Previous Development

In the early 2000s, the Swedish Army’s inventory of FH 77B 155 mm towed howitzers was considered to be in need of modernization or replacement. Development of new self-propelled artillery systems commenced with the APS 2000 study, initiated in 1989. This resulted in considerable interest in the prospect of using a civilian articulated hauler as the basis of a new artillery system. A series of projects aimed at producing self-propelled weapon carriers based on articulated haulers were undertaken by Bofors and experience building with artillery systems was conducted within the Swedish Armed Forces. This largely focused on 155 mm systems for use as field artillery, with projects like FH 77AD and FH 77BD, but also resulted in developments within coastal artillery, such as KARELIN and TriKA. These developments resulted in designs both for modernizing existing weapon systems by integrating them on articulated haulers and in a highly ambitious project for a future self-propelled howitzer in the form of APS 07 which was ultimately canceled in 1999.

On the basis of this prior experience, Bofors initiated conceptual work for what would become Archer in 2001. A study investigating the future of the Swedish artillery conducted in 2002 recommended the modernization of the FH 77B in accordance to the concept REMO Haubits 77B developed by Bofors, where REMO is short for renovering och modifiering (Eng. renovation and modification). This modernization program for the FH 77B involved modifying the howitzers, mounting them on articulated haulers, and fitting new electronics. Target specifications for this project were provided in 2002 and further study work followed.

Denmark joined this project in 2003 but left in early 2006. During this period, two trial guns were built to test technologies intended for what had by this time become known as the Archer artillery system. The Swedish Government decided to continue the program independently while actively pursuing a new partner after the Danish withdrawal. If another partner could not be found and costs increased, it was felt that the project would need to be reevaluated, potentially threatening the continued development of Archer. It was under these circumstances that contact with Norway regarding indirect fire development intensified.

Norwegian Partnership

Swedish-Norwegian collaboration in various aspects of indirect fire had previously been established through joint training and the development of artillery observation equipment. Following negotiations, the supreme commanders of both countries signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) regarding cooperation in indirect fire development in the summer of 2007. Among its content, this MoU specified that cooperation would include the Archer artillery system, Kongsberg Protector remote weapon station (RWS), development, and training efforts. There was also Norwegian interest in having Sweden acquire the ODIN fire support system for the Archer.

By August 2007, two prototypes were scheduled to start construction after the summer, with delivery to the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (Swe. Försvarets materielverk, FMV) being expected for summer 2008. These prototypes were ordered based on the experiences provided by the trial guns. The two prototypes were intended to be used for validation testing between August 2008 and March 2009. Following this, one of the prototypes was to be used for officer training in May and June 2009. At this point, it was hoped that the first four Archer systems would be delivered by autumn 2009.

The cooperation between Sweden and Norway was formulated in Technical Agreements for Archer and Protector. According to these agreements, Norway intended to fund half the development cost of Archer, while Sweden intended to acquire the Protector RWS as secondary armament for Archers. By this point, both countries were planning on acquiring 24 Archer systems each and to develop a joint maintenance solution. This cooperation was expected to increase development time but result in reduced costs overall.

Norway formally joined the development of Archer in December 2007, and was at this point ready to sign the joint Technical Agreements. This was delayed by a review conducted by the newly appointed implementation group (Swe. genomförandegruppen). This was an internal work group of the Swedish Government Offices focused on reducing costs and increasing efficiency in the defense acquisition process. In order to maintain progress, FMV signed a contract with what was, by this point, BAE Systems Bofors for continued development in September 2007, an agreement that ultimately extended until October 2008. Continued development and acquisition of the Archer in cooperation with Norway was finally approved on August 28 2008.

By 2008, it was expected that a prototype Archer would be ready in 2009, and that the first vehicles would be delivered in 2010. It was hoped that this would allow a reduced Archer battery to be operational by 2011. This entailed a delay compared to the originally planned timeline and was blamed on the time taken by the implementation group to approve the continuation of the project.

The Technical Agreements for Archer and Protector were signed by FMV and the Norwegian Defence Materiel Agency (Nor. Forsvarets logistikkorganisasjon, FLO) in October 2008. These entailed joint development of the Archer and acquisition of the Protector, including shared development costs and project leadership. Project costs were to amount to around NOK 700 million (~USD 110 million) until 2010. As part of the agreement, Sweden bound itself to buy the Norwegian RWS Kongsberg Protector for Archer for the same sum that Norway invested in the Archer, about NOK 350 million (~USD 55 million). Norway, on the other hand, was not required to purchase the Archer as part of the agreement. Development of the Archer was at this point expected to continue until 2010, with initial deliveries being planned for autumn 2011.

In January 2009, FMV and FLO placed an order with BAE Systems Bofors to complete the development of the Archer artillery system. This SEK 540 million (~USD 70 million) order also included an option for ordering the serial production of 48 Archer systems, including equipment such as ammunition resupply systems. The Swedish-Norwegian cooperation in indirect-fire was consolidated through various agreements around this time, including joint planning and negotiations with Bofors for the acquisition process. By early 2009, BAE Systems expected that the series production order would be placed sometime in August-September 2009.

Prototypes and Production Plans

The two Archer prototypes were being built by Bofors in 2009. By early 2009, the Artillery Regiment (A 9) was expecting delivery of the first prototype in August-September. The first prototype, known as P1, was completed in June 2009. The second prototype, P2, followed in 2010.

In 2009, FMV’s project lead on the Archer stated that the system was nearly ready for production and that deliveries were scheduled for 2011-2012. Bofors was expecting the delivery of the first Volvo A30E articulated hauler chassis at the end of August 2010, but that roughly half a year would be needed to be ready for series production after this. At this point, Bofors was expecting each Archer system to cost somewhere in the range SEK 30 to 40 million (~USD 4 to 5.3 million) to produce, depending on equipment level. All deliveries of the ordered 48 systems were expected to be made within two years. The Norwegian Parliament decided in June 2009 that the Norwegian Armed Forces were allowed to order the Archer. The Swedish Government followed in August, deciding that the Swedish Armed Forces were allowed to go through with the order in cooperation with Norway.

Volvo Construction Equipment (Volvo CE) was responsible for the delivery of Archer’s chassis, while BAE’s other subsidiary, BAE Systems Hägglunds, at least supported the production of the armored crew cab. Despite having come relatively far in development at this point, Åkers Krutbruk Protection AB announced that they had been selected to develop the protection system for the Archer in June 2009. At this time, Åkers Krutbruk was a Swedish defense contractor focused on the development of protective systems in which IBD Deisenroth Engineering owned a controlling interest. The contract was signed with BAE Systems Bofors and entailed that Åkers Krutbruk would develop and produce an advanced mine and fragment protection system for the crew cab. Another subcontractor became involved relatively late to supply Archer’s inertial navigation system. Sagem, part of Safran group, announced that their Sigma 30 land navigation and artillery pointing system had won a bid to supply Archer with an inertial navigation system in February 2011.

Production Order

The joint Swedish-Norwegian order for 48 Archer systems, worth SEK 1.4 billion (~USD 200 million), evenly divided between Sweden and Norway, was placed on March 26 2010. In their press release, BAE Systems stated that the development programme had cost USD 146 million, or roughly SEK 1.1 billion, since 2003. Initial deliveries of six systems were expected in October-December 2011. Following these, a further 18 systems were to be delivered starting in autumn 2012 at a rate of two to three systems per month. The majority of the systems were planned to be delivered between August 2012 and the end of 2013. One company of Archers was intended to be ready for deployment by summer 2012. The organization of the Swedish Army was intended to include two artillery battalions fielding Archers by 2014.

Delays ensued, and by June 2011 the first Archer delivery to the Swedish Armed Forces had been pushed to December that year, while the first delivery to the Norwegian Armed Forces was delayed until 2013. As of August 2011, Norway was intending to field its 24 Archers in one artillery battalion with 18 howitzers and a further separate 6 howitzers. One source stated that the production of vehicles in serial configuration started in 2011. By 2012, the Swedish Armed Forces had invested approximately SEK 1.2 billion (~USD 180 million) in the Archer program.

Howitzer Availability

The Archer’s 155 mm howitzer is, at its core, a rebuilt FH 77B howitzer taken from Swedish Army stocks, known in service as Haubits 77B. As production ramped up, the Army’s FH 77Bs were gradually removed from service for conversion, limiting Sweden’s available artillery inventory. A total of 51 FH 77Bs had been delivered to the Swedish Army in the early 1990s. To convert the FH 77B for use as part of the Archer, the carriage was removed while the 39 caliber barrel was replaced by a newly produced 52 caliber barrel. Components taken from the FH 77B and renovated for use on the Archer included the cradle, breech, muzzle brake, loading trough, and some components of the recoil system. Before production commenced, this was stated to represent one fifth of the cost of an artillery piece.

With only 51 howitzers in service and no more FH 77Bs being produced after the Swedish order, the number of Archers that would be possible to produce without having to invest in restarting howitzer production was limited. All mechanical work at Bofors’ gun foundry’s old premises reportedly ceased in 2014. This may have coincided with the last production of components for the Archer’s 155 mm howitzer as part of the original 48 vehicle contract.

Plans for Pre-Production Vehicles

Before the delivery of serially produced Archers, six pre-production vehicles were built. By 2011, it became clear that the first delivery of Archer to the Swedish Armed Forces would only consist of four vehicles separate from the serial vehicles to uncover teething issues, areas of improvement, and conduct final validation. The delivery of the serial production vehicles was planned to take place eight months later. Further delays ensued and, by February 2013, the pre-production vehicles (Swe. förseriepjäser) were expected to be completed and delivered to FMV by the third quarter of 2013. The pre-production series as a whole was to be composed of six vehicles, of which four would be delivered to the Swedish Armed Forces in the fourth quarter of 2013. These delays were blamed on quality issues among contractors.

Rikspjäsen

In a June 2013 article, the official Swedish Officer’s magazine (Swe. Officerstidningen) revealed that the Swedish Armed Forces entirely lacked operational artillery pieces. After the retirement of all other remaining artillery systems in the early 2000s, the FH 77B remained as the only artillery piece in active service. As these howitzers were used for conversion into the Archer, they had to be transferred to Bofors before deliveries could begin. The article stated that the Artillery Regiment was intended to lack artillery pieces for a maximum of six months, with initial deliveries planned for October 2011. In spite of this, the final two FH 77Bs had been transferred from the Artillery Regiment in December 2012. The Artillery Regiment had lacked an adequate inventory of artillery systems for two years by June 2013. Ultimately, deliveries of the first pre-production Archers did not take place until September, nine months after the last FH 77B left service.

