa charu chose. Ku Blantyre, awo ŵakavota ŵakaŵa 20%, ndipo mu vigaŵa vinyake ŵakaŵa 10% pera.

Mbiri ya Nyengo Yakale

Malawi yikatora wanangwa wake mu 1964 pasi pa ulongozgi wa Hastings Kamuzu Banda na Malawi Congress Party (MCP). Mu 1966, MCP yikapharazgika kuŵa chipani cha malango pera, ndipo ichi chikamba nyengo iyo yikamanyikwanga kuti ni boma la munthu yumoza ilo likaŵa na ulamuliro wakusuzga chomene. Pasi pa ulamuliro wa Banda, pakaŵa malango ghakukhwimiska pa umoyo wa ŵanthu, ndyali, na nkhani za makhaliro.

Boma la Banda likalutilira kuŵa na ubwezi wakukwana wa ndyali na apartheid South Africa, iyo pa nyengo yira ndiyo yikaŵa charu cha Africa pera icho chikachitanga nthena. Malawi yikapokera wovwiri kufuma ku United States, iyo yikawonanga Malawi kuŵa munyake wa pa nkhondo yakulimbana na chikomyunizimu. Nangauli chuma cha Malawi chikawonekanga kuti ntchakukhazikika pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake mu chigaŵa ichi, ulamuliro wakufika palipose wa boma la Banda ukapangiska kuti paŵe wofi. Young Pioneers of Malawi, awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito nga ni ŵasilikari ŵa paramilitary na ŵapolisi ŵa chinsinsi, ŵakaŵa na nkhongono kuluska ŵasilikari ŵa charu ndipo ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakulu chomene pakusuzga ŵakususka.

Vyakulondezga mu Vigaŵa

Chigaŵa	Vipani vinandi		Chipani chimoza		Mavoti ghakuzomerezgeka	Mavoti ghambura kuzomerezgeka	Pamoza / Ŵalembeska
	Mavoti	%	Mavoti	%
Dedza	34,628	25.56%	100,840	74.44%	135,468	3,972	139,440	75.5%	184,589
Dowa	20,345	14.93%	115,958	85.07%	136,303	3,429	139,732	72.0%	194,010
Kasungu	48,960	28.05%	125,600	71.95%	174,560	4,982	179,542	77.3%	232,276
Lilongwe	105,110	28.23%	267,168	71.77%	372,278	12,512	384,790	65.1%	591,460
Mchinji	34,559	31.54%	75,012	68.46%	109,571	6,854	116,425	59.3%	196,393
Nkhotakota	35,965	47.03%	40,515	52.97%	76,480	2,856	79,336	59.3%	133,866
Ntcheu	74,655	74.74%	25,227	25.26%	99,882	1,089	100,971	70.8%	142,550
Ntchisi	11,224	21.93%	39,946	78.07%	51,170	883	52,053	81.1%	64,204
Salima	34,586	45.07%	42,147	54.93%	76,733	1,859	78,592	83.2%	94,472
Pakati	400,032	32.46%	832,413	67.54%	1,232,445	38,436	1,270,881	69.3%	1,833,820
Chitipa	37,165	91.16%	3,603	8.84%	40,768	305	41,073	70.3%	58,404
Karonga	61,038	94.14%	3,799	5.86%	64,837	539	65,376	59.1%	110,603
Nkhata Bay	54,990	92.59%	4,399	7.41%	59,389	822	60,211	46.5%	129,514
Rumphi	43,943	86.79%	6,687	13.21%	50,630	712	51,342	86.6%	59,300
Mzuzu	73,281	80.71%	17,520	19.29%	90,801	1,031	91,832	82.8%	110,980
Mzimba	122,152	91.67%	11,093	8.33%	133,245	1,117	134,362	83.7%	160,538
Kumpoto	392,569	89.29%	47,101	10.71%	439,670	4,526	444,196	70.6%	629,339
Blantyre	197,938	86.70%	30,363	13.30%	228,301	2,107	230,408	85.0%	271,152
Chikwawa	80,364	76.54%	24,631	23.46%	104,995	1,878	106,873	54.8%	194,987
Chiradzulu	70,578	89.21%	8,539	10.79%	79,117	3,455	82,572	83.7%	98,605
Machinga	181,186	91.31%	17,240	8.69%	198,426	2,813	201,239	58.4%	344,753
Mangochi	179,697	90.94%	17,911	9.06%	197,608	3,711	201,319	57.2%	352,263
Mulanje	145,111	79.35%	37,775	20.65%	182,886	8,480	191,366	55.2%	347,006
Mwanza	29,137	71.46%	11,639	28.54%	40,776	749	41,525	55.5%	74,890
Nsanje	47,929	82.59%	10,106	17.41%	58,035	818	58,853	55.4%	106,287
Thyolo	122,823	81.30%	28,259	18.70%	151,082	2,403	153,485	82.4%	186,262
Zomba	146,632	86.70%	22,496	13.30%	169,128	1,603	170,731	65.6%	260,163
Kumwera	1,201,395	85.18%	208,959	14.82%	1,410,354	28,017	1,438,371	64.3%	2,236,368
Pamoza	1,993,996	64.69%	1,088,473	35.31%	3,082,469	70,979	3,153,448	67.1%	4,699,527
Fuente: African Elections Database Archived 2021-06-07 at the Wayback Machine