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TLDR: they are equivalent Error(x) === new Error(x).

// this:
const x = Error('I was created using a function call!');
​​​​// has the same functionality as this:
const y = new Error('I was constructed via the "new" keyword!');

source: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error

throw and throw Error are functionally equivalent. But when you catch them and serialize them to console.log they are not serialized exactly the same way:

throw 'Parameter is not a number!';
throw new Error('Parameter is not a number!');
throw Error('Parameter is not a number!');

Console.log(e) of the above will produce 2 different results:

Parameter is not a number!
Error: Parameter is not a number!
Error: Parameter is not a number!

TLDR: they are equivalent Error(x) === new Error(x).

// this:
const x = Error('I was created using a function call!');
​​​​// has the same functionality as this:
const y = new Error('I was constructed via the "new" keyword!');

source: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error

throw and throw Error are functionally equivalent. But when you catch them and serialize them to console.log they are not serialized exactly the same way:

throw 'Parameter is not a number!';
throw new Error('Parameter is not a number!');
throw Error('Parameter is not a number!');

Console.log(e) of the above will produce 2 different results:

Parameter is not a number!
Error: Parameter is not a number!
Error: Parameter is not a number!

TLDR: they are equivalent Error(x) === new Error(x).

// this:
const x = Error('I was created using a function call!');
​​​​// has the same functionality as this:
const y = new Error('I was constructed via the "new" keyword!');

source: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error

throw and throw Error will are functionally equivalent. But when you catch them and serialize them to console.log they are not serialized exactly the same way:

throw 'Parameter is not a number!';
throw new Error('Parameter is not a number!');
throw Error('Parameter is not a number!');

Console.log(e) of the above will produce 2 different results:

Parameter is not a number!
Error: Parameter is not a number!
Error: Parameter is not a number!

TLDR: they are equivalent Error(x) === new Error(x).

// this:
const x = Error('I was created using a function call!');
​​​​// has the same functionality as this:
const y = new Error('I was constructed via the "new" keyword!');

source: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error

throw and throw Error are functionally equivalent. But when you catch them and serialize them to console.log they are not serialized exactly the same way:

throw 'Parameter is not a number!';
throw new Error('Parameter is not a number!');
throw Error('Parameter is not a number!');

Console.log(e) of the above will produce 2 different results:

Parameter is not a number!
Error: Parameter is not a number!
Error: Parameter is not a number!

TLDR: they are equivalent (x===y).

// this:
const x = Error('I was created using a function call!');
​​​​// has the same functionality as this:
const y = new Error('I was constructed via the "new" keyword!');

source: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error

throw and throw Error are functionally equivalent. But when you catch them and serialize them to console.log they are not serialized exactly the same way:

throw 'Parameter is not a number!';
throw new Error('Parameter is not a number!');
throw Error('Parameter is not a number!');

Console.log(e) of the above will produce 2 different results:

Parameter is not a number!
Error: Parameter is not a number!
Error: Parameter is not a number!

TLDR: they are equivalent Error(x) === new Error(x).

// this:
const x = Error('I was created using a function call!');
​​​​// has the same functionality as this:
const y = new Error('I was constructed via the "new" keyword!');

source: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error

throw and throw Error will are functionally equivalent. But when you catch them and serialize them to console.log they are not serialized exactly the same way:

throw 'Parameter is not a number!';
throw new Error('Parameter is not a number!');
throw Error('Parameter is not a number!');

Console.log(e) of the above will produce 2 different results:

Parameter is not a number!
Error: Parameter is not a number!
Error: Parameter is not a number!