The article did, however, note that the Artillery Regiment did possess one Archer at the time, but that it was not allowed to fire due to safety reasons related to risks associated with the entry of propellant gasses into the crew cab and the nonfunctional fire suppression system. This was one of the prototypes and came to be nicknamed ‘Rikspjäsen’ in online parlance, roughly translating to ‘The National Gun’.

There were various technical difficulties during development, including issues with the command and control system as well as with the entry of propellant gasses into the crew cab. Even so, delivery delays were at this time primarily blamed on issues pertaining to communication issues, flawed procedures, and BAE’s acquisition of Bofors, including a failed attempt at introducing “English and American management”. While collaborative development with Norway had decreased costs for each party, it had also resulted in extended development time, which in itself increased overall costs.

Pre-Production Archer Delivery

According to former Bofors engineer Mats Karlsson, production of six pre-production vehicles commenced in 2012. The first four Archers in serial configuration, equivalent to a company, were delivered by Bofors to FMV on September 23 2013. These pre-production vehicles were in turn delivered to the Artillery Regiment (A 9) on October 18. While only these four Archers are reported as having been delivered at the time, military registration numbers between ‘155000’ and ‘155005’ can be seen in pictures, suggesting that all six of the planned pre-production Archers were completed at this time. This delivery was nearly two years behind the schedule established at the time of the production order and was blamed on technical issues.

These first vehicles made up the pre-production series and were at least sometimes referred to as training vehicles (Swe. utbildningspjäser) upon delivery. The pre-production units were delivered without any remote weapon stations. By early 2013, before the delivery, the four pre-production vehicles were planned to be fitted with a battle management system (BMS) solution that differed from what was intended for the series produced Archers. While the pre-production vehicles had been accepted by Sweden, another intended for Norway was reportedly rejected due to its lack of integration with a Norwegian command and control system, likely as a result of being equipped with a non-standard BMS-solution.

Deliveries of the series produced vehicles were at this point planned to take place a little over a year later, with deliveries expected in 2014-2015. Two artillery battalions, the 91st and 92nd of the Artillery Regiment, subsequently used these pre-production units for training starting in October 2013. Despite being delivered to the Swedish Armed Forces, these vehicles were still owned by FMV. The Artillery Regiment, alongside FMV and FLO, continued testing to discover further issues before the Archer entered series production. Experience gained from operating the pre-production vehicles were incorporated into the design by modifying the contract with Bofors during 2014.

Norwegian Withdrawal

In December 2013, the Norwegian Government announced that they would withdraw from the Archer program. They argued that they did not see the Archer system as being able to achieve the Norwegian Army’s requirements within the project’s assigned timeframe. There is some indication that FLO had lost faith in Bofors’ ability to meet requirements and deliver the desired system. The joint requirements set out by Swedish and Norwegian authorities also appears to have been too vague. It was noted that during the participation of a prototype in an exercise in Norway during 2012, the system had issues regarding both function and safety. It was later stated that the Norwegian withdrawal was a result of issues regarding quality, delays, and a failure to meet operational requirements.

Despite the Norwegian departure, the collaboration had significantly reduced development costs for Sweden. As the Archer production order had been placed with fixed costs, the Swedish order of 24 systems was retained. By the time of Norway’s exit, Norway had invested NOK 550 million (~USD 90 million) in development and procurement. The agreement regarding Norway’s withdrawal from the cooperative development was ultimately not signed until 2016. All Norwegian rights to the development of Archer were transferred to Sweden, including SEK 597 million (~USD 70 million) invested during development. Total project costs, including costs associated with terminating Norway’s participation, were NOK 983 million in 2021 value (~USD 115 million).

FMV subsequently stated that Norway leaving the cooperation would not be allowed to result in increased project costs for Sweden, although it was expected to result in further delays and a loss of expected future cost savings. By September 2015, the first delivery to the Swedish Armed Forces was planned for February 2016, followed by a delivery at a rate of approximately two vehicles per month. The upgrade of four pre-production vehicles to production vehicle standard was planned for the first half of 2017.

Due to the amount of long-lead-items involved in the acquisition process, significant costs had already been incurred by BAE Systems Bofors for the production of all 48 Archers, costs that needed to be compensated. This was followed by drawn out negotiations regarding what to do with the 24 Norwegian Archers on order. While there were initial attempts to have Norway pay for the Norwegian order, the Swedish Government ultimately decided to transfer the order to Sweden in 2015. The Swedish Government aimed to sell these 24 Archer systems abroad. Around this time, the Liberal People’s Party (swe. Folkpartiet liberalerna) suggested that the Norwegian Archers should be acquired for the Swedish Armed Forces to establish new coastal defense units for the defense of the Swedish archipelagos and the island of Gotland.

This issue was not entirely resolved until September 20 2016, when the Swedish Government formally announced that it would take over the Norwegian order for 24 Archers. The 24 Archers intended for the Norwegian order were designated Archer B. The Archer A and B seem to have primarily differed in software and radio installation. The Archer Bs were to be placed into the reserve of the Swedish Armed Forces, although half were intended to be exported by FMV by 2020. The 12 Archers intended for the Swedish reserve were directly funded by the Swedish Government at a cost of SEK 450 million (~USD 55 million). The remaining SEK 450 million (~USD 55 million) for the other 12 was to be temporarily secured on credit until they were sold.

FMV was subsequently engaged in attempting to sell the vehicles of the Norwegian Archer order to other clients. Between 2016 and 2018, discussions were held with Belgium, Czechia, Estonia, Finland, Lithuania, Malaysia, Singapore, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Denmark had previously been involved in the development of Archer and was again seeking a new self-propelled howitzer in 2013. The Archer had been considered as one of multiple offers and there was some Swedish interest in selling Archer to Denmark. Even so, neither this nor any of the other inquiries ultimately resulted in any immediate sale.

Serial Deliveries

Bofors delivered the first serial production Archer self-propelled howitzer to FMV on September 28 2015. The first four series produced Archers were ultimately delivered to the Swedish Army on February 1 2016 at the Artillery Regiment (A 9) in Boden. The remaining 20 systems were slated for delivery between 2016 and 2017. This delivery was again delayed, with the 24th and final Archer system of the Swedish order not being delivered until August 30 2018. At around this time, the rate of production was two systems per month, with the construction time of an Archer being fifteen weeks, followed by a further five weeks of delivery controls being undertaken by FMV before delivery to the Armed Forces.

After the Swedish-Norwegian MoU for cooperation in indirect fire development was signed in 2007, it was hoped that serial deliveries of Archers would commence during 2009. By the time the production contract was signed, first delivery had been scheduled for October 2011. Having been repeatedly pushed back, the delivery of pre-production vehicles ultimately occurred in 2013, four years after the plan established in the MoU and two years after the revised schedule. It was not until more than two years later, in 2016, that deliveries of production vehicles occurred, a delay of more than four years. After their use for training and testing, the pre-production vehicles would also be brought up to the same standard as the production vehicles. The production vehicles themselves would also be continuously upgraded over the course of production.

A total of 10 Archers in serial configuration were delivered by FMV to the Armed Forces during 2016. However, FMV stated that Bofors had already delivered 24 Archer self-propelled howitzers by the end of 2016. The ultimate configuration of the Archer was evidently still changing by this point, as 13 of these needed to be returned to Bofors to be brought up to serial production standard. Some 11 Archers in final series configuration had been used for crew training during 2016. Given that total deliveries in 2016 amounted to 10 self-propelled howitzers in serial configuration, this number likely includes one or more of the pre-production vehicles. At this point, there was still a need to complement Archer with a further fire support system. Despite being transferred to the Armed Forces and having entered service in 2016, final delivery of these first vehicles was not made until 2017.

In 2017, FMV noted that one Archer self-propelled howitzer delivered to them by Bofors was not approved for delivery to the Swedish Armed Forces and was planned for delivery later in 2017 or 2018. FMV also noted that five pre-production vehicles were also in the process of being upgraded to the same standard as series produced vehicles during 2017. These were delivered during 2018. The first 18 series produced vehicles were noted as being in the process of being upgraded during 2018, and the first three of these were delivered to the Swedish Armed Forces during 2018. At this time, the 24 additional Archer systems of the Norwegian order were expected to be delivered between 2018 and 2020.

The original order for 24 Archers was fulfilled with the final delivery in August 2018. Further production delays impacted the delivery time of an additional eight Archer self-propelled howitzers at this point. By 2020, the final 11 Archer self-propelled howitzers were scheduled for delivery during 2021. As of September 16 2021, 14 Archers of the Norwegian order had been delivered to the reserve of the Swedish Armed Forces. The 48th and final Archer self-propelled howitzer, originally ordered in 2010, was delivered to the Swedish Armed Forces in autumn 2022.

The following table presents figures given by FMV and the Swedish Armed Forces for the yearly delivery and total number of vehicles delivered by FMV to the Armed Forces between 2016 and 2022. This does not correspond to the rate of deliveries from Bofors to FMV. Adding up the total number of self-propelled howitzers reported by the Swedish Armed Forces as delivered over this period is 51 Archers, not the known 48. Whether this is an accounting error or represents a more complicated process of individual vehicles having to be delivered a second time due to issues or similar is uncertain. The number of systems delivered by FMV to the Armed Forces is also not always the same in FMV and Armed Forces reporting. Delivery figures are also not given each year by both authorities. As such, in cases where a number is only given by one of the two sources or they are in disagreement, the source is specified in parenthesis.

Divisional Artillery and the Russo-Ukrainian War

The Defense Act of 2020 established that the capability of the Swedish artillery should be increased. It dictated that all 48 available Archers should be placed into active service. Moreover, two divisional artillery battalions equipped with tube artillery were to be created and that equipment for these battalions should be acquired between 2021 and 2025. This was expected to be equivalent to a further 24 Archers. FMV signed a letter of intent with Bofors regarding the acquisition of divisional artillery at Eurosatory in June 2022. The investment into divisional artillery made during 2022 also included the integration of the battle management system Ledningsstödsystem Mark (LSS Mark) into the Archer.

