Abstract:The results denoted that in order to overcome hemocirculatory perturbations in vertical orientation while hooding and head raising behavior, N. oxiana need to have more important features than short heart to head distance and long tail. In addition, it gave the sexual differences in heart place and tail length between males and females. It is suggested that in ophidian cardiovascular studies the animals be grouped based upon their sex.
“…This indicates that sex-specific morphological differences in M. l. lebetina are still a controversial issue. However, our findings of the ratio TaL / ToL were similar to those of other authors [50], who recorded a mean ratio of 11.89 ± 1.56% among 15 adult males (our study: 11.85 ± 1.18%) and a mean ratio of 11.10 ± 0.59% in eight adult females of Iranian M. l. obtusa (our study: 10.80 ± 1.91%). Larger sample sizes are required to obtain more powerful test results on sex-specific differences.Fig.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 93%
“…However, Sochurek (1979) reports that he obtained a large male blunt-nosed viper of more than 3 kg body weight from the USSR around the year 1950 [49]. Out of 23 blunt-nosed vipers collected in Iran (Khorasan province), the heaviest male (SVL 125.5 cm, TaL 17.0 cm) and female (SVL 113.0 cm, TaL 14.0 cm) each weighed 1180 g ([50], A. Nasoori pers. comm.…”
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD).
Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD.
The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC).
Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD).
Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD.
The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC).
Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
“…This indicates that sex-specific morphological differences in M. l. lebetina are still a controversial issue. However, our findings of the ratio TaL / ToL were similar to those of other authors [50], who recorded a mean ratio of 11.89 ± 1.56% among 15 adult males (our study: 11.85 ± 1.18%) and a mean ratio of 11.10 ± 0.59% in eight adult females of Iranian M. l. obtusa (our study: 10.80 ± 1.91%). Larger sample sizes are required to obtain more powerful test results on sex-specific differences.Fig.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 93%
“…However, Sochurek (1979) reports that he obtained a large male blunt-nosed viper of more than 3 kg body weight from the USSR around the year 1950 [49]. Out of 23 blunt-nosed vipers collected in Iran (Khorasan province), the heaviest male (SVL 125.5 cm, TaL 17.0 cm) and female (SVL 113.0 cm, TaL 14.0 cm) each weighed 1180 g ([50], A. Nasoori pers. comm.…”
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD).
Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD.
The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC).
Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD).
Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD.
The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC).
Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
“…Alternatively, organ position may also be impacted by the positioning and size of reproductive structures and developing eggs and embryos. For seven phylogenetically diverse species -A. piscivorus (Viperidae), Bungarus candidus (Elapidae), C. rynchops (Colubridae), Coluber radiatus (Colubridae), Gongylosoma balioderius (Colubridae), Macrovipera lebetina (Viperidae), and Naja oxiana (Elapidae)females possessed hearts that are more anteriorly placed compared to those of males (Bergman, 1956(Bergman, , 1961(Bergman, , 1962(Bergman, , 1963Collins and Carpenter, 1969;Nasoori et al, 2014). In contrast, we found no sexual differences in heart position for either N. rhombifer or P. molurus.…”
Section: Sexual Differences In Organ Positionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Such variation may stem from differential growth of the body and organs with age, from sexual dimorphisms in body and organ sizes, from the positioning of an organ that is influenced by the placement of one or more other organs, and/or from local adaptations to regional selective forces (i.e., interpopulation variation) (Thorpe, 1989;Shine, 1994). Growth or position of internal structures (e.g., bone and organs) for snakes has been found to either change in equal proportions with increased body size (e.g., isometrically), or vary in proportion with size (e.g., allometrically) (Bergman, 1956(Bergman, , 1962Thorpe, 1975;Rossman, 1980;King et al, 1999) Across a diversity of snakes (viperids, colubrids, and elapids), several organs (e.g., heart, liver, pancreas, and spleen) are placed more anteriorly within the body cavity of females as compared to males (Bergman, 1956(Bergman, , 1961(Bergman, , 1962Collins and Carpenter, 1969;Rossman et al, 1982;Thorpe, 1989;Nasoori et al, 2014). In contrast, as observed for the colubrids Coluber radiatus and Natrix natrix, the right kidney of female snakes is more distally placed compared to that of males (Bergman, 1961;Thorpe, 1989).…”
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD).
Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD.
The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC).
Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD).
Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD.
The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC).
Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
“…In addition, intraspecific variation in organ position has been identified as correlates of both sex and body size (Bergman 1956(Bergman , 1961(Bergman , 1962(Bergman , 1963Anderson and Secor 2015). Females possess more anteriorly-positioned hearts, livers, pancreas, and spleens, and more posteriorly-placed kidneys as compared to conspecific males, independent of body size, in species of viperids, elapid, and colubrid snakes (Bergman 1956(Bergman , 1961(Bergman , 1962(Bergman , 1963Collins and Carpenter 1969;Nasoori et al 2014). It is suggested that for female snakes the forward shift of the heart, liver, pancreas, and spleen, and the distal placement of the kidneys provides more space between these sets of organs for developing embryos and eggs (Collins and Carpenter 1969).…”
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD).
Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD.
The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC).
Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD).
Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD.
The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC).
Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
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