Russia’s full scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 had a significant impact on Swedish defense strategy and canceled the plans to field all 48 of the originally ordered Archers. To support Ukrainian indirect-fire capability, the Swedish Government decided to donate eight Archers to Ukraine and sell a further fourteen to the United Kingdom in early 2023. This reduced Swedish stocks of Archers to 26 at a time when the artillery was meant to be increased. Of these remaining 26 Archers, 24 were in active service, with the two remaining being intended to be used for further Archer development.

The credit previously allocated for the acquisition of the remaining 12 Archer Bs was depleted as of 2021. This acquisition had gone over budget as these were to be acquired for the Armed Forces rather than export them. This had to be amended with increased funding through a government decision taken in December 2023. This increase in funding also included means to replace Archers provided to Ukraine and the United Kingdom.

An order for a further 48 Archers was announced on September 13 2023. This order was valued at SEK 5 billion (~USD 470 million) with initial deliveries planned during 2025. The purpose of this order was partially to replace the Archers that had previously been sold to the UK and donated to Ukraine, and partially to expand Swedish artillery capability with the introduction of divisional artillery. Because Swedish inventory of FH 77Bs was limited to the 51 pieces that had been delivered in the early 1990s and no new FH 77B production had occurred since, this order likely required Bofors to invest in restarting howitzer production. Another limitation of continued Archer production is the chassis. The A30E articulated hauler was taken out of production in 2010. Volvo CE does produce a successor design in the form of the A30G, but in order to use this as the basis for the Archer, further development and modifications to the base design would likely have to be undertaken. As such, the 2023 order was not for the Archer 6×6, but instead the new Archer 8×8. The Archer 8×8 replaces the 6×6 Volvo A30E of the original Archer design with an 8×8 RMMV truck chassis. This combination of needing to restart howitzer production and the change to a new chassis likely contributed to the higher per-unit cost of this order.

The Swedish Government announced on March 13 2025 that they would purchase 18 newly-built Archers to donate to Ukraine. These additional Archers are to be delivered during 2026. To facilitate this order without delaying the existing order for the Swedish Armed Forces, Bofors’ production capacity will be expanded. While not explicitly stated, the 18 Archers intended for Ukraine will most likely be built to the same Archer 8×8 as those being built for the Swedish Armed Forces. This order will bring Archer’s serial production run to 114 self-propelled howitzers, of which 48 are the original 6×6 version and 66 are of the 8×8 version.

Further Orders

Around the time the final Archer of the original 48 vehicle contract was delivered in late 2022, FMV signed a contract with Bofors for the delivery of the prototype for the Archer C. This new version was to feature a fully-developed IT system and a new battle management system in the form of LSS Mark. The new battle management system had been installed into 11 Archers by early 2025. The final modernized Archer C was delivered to the Swedish Armed Forces around October 2025.  In late 2022, FMV signed a contract with Krauss-Maffei Wegmann for the development, production and integration of an Archer rollover simulator. Production was to be done by W5 Solutions, with delivery in late 2024.

Development timeline

• 1989-1992: The APS 2000 study is conducted by Bofors
• 1992-1999: Modernization (REMO) project for FH 77A is undertaken by Bofors, producing multiple testbeds as FH 77AD
• 1995-1997: The SPA study investigating a next-generation artillery system is undertaken by Bofors in collaboration with GIAT
• 1997-1999: SPA becomes APS 07 with General Dynamics joining the project
• 1999: The FH 77A modernization project and APS 07 are both canceled
• 1999: Bofors launches the development of FH 77BD L45 for India on the basis of FH 77AD
• 2001: India pursues a towed howitzer system instead of a self-propelled system
• 2001: The Swedish Armed Forces shows interest in the FH 77BD concept and Bofors begins development of what will become the Archer on the basis of prior experience
• 2001-2002: Bofors develops the FH 77B05 towed howitzer for India which is later incorporated in the FH 77B modernization project
• 2002-2003: The Swedish Armed Forces recommend that the FH 77B should be modernized in accordance with the REMO Haubits 77B concept, ultimately resulting in the Archer artillery system
• 2003: Denmark joins the project
• 2004: The development of a modernized FH 77B is politically confirmed by the Defence Act of 2004
• 2004: Trial guns are ordered
• 2005: First trial gun is completed
• 2006: Denmark leaves the project
• 2007: Norway joins the project
• 2009: First prototype is delivered
• 2010: Production order is placed
• 2013: First pre-production system is delivered
• 2013: Norway leaves the project
• 2015: First Archer systems in serial configuration is completed
• 2016: Archer artillery system enters service
• 2017: The first concept for a truck mounted Archer alternative is presented
• 2018: All 24 Archer systems of the Swedish order delivered
• 2022: Final Archer system of the original order delivered
• 2022: Archer C prototype is ordered
• 2023: Archer 8×8 is ordered by the Swedish Armed Forces
• 2023: Archer 6×6 enters British and Ukrainian service

Designation

A variety of designations have been used to refer to the Archer. The formal name used by BAE Systems has variously been Archer Artillery System, ARCHER, or 155 MM FH 77 BW L52. This latter designation is in reference to the FH 77 howitzer, where BW refers to Archer as the wheeled version of the FH 77B. After the introduction of the Archer 8×8, BAE Systems has switched to referring to Archer as a whole as the ARCHER Mobile Howitzer or ARCHER wheeled mobile artillery system. The original version based on an articulated hauler has come to be referred to as either the ARCHER Mobile Howitzer 6×6 or ARCHER 6×6 VOLVO.

On the other hand, FMV uses the designation 15,5 cm ARCHER, although this designation appears to sometimes be used specifically to describe the howitzer itself rather than the self-propelled howitzer as a system. More recently, Archer 6×6 has also been used to differentiate from the Archer 8×8. The designations Archer and REMO Haubits 77B also appear in FMV budget publications until 2019.

A variety of designations are used by the Swedish Armed Forces. The simplest designation is simply referring to the system as Archer. The designation Artillerisystem 08 is also used sometimes. The exact origin of this designation is unknown, but may have referred to the expectation expressed in the Defense Act of 2004 for the planned organization of the Swedish Armed Forces for 2008 to include two artillery battalions with modernized FH 77Bs. Other designations which appear in budget documents refer to Archer as REMO Haubits 77B (ARCHER) and, from 2018, as just REMO 77B. This refers to the origins of Archer as a renovering och modifikation (REMO) or modernization of the existing FH 77B howitzer. This designation does not appear in budget documents from 2024 onward. Other designations appear in official Swedish Armed Forces publications however, such as 155 ARCHER and 155 haubits ARCHER. Another designation which has appeared in some circumstances in official publications is 155 hjulhaubits 08 (Eng. 155 wheel howitzer 08).

Design

The Archer artillery system consists of two key components: the self-propelled howitzer and the containerized ammunition resupply system. The self-propelled howitzer, in its original configuration, consists of an armored articulated hauler carrying an autoloaded 155 mm howitzer. The Archer was designed to requirements that included the capability to participate in international operations and to engage naval targets, making strategic mobility and the ability to engage moving targets important. A computerized command and control system allows for autonomy of firing units while enabling integration with other forces. The Archer is also configured to be NATO-compatible, permitting for a greater degree of interoperability.

Compared to the FH 77B towed howitzer from which it was derived, the Archer features greater range, precision, and firepower, both instantaneous as well as sustained. Fire missions can be completed rapidly while allowing for both ground and naval targets to be engaged. Manning requirements are reduced from ten to three or four, and the automation of the firing process, combined with the system’s protection, enables substantially improved survivability. The use of a civilian articulated hauler chassis as the system’s base allows for good strategic, operational, and tactical mobility, while enabling reduced life cycle costs by making use of standardized components.

Prototype Design

The design of the Archer prototypes significantly differed from the earlier Archer trial guns and was far closer to the ultimate production configuration. The Volvo A30D articulated hauler chassis used on the trial guns was replaced by the updated A30E. The use of an articulated hauler with three axles combined with the significant weight of the weapon system caused issues with achieving correct balance during development. To deal with the increased weight accumulated over the course of the design process, the rear bogie was moved forward compared to the trial guns. Other changes included a new shape for the forward section of the tractor unit that was now armored, a more spacious crew cab with improved driver visibility, and increased howitzer field of fire. Other changes that were planned to be made to the prototype design ahead of their delivery were modifications to enable barrel changes and reloading of the machine gun while under cover using the roof hatch, relocating computers and radio equipment inside the vehicle’s frame to improve protection, and changes to stowage arrangements. Equipment for automatic fuze programming and a new ammunition handling system were also to be introduced.

While similar overall, there are many small differences between the prototypes and final Archer configuration. These details include the radio mounts on the elevating system and the flexible forward tow hooks that were absent on the prototypes, as well as differences in the grille, headlights, and various structural features. The rear edges of the elevating system on the prototypes are also angled rather than straight, and at least one of the prototypes carried a part of the chute for the charge resupply process is externally on the rear left side of the elevating system. The rear mud guards also differed compared to the production design in that they appear to have been more rigid and were sometimes not mounted at all, as seen in photos. Air intakes, exhaust, lights, and other minor details also differ. Notably, the prototypes featured a significantly greater number of bolts across the tractor unit and elevating system. It is highly likely that at least some of these were intended as mounting points for appliqué armor.

The first and second prototypes were also not entirely identical. They differed in that the first was built in Swedish configuration and the second in Norwegian configuration. The crew cab of the first prototype was also reported as featuring a lower level of protection than the second prototype and the series production version of the Archer, although the extent of this difference is unknown.

Pre-Production Vehicle Design

The pre-production series was nearly identical to the production vehicles, but still differed in certain details. The flexible forward tow hooks were not present and a fire extinguisher was mounted behind the rear bogies on either side of the turntable for the elevating system. The configuration of radio antenna mounts also differed. The pre-production and prototype designs appear to have had antenna mounts on the front side of the stowage boxes. The pre-production vehicles can also sometimes be seen with antennas mounted on top of the hydraulic elevation cylinders on either side of the elevating system. There is also one photo of a pre-production vehicle with an antenna mount on the rear of the elevating system. After the delivery of the serial production vehicles, the pre-production vehicles were brought up to the production standard, including the addition of new tow hooks.

Chassis and Mobility

The use of an articulated hauler as the basis of a self-propelled howitzers allows for a more stable firing platform while also improving off-road performance, albeit at the cost of increased weight and complexity. While the design of the Archer was originally based on the Volvo A30D articulated hauler, production of this vehicle ended in 2007. It was succeeded in production by the improved A30E, which replaced the A30D as the basis of the Archer’s design the same year. As such, one of the most significant changes from the earlier trial guns was the shift to the A30E chassis for the prototypes and subsequent vehicles. Compared to the basic A30E, the chassis used on the Archer features a lengthened frame with a cross beam for mounting the howitzer.

The 6-cylinder, in-line, turbocharged, diesel, Volvo D9 engine of the A30D is retained by the A30E and is used in the Archer, providing 338 hp or 340 hp. While this provided the civilian A30E with a top speed of 53 km/h, modified reduction gears allow the Archer to achieve 65-70 km/h. Traction can be increased by use of snow chains. Two sets are provided and fitted as required to the two front most axles. The Archer features an all wheel 6×6 drive. Ground clearance is 0.4 m and fording 1 m. The Archer can traverse a longitudinal slope of 30° and a lateral slope of 28°. Overall length is 14.3 m and width is 3 m. Height to the top of the tractor unit is 3.4 m. This is increased to 4 m with the Protector RWS installed and to 10.4 m with the barrel at maximum elevation.

The civilian A30E features all-wheel drive, all-wheel differential locking, and disc brakes. The engine is coupled to a 6 speed automatic transmission. Using two steering cylinders linking the tractor unit to the articulated joint, the tractor and trailer units can be positioned at a relative angle of up to 45° to either side. Front suspension consists of rubber springs and shock absorbers, while the rear bogie features independent axle suspension.

The Archer’s weight increased over its development period. Marketing material from 2005 projected its weight at 30 tonnes, but, already by 2007, the Archer’s combat weight was reported as being planned to be 33.5 tonnes. The Swedish Armed Forces and FMV give the Archer’s weight as 35 tonnes. Bofors gives a weight of approximately 33 tonnes in older marketing material, and 34 tonnes in newer material. The official bridging weight of Archer is 34 tonnes, as marked on its front. Interestingly, British Archers participating in NATO Battlegroup Estonia are marked with a bridging weight of 38 tonnes.

The Archer’s tactical mobility is enabled by the use of an articulated hauler chassis, which allows for good off-road performance. The wheeled chassis and 400 liter fuel tank allows this to be combined with good operational mobility, with a cruising range of 500 km on road without requiring specialized transport equipment. Maneuver range is given as 1,000 km per day in marketing material. For strategic mobility, the Archer is air transportable by the Airbus A400M Atlas or Boeing C-17 Globemaster III transport aircraft.

Protection

The Archer is built with integrated protection from ballistic and mine threats. Further protection for the crew is provided by its separation from the magazines at the rear of the vehicle. Some sources indicate that this protection is equivalent to STANAG 4569 level 2, which would provide protection from 7.62 mm steel core armor-piercing (AP) ammunition fired from assault rifles at 30 m, 155 mm artillery bursts at 80 m, and 6 kg blast anti-tank (AT) mines.

A lower weight was desired during development to improve strategic mobility and lower axle pressure to comply with road laws. In order to combine these needs with requirements for a high level of crew protection, an appliqué armor package was intended to be fitted to the Archer when additional protection was needed. The basic protection would be used during crew training but, for international operations, and presumably in wartime, the full appliqué armor package would be added. This appliqué protection was intended to be based on future armor developments which were to enable improved protection. Some sources indicate that this appliqué armor would have increased protection to STANAG 4569 level 3, which would provide protection from 7.62 mm tungsten carbide AP and hard steel core AP ammunition fired from machine guns or sniper rifles at 30 m, 155 mm artillery bursts at 60 m, and 8 kg blast AT mines.

What appear to be mounting points for the appliqué armor are present on the Archer prototypes but were removed by the time the pre-production vehicles were built. As such, it can be assumed that plans to use appliqué armor were abandoned sometime between the assembly of the prototypes in 2009 and the delivery of the pre-production vehicles in 2013. According to a Bofors source, the weight of Archer reached around 40 tonnes with appliqué armor. Before series production started, another source with connections to FMV reported the projected weight of the Archer production vehicles as 32 tonnes and as 33.5 tonnes with appliqué armor. In 2009, a Bofors representative stated that the Archer’s weapon system weighed roughly 12-13 tonnes, but that this increased by 5-6 tonnes with appliqué armor and ammunition. Given that the full complement of shells and charges for the Archer would equal roughly 1 tonne, this implies that the appliqué armor weighed 4-5 tonnes.

Thermal protection is provided by multiple solutions. The howitzer barrel is depressed into a two-part cover during transport to shield its thermal signature from the surroundings. The Archer can also be fitted with Saab’s Mobile Camouflage System (MCS), otherwise referred to as Barracuda. In addition to its function as visual camouflage, the Barracuda MCS also reduces thermal and other signatures. With the Archer’s MCS configuration being purpose designed for the system, this MCS covered the entire vehicle. A similar MCS was tested on the second trial gun, but unlike that configuration, the Archer’s MCS lacks flaps to cover the air intakes on either side of the engine compartment. The MCS comes in two variants, a three-tone summer splinter scheme with two hues of green and black, as well as a winter version with a scheme varying between solid white and spots.

The Archer also sometimes carries camouflage nets on the elevating system ahead of the magazine housing, which can be erected when not on the move. The Archer is typically painted in olive drab, with the MCS intended to provide camouflage in wartime, but can sometimes be seen in a two-tone white-on-green splinter camouflage.

Crew Cab

The crew of the Archer self-propelled howitzer is housed inside an armored cab placed on the tractor unit. The cab can seat a crew of four. The crew was initially intended to be only composed of a driver and two operators, but this has in many cases been increased to four. In Swedish service, the crew is typically composed of a driver, a commander, and two operators. A driver and one operator are sufficient to keep the self-propelled howitzer functioning in case of emergency, although the artillery piece itself can theoretically be fired by a single crew member.

The Archer features a central driver’s position in the front and three operator positions in line behind. Behind the driver is the commander’s position. An operator is seated to the left and the position to the right was sometimes referred to as the observer position at least initially. All three operator positions have access to multi-function displays and folding keyboards. The commander has access to an additional set of switches above the central multi-function display. Each of these displays can be used interchangeably for redundancy. The display for the operator position to the right is placed higher to leave space for a second multi-function display and joystick used to control the remote weapon station. The driver also has access to a multi-function display.

The driver’s view is provided for by three large windows and a reverse camera. Access to the cab is provided by a door on either side as well as a roof hatch fitted above the commander’s position. A small viewport is fitted into each door. The crew cab is equipped with climate control and overpressure chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) protection systems, the latter being necessary not only due to CBRN threats, but also to prevent the entry of gun fumes into the crew compartment. A boiling vessel for heating food and water is also fitted to the right of the driver. This relatively comfortable operating environment allows the crew to conduct extended missions without leaving the protection of the cab. Two fire extinguishers are fitted behind the driver’s seat, below the commander’s display.

Trailer Unit and Elevating System

The trailer unit carries the elevating system, stowage, and other equipment. The elevating system (Swe: eleverande system or överlavett) is mounted to an extension behind the rear bogies. It contains the howitzer, autoloading mechanism, magazines, inertial navigation system, and muzzle velocity radar. The elevating system is attached to the turntable by a joint and two pistons mounted on either side of the gun, thus allowing for both traverse and elevation. The howitzer cradle and magazines are covered by an armored casing. This casing features a protrusion above the howitzer cradle containing the muzzle velocity radar. Access to the howitzer breech and autoloading mechanism is provided by two side hinged doors at the rear of the armored casing. The shell magazine is mounted on the right side and the charge magazine on the left side of the elevating system. Access for resupplying the shell magazines is provided by a set of hatches in the casing, consisting of one larger hatch hinged upwards and two smaller hatches hinged downwards, the latter providing a platform to stand on during resupply. The charge magazine is covered by a single larger hatch, hinged downwards. The exterior of the casing is provided with mounting points to support the chutes used to transfer charges during resupply.

The recoil from firing is taken up by a trail which can be lowered behind the vehicle, mounted below the turntable. This trail is constructed in the form of an A-frame shape with two extending legs featuring gripping teeth. When moving, the howitzer barrel is retracted into its recoiled position to allow the barrel to fit within the length of the trailer unit. This allows it to be depressed below a folding two-part cover protecting the barrel during travel. This cover is only open during the process of deploying the barrel. Along the sides of the trailer unit, Archer is fitted with two sets of stowage boxes. When not in use, the snow chains are stored on mounting points on the sides immediately behind and in front of the stowage boxes on either side. Markings for fire extinguisher storage compartments are present on either side, between the two rear axles.

Primary Armament

The Archer’s primary armament consists of a 155 mm 52 caliber howitzer. Ammunition is fed by an autoloader which loads shells into a chamber sealed by an interrupted screw breech. The maximum rate of fire is advertised as 8 or 8-9 rounds per minute. Rate of fire is also given as burst with 3 rounds in 20 seconds, intensive with 21 rounds in 3.5 minutes, or continuous with 54 rounds in 35 minutes.

The Archer’s magazine system is fully automated. The right side projectile magazine has a capacity of 21 shells and the left side charge magazine has a capacity of 18 sets of modular charges. Each compartment in the charge magazine is filled with six full length modules and one intermediate half length module. The charge magazine was initially marketed as being able to be adapted for either conventional bagged charges or modular charges, although the production systems can only fire modular charges. Each magazine is equipped with a panel displaying what is to be filled during the resupply process, while sensors record what is inserted into the magazine, ensuring that the correct munitions are filled during resupply.

Using the six full length modules and one intermediate half length module available per charge compartment, the Archer is capable of firing at 12 different charge levels. In combination with varying barrel elevation, this enables a multiple-round simultaneous impact (MRSI) capability of four to six rounds, depending on range. The howitzer can be elevated to 70° and depressed to -1°. Traverse is 85° to either side. Time into action and out of action is marketed as approximately 20 seconds. The Archer has both day and night direct fire capability. Tracking capability enables the Archer to engage moving ground targets as well as naval targets. This ability to engage naval targets was brought up during development and is mentioned in marketing material as well as in Swedish Armed Forces documentation as late as 2013. However, there is no evidence that Archer has been intended for this role while in service and Swedish coastal artillery directors previously used to target and engage naval targets have been divested. Despite being remotely operated, the primary armament of the Archer can also be manually fired using a lanyard as a backup.

Fire missions are conducted entirely digitally and onboard ballistic calculation enables autonomous operations. By 2007, it was planned that ballistics and firing data would be calculated via the NABK NATO Armament Ballistic Kernel software package. Laying is handled by the fire-control computer, which automatically conducts ballistic calculations, taking into account a variety of values including weather and observation values provided via the battle management system. The system is provided position data from an inertial navigation system (INS) supported by GPS. The INS unit consists of a Sagem Sigma 30 land navigation and artillery pointing system mounted to the elevating system, increasing precision as the position of the barrel is known even when traversed. A muzzle velocity radar mounted above the barrel provides the fire control computer with additional data, increasing precision. There is also a charge temperature sensor. The Archer features automated ammunition management, while ammunition programming and NATO-standard automated electronic fuze setting is possible through induction.

Ammunition

The Swedish Armed Forces operates the Archer with a selection of high-explosive (HE) shells alongside the specialized BONUS, short for Bofors Nutating Shell, top-attack anti-armor shell and Excalibur extended-range guided artillery shell. The Archer was designed with specialized extended range and guided shells in mind to enable high-precision at extended ranges.

The Bofors BONUS, developed in collaboration with GIAT Industries, today KNDS, is a top-attack anti-armor shell equipped with a base-bleed unit for extended range. It detects targets using IR-sensors. Two sensor-fuzed submunitions are deployed and independently engage targets by means of explosively formed penetrators (EFP). The Bofors-Raytheon M982/Excalibur is a programmable precision guided extended range shell. It is programmed with a trajectory before firing and is capable of course corrections or changing target coordinates in-flight using GPS-supported navigation. Using a base-bleed unit and canard wings, Excalibur can achieve high range and precision. Maximum range is typically stated to be 50 km but is sometimes given as approaching 60 km.

New ammunition in the form of the high explosive shell IM HE-ER and other shells from the Assegai ammunition family was ordered in 2025. HE-ER, short for High Explosive Extended Range, is an aerodynamically streamlined shell originally developed by Bofors to be produced by Nammo Sweden AB. It is unclear what shells from the Assegai ammunition family will be acquired but they are produced by Rheinmetall Denel Munition Pty Ltd.

As of 2007, the FH 77Bs in Swedish Army service were projected to fire all existing bagged charges of charge level 4 through to 7 by 2010. Due to this, the prototype and series produced Archers were not intended to be qualified with bagged charges. However, as the trial guns were capable of firing bagged charges, this feature could be introduced for export customers if required. The Archer was intended to use the newly developed UNIFLEX 2 IM modular charges during its development, but these were ultimately canceled. Instead, DM72 modular charges are used in the Archer. These are noted as having somewhat lower performance compared to UNIFLEX 2 IM, but also represented significant cost reductions. During the period of joint Swedish-Norwegian development of the Archer, there were plans for Sweden to trade some BONUS shells for Norwegian DM72 charges already in Norwegian service, although it is not clear whether this trade ever took place. During this period of cooperation, both Swedish and Norwegian ammunition was meant to be certified to be usable in one another’s Archers. New charges were also ordered from Hanwha Aerospace Co Ltd in October 2025.

Ammunition Resupply Vehicle

The production of the ammunition resupply system was subcontracted to an unknown company which proved unable to fulfill requirements. Initial deliveries in autumn 2011 failed inspection due to weak welds and other issues. While cooperation continued for some time, the company went into bankruptcy in January 2013. The supply of the ammunition resupply system was subsequently renegotiated and deliveries started by 2017.

An essential part of the Archer artillery system is its ammunition resupply system. This system is known as AMH Archer, with AMH being short for ammunitionshantering (Eng. ammunition handling). The system is composed of a roll-on roll-off CO20 ISO container with tail lift weighing six tonnes. During testing with the prototypes, a MAN X45 and an armored Scania 8×8 were employed as the carrier. In service, the resupply container can typically be seen carried by a Scania 8×8 or RMMV HX2 truck. Some photos also suggest that other vehicles have also been used as carriers. The container is stated to carry up to 100 rounds of ammunition, including propellant charges. Resupply can be accomplished by the resupply vehicle’s two-person crew, allowing the crew of the self-propelled howitzer to remain enclosed if necessary. The resupply container carries an integrated projectile crane and chutes used to transfer the modular charges. The time required to resupply ammunition is variably given as either 5 or around 10 minutes. By 2009, there was a requirement that resupply of the Archer self-propelled howitzer should be possible in less than 5 minutes.

The ammunition resupply process is initialized with the Archer self-propelled howitzer lining up its elevating system with the tail lift of the ammunition resupply vehicle. The shell magazine is placed closest to the resupply vehicle, allowing the shell crane to lift shells directly into the magazine. Modular charges are passed to the far side of the elevating system by pushing them along a chute which is mounted to the rear of the elevating system during the resupply process. Individual charges are then manually transferred from the far end of the chute into the charge magazine.

Secondary Armament

The Archer’s secondary armament consists of the machine gun equipped Kongsberg Protector remote weapon station (RWS) mounted on top of the roof of the crew cab, next to the roof hatch. This version of Protector is sometimes referred to as Protector Nordic and its Swedish designation is Vapenstation 01 (Eng. Weapon Station 01). The Archer is marketed as being able to carry a 40 mm grenade launcher or a 12.7 mm heavy machine gun as optional secondary armament.

As mounted to the production version of the Archer, the Vapenstation 01 mounts a Kulspruta 88 (Ksp 88), internationally known as FN M2HB-QCB. This 12.7 mm heavy machine gun is fed by a belt running from a magazine mounted to its left. In the configuration used on the Archer, the Vapenstation 01 features a daylight camera, a thermal camera, and a laser range finder. In addition to its use for self-defense through observation and its armament, the RWS is capable of being used to manually lay the howitzer. This enables direct fire directed at both moving and stationary targets. The laser range finder is also used to automatically measure near crest, where obstacles in the field of fire of the howitzer are mapped and the howitzer is prevented from firing in these directions. Photos suggest that the RWS can be fitted to a mount on the forward left stowage box for transport, reducing the vehicle’s overall height.

The Archer prototype also mounted the Kongsberg Protector RWS, but it differed from the production design. One was a basic heavy machine gun mounting lacking the side protective shields of the production version. Another variant also featured four banks of four smoke grenade launchers.

Besides the Kongsberg Protector RWS, there are also photos which appear to show an Archer prototype mounting the Bofors Lemur RWS. One configuration shows a basic Lemur installation with a 12.7 mm M2 heavy machine gun and smoke grenade launchers. There are also two photos used in marketing which appear to show an Archer prototype with a Bofors Lemur RWS mounting a 30 mm M230LF autocannon. However, some of these photos can also be found with either a Protector RWS or no RWS at all and the location of the RWS does not always seem to match the RWS mounting point. It thus seems likely that these are edited photos advertising the Archer in conjunction with Bofors’ own RWS rather than configurations that were actually tested. Marketing for the Archer with the Lemur RWS has also been done using a scale model. This model features a beige paint scheme and has appeared at defense exhibitions between at least 2010 and 2019. Interestingly, this model seems to be based on the Archer’s prototype design, with features like the early grille, civilian-type headlights, and different tractor unit design.

Command and Control System

For communication, the Archer is typically fitted with three radio antennas. Two flexible whip antennas are mounted on the magazine housing and one thicker antenna is fitted to the right side of the trailer unit, between the stowage boxes. What appear to be antenna mounts are also present at the rear of the stowage boxes on either side of the vehicle.

The Archer was planned to be equipped with the new Stridsledningssystem Bataljon (SLB) fire support system, which was still in development in 2007. This was intended to enable the commander to command not only the Archer system, but also other firing units. The Archer’s fire support system was required to be compatible with international standards and allow for autonomous use of artillery pieces. The choice of fire support system was, by 2008, a subject of discussion between Swedish and Norwegian representatives of the respective countries’ armed forces and defense materiel administrations. Swedish authorities primarily backed SLB, then under development by Saab in cooperation with FMV, a variant of their 9Land system. Their Norwegian counterparts meanwhile backed the implementation of the Norwegian ODIN 2. At the time, the feasibility of integrating SLB was under scrutiny due to the implementation group’s decision to pursue a reduced development with lower ambitions of this system. ODIN 2, on the other hand, was limited by not matching requirements for simultaneous engagement and autonomy. The American Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS) developed by Raytheon was also under consideration for a period.

Kongsberg later announced a contract with FMV and FLO for the adaptation and delivery of the ODIN fire support system for the Archer in August 2010. Much like the Protector RWS, the integration of the ODIN fire support system does not appear to have been affected by Norway leaving the Archer cooperation.

In parallel with this, Bofors was privately funding studies to integrate different fire support systems with the Archer. This involved analyzing the requirements of different export customers in relation to those of Sweden and Norway. It also involved developments in integrating AFATDS with the Archer. Bofors’ ambition was to create a flexible computer architecture capable of allowing for the integration of different command and control systems without lengthy development or excessive cost. The Archer is advertised as having open architecture interfaces for battlefield management systems and easy integration of radios, indicating a possibility to tailor the command and control system to user requirements.

As of 2009, Sweden and Norway were developing a joint fire support system capable of interfacing with the higher level command and control system of both countries, SLB in the case of Sweden and NORTaC in the case of Norway. Radio equipment was also intended to differ between the Swedish and Norwegian Archers at this point, with Swedish variants intended to be fitted with the Ra 180 MTT, while Norwegian variants were to be fitted with MRR. Software installations were expected to initially differ between the Swedish and Norwegian Archers. The Swedish and Norwegian command and control systems were intended to be combined over time to result in identical software and hardware for the Archer. This difference in electronics appears to be the primary difference between the Archer A and B.

The Swedish acquisition of SLB has continued since the production order for the Archer was placed. The pre-production vehicles were, at least initially, operated using manual methods for fire direction, requiring manual inputs, fire direction, and corrections. It was later stated that an additional fire support system had been delivered and was operational with one of the two artillery battalions by 2017.

Around the time the last of the originally ordered 48 Archers was delivered in late 2022, FMV signed a contract with Bofors for the delivery of the prototype for the Archer C. This new version was to feature a fully developed IT system and a new battle management system in the form of Ledningsstödsystem Mark (LSS Mark).

Service

The first prototype, known as P1, was completed in June 2009. The second prototype, P2, followed later in 2010. The prototypes were planned to be verified by the spring of 2010, by which point development was intended to be finished. Training of Swedish and Norwegian officers started on one of the prototypes in late 2009. The first Archer prototype was test fired for the first time in June 2010. Both prototypes would go on to participate in the exercise Cold Response in Norway in March 2012. Joint Swedish-Norwegian crew training and familiarization with the aid of the prototypes would continue as late as June 2012. While it is uncertain for how long the prototypes were used for testing and training, one prototype was still present at the Artillery Regiment in August 2014 when the regiment participated in a fair in Piteå with it. Mats Karlsson states that the P1’s howitzer was most likely reused on the prototype of Archer 8×8, while the P2’s howitzer was reused on a production vehicle.

While initial training was carried out with the two Archer prototypes between at least 2009 and 2012, larger scale training could only begin with the delivery of the four pre-production vehicles in 2013. The first Archer company from the 91st Artillery Battalion began training in January 2014. The pre-production vehicles served for initial training purposes, while technical issues were worked out in parallel, with around 500 reports of issues being filed by crews as of late April 2014. This initial capability was complemented from 2016 with the start of deliveries of serially produced Archer systems. These were initially fielded by the 91st and 92nd Artillery Battalions of the Artillery Regiment (A 9) in Boden. The last of the 24 Archers of the Swedish order was delivered to the Armed Forces in August 2018, enabling two full artillery battalions to be fielded. Final delivery of the 48 Swedish Archer systems only occurred in 2022.

The Defense Act of 2020 established that the Artillery Regiment (A 9) in Boden would be split into two regiments, Bodens Artilleriregemente (A 8, Eng. Boden Artillery Regiment) in Boden and Bergslagens Artilleriregemente (A 9, Eng. Bergslagen Artillery Regiment) in Kristinehamn. Bodens Artilleriregemente retained the 91st and 92nd Artillery Battalions. The first component of the re-established Bergslagens Artilleriregemente to come into being was the artillery company Noraskogs kompani, which began conscript training with the Archer in 2021. This training started at Skaraborgs Regemente (P 4, Eng. Skaraborg Regiment), an armored regiment in Skövde, but was planned to be moved to Kristinehamn in the future. The training of Noraskogs kompani entailed the re-establishment of indirect fire capability in southern Sweden, which had been dormant since 2005. A total of 24 Archers are currently operated by two artillery battalions and one artillery company within the Swedish Armed Forces, filling the doctrinal role of brigade artillery. A further two Archers are used for further development and are not operated by field units. Alongside the future expansion of Bergslagens Artilleriregemente, two divisional artillery battalions fielding Archers are intended to be established, and a further 48 Archer 8x8s will be made available for use by Swedish artillery units. This will give Sweden access to 74 Archers of both variants, of which 72 will be fielded by operational units.

Other Users

United Kingdom

In January 2023, Ben Wallace, the UK Defence Secretary, announced that the UK would donate 32 AS90 self-propelled guns to Ukraine. The UK subsequently needed to rapidly introduce a new 155 mm artillery system. While Sweden had, by this point, decided to place all reserve Archers into service, these were not yet fielded by Swedish units. As such, they were available for almost immediate delivery. The UK Ministry of Defence was thus able to select the Archer in February. A strategic cooperation between Sweden and the UK was presented on March 16 2023. This agreement was aimed at supporting the logistics and maintenance of the Archers that Sweden planned to donate to Ukraine while also permitting the sale of Archers to the UK. The authorization of the sale of 14 Archers enabled the UK in turn to donate their AS90s to Ukraine. FMV signed a contract with the UK on March 29 for the sale of 14 Archer self-propelled howitzers, ammunition, and training in Sweden.

The procurement of 14 Archers was the maximum number available at the time, but there were aspirations to purchase a further 10 to field a full regiment. The UK purchase of the Archer was not intended to be a long term replacement for the AS 90, but was rather intended to act as a stopgap until the delivery of the Mobile Fires Platform in the later 2020s. What is planned for the Archers in UK service after the 2020s is unclear. Training of British crews started in Sweden in autumn 2023 and finished in February 2024. The first Archer was ready for delivery in September 2023, and arrived in the UK in early October. The Archer has subsequently been fielded by 19th Regiment Royal Artillery (The Scottish Gunners). The final Archers were delivered to the UK in July 2024.

While not explicitly stated in sources, the Archers sold to the UK were most likely of the same Archer B standard that were provided to Ukraine. No ammunition resupply systems have been clearly shown in British operation, but British crews were trained on the resupply system and most likely also operate this system. No Barracuda MCS kits appear to have been acquired however, as British Archers are sometimes seen covered by more basic camouflage netting. Compared to Swedish Archers, British Archers feature different registration plates and markings. British crews appear to be limited to three, consisting of a commander, operator, and driver. UK Archers reportedly have access to high-explosive, illumination, smoke, and BONUS shells.

The British Archers also initially differed in terms of radio equipment. While they all appear to have been fitted with the thicker antenna mounted on the trailer unit from the beginning, early photos of Archers during British exercises only show the antenna mounts on the elevating system mounted occasionally and it is unclear whether these were being used. During this period, British Archers employed a unique solution in some cases, where an antenna appears to have been jury-rigged to the right rear view mirror extension, seemingly with the help of zip-ties. Later photos show antenna arrangements in-line with Swedish practice.

Ukraine

The full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 was followed by intense attritional fighting with significant use of heavy artillery. By August and September 2022, Ukrainian officials were publicly requesting the transfer of the Archer artillery systems to Ukraine. The Swedish Government was hesitant to go through with any such transfer at the time, expressing concerns that only 24 Archers were operational at the time and that any transfer would significantly affect Sweden’s ability to defend itself. The remaining 24 Archers in reserve from the Norwegian order were claimed to not be available due to them needing to be equipped with new computer and radio equipment. Oppositional parties, on the other hand, stated that they would be willing to provide Ukraine with the Archer if they were allowed to form a government.

As part of the 10th Swedish military aid package to Ukraine announced on January 19 2023, the Swedish Government tasked the Armed Forces with preparing the transfer of Archer artillery systems alongside associated support equipment and ammunition to Ukraine. These were to be of the Archer B standard taken from the Swedish reserve. On March 16, the same day that the strategic cooperation between Sweden and the UK was presented, the Swedish Government decided to provide eight Archer self-propelled howitzers to Ukraine. This was part of the 11th Swedish military aid package to Ukraine. Six of these were stated to be available for fielding, while two were to be used as spare vehicles to be held in reserve. Ukrainian crews were subsequently trained in Sweden, with around 100 soldiers and mechanics receiving instruction on the Archer artillery system.

The Archer was confirmed as being present in Ukraine on November 3 2023. After delivery, the Archers initially served with the 45th Separate Artillery Brigade, seemingly mostly in eastern Ukraine. They have reportedly been used to target Russian bases, command posts, troop and vehicle concentrations, ammunition depots, electronic warfare systems, and have been used for counter battery fire. A video was uploaded on February 18 2025 by the 43rd Separate Artillery Brigade that shows an Archer crewed by a member of the 43rd. It was later confirmed that all Archers had been transferred to the 43rd Separate Artillery Brigade and that they had participated in the Kursk offensive since at least February 2025.

In interviews, Ukrainian crews have expressed positive views of the Archer, citing its speed, precision, and automation. No ammunition resupply containers have been seen in publicly available imagery from Ukraine and it is unclear how resupply is handled. The Archers were delivered to Ukraine with Barracuda MCS and, while some have been seen with the Protector RWS, this does not seem to have been supplied on a one-for-one basis. This means that some of the Ukrainian Archers have a significantly reduced ability to conduct observation, direct fire, and self-defense while being unable to automatically measure near crest. The lack of an RWS also means that an observer is not necessary and a technician is reportedly carried instead in some cases. Another difference compared to the Swedish Archer is in terms of radio antennas, as Ukrainian Archers only appear to be fitted with the thicker antenna mounted on the trailer unit and lack the antenna mountings otherwise found on the front of the elevating system.

In footage uploaded on January 9 2025, an Archer can be seen deployed near Nechvolodivka, immediately west of Kupiansk in the Kharkiv Oblast, roughly 15-20 km away from Russian forces. The Archer appears to have continued to operate in the area around Kupiansk in the coming months.

Footage posted on February 26 2024 shows what is reportedly a Lancet loitering munition approaching a Ukrainian Archer. The loitering munition appears to have targeted the left side of the elevating system but the footage cuts to another perspective of a distant vehicle which can not be clearly identified being hit. A second video posted on March 8 2024 shows an Archer being hit by a Lancet which approached the vehicle from behind. Both of these pieces of footage were reportedly recorded by the Russian 106th Guards Airborne Division, at least the second being recorded near the city Siversk (Sivers’k/Северском) in the Donetsk Oblast. Both of these instances appear to show the loitering munitions targeting the elevating system. More specifically, whether by intent or by chance, both loitering munitions appear to have targeted the left side of the elevating system, possibly in an attempt to attack the more explosive propellant charges stored there. No further photos or footage directly attributable to these instances confirming the extent of damage has subsequently been released. Whether these vehicles received any extensive damage, represent repairable vehicles or losses is thus unclear.

Another video claimed to show an Archer being hit appeared on July 29 2024. This strike was reportedly carried out by a unit of the 20th Guards Combined Arms Army. The footage recorded by a UAV shows an Archer driving into a row of trees, followed by a detonation and later fire where the vehicle entered. It is not possible to verify if this was a successful strike or whether any damage was actually caused.

On October 13 2024, footage surfaced of a Ukrainian soldier recording an Archer. The vehicle had reportedly been hit by Russian fire but the entire crew survived. The damage to the vehicle appears to be entirely localized to the forward left face of the armored casing covering the elevating system. Across this area, the Barracuda MCS was torn off and a number of fragmentation holes were present. Whether any penetration was achieved is unclear but if this occurred, it may have damaged the charge magazine on the left side of the elevating system. The weapon used in the attack is not clear. Given that both previous instances of Archers being targeted by loitering munitions appear to have targeted the forward left side of the elevating system, it is possible that this damaged Archer corresponds to one of the Archers targeted by Lancets. Another possibility, considering when the footage was uploaded, is that it may be the results of the missile strike seen in the footage uploaded the day after, on October 14.

Further footage of what was claimed to be an Archer being targeted was posted on October 14 2024. It showed an artillery piece identified in the footage as an Archer being observed through the thermal camera of a UAV immediately north of the village Kleban-Byk and within 10 km of Russian forces in Toretsk. After multiple cuts and different perspectives being shown in the footage, the position where the Archer had been located could be seen burning. While it is possible that this was indeed an Archer being observed, judging by the outline of its thermal signature, it is not possible to identify it as such with certainty. No clear impact is shown either. The footage commences with the logo of the 439th Guards Rocket Artillery Regiment. This unit is equipped with Tornado-S, a guided multiple launch rocket system, likely the weapon system used to target the claimed Archer.

According to the account of a Ukrainian Archer driver published in the Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet in May 2025, his Archer had recently been hit on the elevating system by a Lancet. While the barrel’s protective folding cover was damaged, the barrel itself was unscathed and the system remained fully-operational.

Footage posted on September 5 2025 shows a Ukrainian Archer being targeted by a first person view loitering munitions. The video ends with the Archer at the edge of a treeline, apparently after being hit and smoking from the elevating system. This attack was reportedly carried out by the 51st Army Special Forces Battalion of the Southern Military District around Pokrovsk (Красноармейском). Another claimed attack followed just a few days later when, on September 12, further footage of an Archer was released. This was claimed to have been recorded by drones of Rubicon near Novooleksandrivka (Новоалександровка). The footage was reportedly recorded on September 9 and the attack supposedly resulted in the Archer being damaged, but no evidence of this is apparent in the recording.

Evidence of the total number of Archers hit by Russian fire varies between two and eight depending on interpretation of available evidence. There are only two hits that can be confirmed with complete certainty, as there are limited or no after-action accounts for the others. Moreover, in at least one of these cases, the Archer remained fully-operational despite some surface damage. In the cases of Lancets being used in the attacks, the crews appear to have been entirely unharmed from at least the initial strikes thanks to the separation of the crew cab from the magazines. While it is difficult to say for sure, it seems likely that the chassis and tractor units have been mostly unharmed in these cases, preserving not only the crew but also mobility, the base vehicle, and other equipment fitted to the chassis.

Given that two Archers were provided to Ukraine as spare vehicles, it is likely that these could be used as spare parts donors or outright replace the operational Ukrainian Archers. BAE Systems Bofors is likely in the process of restarting the production of Archer elevating systems, as they are required for the production of Archer 8×8. It is possible that at least some of the damage incurred by Archers in Ukraine thus far is at least theoretically repairable. The carrier, on the other hand, is unique to the Archer in its 6×6 configuration and is not currently in production, and would thus likely not be as easily replaced. Moreover, repairing damage to the elevating system, which may include replacing parts of the howitzer, automated magazines, or electronics likely represent significant potential costs. A successful hit to the magazines and ammunition could potentially result in a catastrophic loss of the entire vehicle, but this does not appear to have been the case up until this point.

Further Swedish support for Ukrainian Archers will not be in the form of donating equipment from Swedish Army stocks. To maintain Swedish readiness, aid to Ukraine from 2025 onward will be in the form of newly produced equipment to a larger degree. As part of this strategy, the Swedish Government announced on March 13 2025 that Sweden would purchase 18 newly-built Archers to donate to Ukraine as part of the 18th military aid package. These additional Archers are to be delivered during 2026. While not explicitly stated, the 18 Archers intended for Ukraine will most likely be built to the same Archer 8×8 as those being built for the Swedish Armed Forces. A further 18 newly-built Archers were pledged as part of another aid package announced September 11 2025.

It was revealed in an article published in the Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet in May 2025 that Ukrainian Archers had significantly surpassed their barrel life by Swedish regulation. In spite of this wear, the Ukrainian Archers have retained their original barrels and kept operating with reduced accuracy. A new barrel life was calculated by Ukrainian mechanics. By this point, each Archer could fire roughly 400 before entirely wearing out its barrels. In a statement published two days later, the Swedish Minister for Defence explained that the issue of barrel availability was being worked on. The Swedish Government had entered a cooperation with the United Kingdoms, BAE Systems, and the British company AMS to establish a long-term maintenance plan for the Ukrainian Archers. On July 3 2025, the Swedish Government announced that FMV had been tasked with expanding an existing order for 155 mm barrels made to equip newly produced Archers. This increase was to enable more than ten barrels to be sent to Ukraine.

Latvia

On June 10 2025, FMV signed a letter of intent with the Latvian Ministry of Defence regarding Latvian plans to acquire 18 Archer 8×8 artillery systems. The agreement includes provisions for joint training of Swedish and Latvian personnel, the leasing of artillery systems until new Archer 8x8s can be delivered, and the creation of a joint Archer 6×6 unit. This is intended to enable the presence of effective artillery systems in Latvia from 2026.

United States Trials

In its search for a self-propelled artillery system for use within Stryker Brigade Combat Teams, the US Army selected a number of available systems for a shoot-off in 2021. This was intended to eventually lead to deliveries already in 2023. FMV participated in supporting Bofors during the US Archer trials in 2021, making an Archer owned by the Swedish Government available for testing. In its budget proposition for 2022, submitted in September 2021, the Swedish Government decided to make up to 24 of its Archer systems available to BAE Systems Bofors for sale to the US. This was equivalent to not only the 12 already intended for export, but also the 12 placed into reserve at this point. The US Army required the selected artillery systems to provide greater range, rate of fire, mobility, and survivability compared to existing towed systems. Contenders from a number of companies were selected to participate, including the Archer.

An Archer subsequently participated in the US Army’s 155 Mobile Howitzer Shoot-Off Evaluation at Yuma Proving Ground in Arizona during the second half of 2021. Following this, the Archer was displayed at AUSA 2021 from October 11 to 13. The Archer was further demonstrated during the multi-national experimental exercise Bold Quest 21.2 starting October 21. During this period of US testing, the Archer in question fired roughly 700 shells, performed live firing with US ammunition, and was used for troop training. Interestingly, the Archer used for these trials appears to have been fitted with attachment points for the Barracuda MCS, but the camouflage itself does not seem to have been fitted at any point while in the US.

Since US testing was conducted, versions of the Archer based on the US Army’s standard 8×8 Oshkosh HEMTT chassis and an Oshkosh 10×10 truck have also been shown, likely targeting the US Army. The US Army announced on October 14 2024 that five companies had been awarded contracts to participate in the US Army’s upcoming Self-Propelled Howitzer Performance Demonstration. This followed the cancellation of previous efforts to develop self-propelled artillery through the ERCA program, subsequently renamed Self-Propelled Howitzer Modernization (SPH-M). Among the selected companies was BAE Systems Bofors. The performance demonstrations were intended to inform the US Army’s future artillery acquisition strategy and were to take place in November and December 2024. The US Army has subsequently launched a competition in February 2025 to find a future self-propelled howitzer system. The extent of BAE System Bofors’ participation is unknown and it is unclear what version of the Archer will be offered.

Further Export Bids

BAE Systems was interested in providing further Archers to the UK in response to the Mobile Fires Platforms programme. For this export venture, a new version of the Archer based on an 8×8 truck was presented in 2019 as the Archer 8×8 and subsequently offered in 2023. This version of Archer was ordered by Sweden but failed to win the UK bid. The Swiss Government announced in August 2022 that three artillery systems had been shortlisted for the Swiss Artillerie Wirkplattform und Wirkmittel 2026 (Art WPWM 26, Eng. Artillery weapons platform and weapons 2026) program. Aimed at replacing Switzerland’s M109 self-propelled howitzers, one of the selected platforms was the Archer 8×8. Subsequent testing was completed in June 2024, but the Archer failed to win this bid. The Archer has also been offered to Romania as of May 2024.

Conclusion

Tracing its origins to a study launched in 1989 and following multiple separate projects as well as cancellations, work on what became the Archer really started in 2001. Between 2003 and 2013, Denmark and Norway both joined and left the project. During this time, the program also had to survive a government review which canceled many other parallel programs, as well as changing ownership structures within Bofors. All this contributed to significant delays, with initial deliveries only starting in 2013, following a nine month period when Sweden entirely lacked tube artillery. In spite of this, the Archer is today one of the most technologically sophisticated self-propelled howitzers in the world and continues to be developed further. In spite of two previous partners withdrawing during development, the Archer today serves in three armies and has received further production contracts. Norway leaving the project in particular had some unexpected benefits, as it ultimately meant that the 24 vehicles ordered by Norway were available to be donated to Ukraine and sold to the UK, enabling further British artillery donations to Ukraine. Other potential operators have recently tested the Archer and its future service remains unclear. The Archer will undoubtedly continue to be fielded in Swedish service for decades to come, but its future in the British Army, where it serves as a stopgap, and the Ukrainian Army, where the Archer is deployed in active combat operations, is unclear.

Sources

Other: 

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• Regeringen. 2023. Sverige och Storbritannien samarbetar om ökat militärt stöd till Ukraina. https://www.regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2023/03/sverige-och-storbritannien-samarbetar-om-okat-militart-stod-till-ukraina/
• Regeringen. 2025. Sverige och Storbritannien samarbetar om ökat militärt stöd till Ukraina. https://www.regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2025/03/sverige-forstarker-ukrainas-artilleriformaga/
• Regeringen. 2025. Sverige förstärker Ukrainas artilleriförmåga. https://www.regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2025/07/nya-inkop-av-forsvarsmateriel-till-ukraina/
• Regeringen. 2025. Sverige beställer artilleriammunition för över 5 miljarder kronor. https://www.regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2025/07/sverige-bestaller-artilleriammunition-for-over-5-miljarder-kronor/
• Regeringen. 2025. Nytt stödpaket till Ukraina för över 9 miljarder. https://www.regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2025/09/nytt-stodpaket-till-ukraina-for-over-9-miljarder/
• Fö2009/1354 /MIL. Inriktningsbeslut för Försvarsmakten 2010-2014. https://www.regeringen.se/regeringsuppdrag/2010/01/fo20091354-mil/
• Prop. 2004/05:5. Vårt framtida försvar. https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/proposition/vart-framtida-forsvar_gs035/
• Prop. 2014/15:1. Budgetpropositionen för 2015. https://www.regeringen.se/rattsliga-dokument/proposition/2014/10/prop.-2014151
• Prop. 2016/17:2. Höständringsbudget för 2016. https://www.regeringen.se/rattsliga-dokument/proposition/2016/09/prop.-2016172
• Prop. 2020/21:30. Totalförsvaret 2021–2025. https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/proposition/totalforsvaret-2021-2025_h80330/
• Prop. 2021/22:1. Budgetpropositionen för 2022. https://www.regeringen.se/rattsliga-dokument/proposition/2021/09/prop.-2021221

Other state sources: 

• https://www.riksrevisjonen.no/rapporter-mappe/no-2023-2024/gjennomforing-av-materiellinvesteringer-i-forsvarssektoren/
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• NATO. 2012. STANAG 4569 (EDITION 2) – PROTECTION LEVELS FOR OCCUPANTS OF ARMOURED VEHICLE. Accessed via: https://web.archive.org/web/20150717164402/https://www.unops.org/ApplyBO/File.aspx/4569eed02.pdf?AttachmentID=52d5a7b6-37ad-49bc-b18c-c468ea81787a
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• https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-sweden-strengthen-defence-relationship-as-ministers-sign-agreement-on-self-propelled-guns
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• https://www.army.mod.uk/news-and-events/news/2024/04/british-army-moves-a-step-closer-to-the-next-generation-mobile-fires-platform/
• https://youtu.be/UpjayweRQqg?si=MjtGaQd7L2O2TSHx

Private company sources:

• https://www.baesystems.com/en/article/first-archer-systems-delivered-in-sweden
• https://www.baesystems.com/en/article/bae-systems-delivers-archer-artillery-system-to-sweden
• https://www.baesystems.com/en/product/archer
• https://www.baesystems.com/en/multimedia/archer-wheeled-mobile-artillery-system
• BAE Systems. ARCHER 155 MM FH 77 BW L52. Brochure.
• BAE Systems. ARCHER Mobile Howitzer 6×6. Brochure. 
• BAE Systems. ARCHER Mobile Howitzer 8×8. Brochure. 
• BAE Systems Bofors & Raytheon. XM 982/EXCALIBUR. Brochure. Accessed via: https://web.archive.org/web/20220427125525/https://www.baesystems.com/en-media/uploadFile/20210404014309/1434555562238.pdf
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• https://www.baesystems.com/en/article/bae-systems-155mm-archer-successfully-completes-us-armys-shoot-off-evaluation
• https://www.baesystems.com/en/article/bae-systems-announces-team-for-the-uks-future-artillery-programme
• https://x.com/BAESystemsInc/status/1579558810225881088
• https://youtu.be/DZlxDFRQ0KQ?si=LLQfJ7CtFyPgfqOy
• Einefors, Ulf. 2005. Bofors Defence AB. Archer Artillery Program. Accessed via: https://web.archive.org/web/20230123133618/https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2005/garm/thursday/einefors.pdf
• https://www.saab.com/products/mcs-mobile-camouflage-system
• https://www.saab.com/sv/newsroom/press-releases/2000/fransk-svensk-seriebestallning-av-bonus
• https://web.archive.org/web/20100813022953/http://www.akerskrutbruk.se/website1/1.0.1.0/87/1/?item=art_art-s1/37&group=art_art_grp-s1/7
• https://granitteknik.se/uppdrag/fmv-slb/
• https://www.kongsberg.com/newsroom/news-archive/2010/contract-with-norway-and-sweden-for-common-artillery-fire-system-odin/
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• Volvo Construction Equipment. 2007. Volvo Articulated Haulers A25E, A30E. Braås: Volvo. Accessed via: https://www.volvoce.com/-/media/volvoce/global/global-site/product-archive/documents/09-articulated-haulers/05-volvo/v-a25e/v-a25e-a30e-21b1003154-2007-12.pdf?v=_XxHPw

• https://www.volvoce.com/global/en/products-and-services/past-products/articulated-haulers/volvo/a30d-with-d9-engine/
• https://www.volvoce.com/global/en/products-and-services/past-products/articulated-haulers/volvo/a30e/
• https://www.volvoce.com/sverige/sv-se/products/articulated-haulers/a30g/
• https://youtu.be/vNN8w21Ky2Q?si=6-_C-FtA3PnHaUvO

Websites: 

• https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/blekinge/fp-foreslar-nytt-kustforband-i-blekinge
• https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/orebro/utokade-forsvaret-ger-nya-order-till-bofors
• https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/blekinge/fp-foreslar-nytt-kustforband-i-blekinge
• https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/orebro/har-far-forsvaret-nya-kanoner
• https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/orebro/utokade-forsvaret-ger-nya-order-till-bofors
• https://www.svt.se/nyheter/utrikes/har-anvands-det-svenska-vapensystemet-archer-skarpt-i-ukraina–nl1ath
• https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/norrbotten/archer-pa-plats-i-kriget-ukrainska-soldater-utbildade-i-sverige–nyzayk
• https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/orebro/sverige-koper-nya-archer-pjaser-till-ukraina
• https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6154444
• https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6154444
• https://www.sverigesradio.se/artikel/artillerisystem-fran-karlskoga-pa-plats-i-ukraina
• https://web.archive.org/web/20181022185615/https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=87&artikel=102836
• https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/nu-finns-svenskt-artillerisystem-pa-plats-i-ukraina
• https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/finns-dubbelt-sa-manga-archer-men-behover-kompletteras
• https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/rl966l/nu-klart-ukraina-far-atta-archer
• https://tt.omni.se/artilleri-till-ukraina-om-m-och-kd-far-regera/a/157aAG
• https://www.svd.se/a/5GmkAb/ukrainas-utrikesminister-soker-stod-i-stockholm
• https://www.svd.se/a/3ab3894d-44ab-3d00-ab42-18e1a3d337ae/forsvarsjattar-i-ny-storaffar-bofors-foljer-med-pa-kopet
• https://www.svd.se/a/cc530013-25fb-3c51-927b-f73e76308a08/norge-vill-forhandla-sig-ur-artilleriprojekt
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• https://www.svd.se/a/5EKn6X/nodropet-fran-ukrina-svenska-archer-snart-utslitna
• https://www.svd.se/a/PpJa8X/sverige-lovar-losning-for-ukrainas-utslitna-archer
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• https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/1kEzM/sverige-beholder-kanonen-norge-ikke-vil-ha
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• https://breakingdefense.com/2025/01/army-launching-self-propelled-howitzer-competition-in-mid-february-after-globetrotting-evalution-tour/
• https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/land/bsda-2024-bae-systems-to-pitch-ampv-cv90-and-archer-to-romania
• https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/dsei-2019-strong-response-evident-for-british-armys-mfp-requirement
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• https://www.rayservice.com/gallery/ideb-bratislava-2010/
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• https://t.me/voenacher/61599
• https://t.me/stepnoy_veter/6307
• https://t.me/Ukr_G_M/45723
• https://t.me/voenacher/69357
• https://t.me/ragatka001/104
• https://t.me/frontline_pvt/11186
• https://t.me/icpbtrubicon/527
• https://www.entreprenad.com/article/view/388936/dumper_blev_kanonlosning
• http://web.archive.org/web/20140705081709/https://www.entreprenad.com/kategorier/alla/import-2768/
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• https://www.entreprenad.com/article/view/388937/bofors_foll_for_snabbhet_och_styrka
• https://www.ointres.se/archer_serieleverans.htm
• https://www.ointres.se/archer.htm
• Försvarets Historiska Telesamlingar. 2019. Arte 740. Accessed via: https://www.fht.nu/Dokument/Marinen/marin_publ_dok_arte_740.pdf

• https://kfna.se/artiklar/nya-artilleriet
• https://www.army-guide.com/eng/article/article.php?forumID=2100
• https://www.army-guide.com/eng/article/article_1639.html
• https://www.army-guide.com/eng/product3372.html
• https://www.teknikaliteter.se/2024/07/29/svenska-archer-satter-pilen-dar-det-gor-som-mest-ont/
• https://biluppgifter.se/fordon/WSK561
• http://wisemanswisdoms.blogspot.com/2013/06/inte-en-haubits-nar-industrin-ska.html
• http://navyskipper.blogspot.com/2013/06/rikspjasen.html

Periodicals: 

• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri-tidskrift_2004_3
• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri-tidskrift_2007_4_1
• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri-tidskrift_2008_3
• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri-tidskrift_2008_4
• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri-tidskrift_2009_1
• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri-tidskrift_2009_3
• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri-tidskrift_2010_1
• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri-tidskrift_2010_2
• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri-tidskrift_2010_3
• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri-tidskrift_2011_2
• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri-tidskrift_2011_4
• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri_nr3-2013
• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri___luftv__rn_nr1_14
• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri_nr2_14
• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri_nr_4-2014
• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri-tidskrift_nr_3_2015
• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri_tidskrift_nr_4_2015
• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleritidskrift_nr1_2016
• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleritidskrift_nr2_2016
• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri_och_luftv_rn_nr3_2018
• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri_nr4_2021/10
• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri_nr1_2022/30
• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri_nr1_2023_sidor
• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri_nr3_2023
• https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri_nr1_2024_issuu
• https://web.archive.org/web/20100402105203/http://www.artilleriet.dk/artikel/E3328vArcherNTarForm.htm
• https://www.artilleriet.dk/artikel/4464vSKH.htm
• Officersförbundet. 2013. Officerstidningen. 2013(4). Accessed via: https://www.officersforbundet.se/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/web_ot4_13.pdf