Umuce:Ubutunzi

Ubutunzi ni urutonde rw'amatungo, ibikoresho canke ibindi bintu bifise agaciro umuntu, umuryango, ishirahamwe canke igihugu bitunze. Mu bumenyi bw'ubutunzi (économie), ubutunzi bwerekeza ku mutungo wose ushobora gutanga akamaro canke agaciro mu buzima bw'abantu. Ubutunzi bushobora kuba amafaranga, amatongo, amazu, ibitungwa, amashirahamwe, ubuhinga canke ubundi buryo bw'amatungo bufise agaciro ku muntu canke ku kibano.^[1]

Insobanuro

Abahinga mu vy'ubutunzi batandukanya ubutunzi ninjiza. Injiza ni amafaranga canke inyungu umuntu aronka mu kiringo kinaka, mu gihe ubutunzi ari ivyo amaze kwegeranya mu buzima bwiwe canke mu gihe kirekire. Ubutunzi bushobora kwiyongera biciye mu kuziganya, mw'ishoramari canke mu kwongereza umusaruro w'ibikorwa vy'ubutunzi.^[2]

Amoko y'ubutunzi

Ubutunzi bushobora kugabanywa mu mice myinshi:

Ubutunzi bw'umubiri

Ni amatungo ashobora kuboneka no gukorwako, nk'amazu, amatongo, ibinyabiziga, ibikoresho vy'akazi n'ibitungwa.

Ubutunzi bw'amafaranga

Bugizwe n'amafaranga, imigabane mu mashirahamwe, amabanki n'ibindi bikoresho vy'imari bifise agaciro.

Ubutunzi bw'ubwenge

Ni ubumenyi, ubuhinga, inyigisho hamwe n'ubushobozi umuntu afise kandi bushobora gutuma aronka inyungu canke umusaruro.

Ubutunzi kamere

Ni amatungo ava muri kamere nk'amazi, amashyamba, ubutare, amavuta y'agataka n'ubutaka bwimbuka.

Ubutunzi mu mateka y'ivyiyumviro vy'ubutunzi

Mu mwaka w'1776, umuhinga mu vy'ubutunzi Adam Smith yasohoye igitabu An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Ivyerekeye kamere n'imvo z'ubutunzi bw'amahanga). Muri ico gitabu, yerekanye ko ubutunzi bw'igihugu budashingiye gusa ku kwegeranya zahabu n'ifeza, ahubwo bushingiye ku bushobozi bwo gutanga umusaruro, ku kugabana ibikorwa vy'akazi no ku budandaji bwidegemvya.^[3]^[4]

Ivyiyumviro vya Adam Smith vyagize uruhara runini mu kwubaka ubumenyi bwa none bw'ubutunzi no mu gutahura ingene ubutunzi bw'ibihugu buremwa kandi bugasangira mu banyagihugu.^[5]

Ubutunzi n'iterambere

Mu bihugu vyinshi, ubutunzi bufatwa nk'ikimenyetso c'iterambere ry'ubutunzi. Ariko rero, abahinga berekana ko kugira ubutunzi bwinshi bitama bisigura ko abanyagihugu bose babayeho neza. Uko ubutunzi bugabanijwe mu kibano ni kimwe mu bipimo bihambaye mu gupima iterambere n'ubutungane mu mibano.^[6]

Ibihugu bishobora kugira ubutunzi bwinshi ariko hakabaho ikinyuranyo kinini hagati y'abatunzi n'abakene. Ni co gituma ibibazo vy'ukugabanya ubutunzi mu buryo bubereye biri mu vyigwa cane n'abahinga mu vy'ubutunzi n'imibano.

Inkomoko z'ubutunzi

Ubutunzi bushobora guturuka mu:

Uburimyi n'ubworozi
Ubudandaji
Inganda
Ishoramari
Ubuhinga bwa none
Ubucukuzi bw'amatungo kamere
Serivisi zitandukanye

Raba kandi

== Inyandiko zifashishijwe ==

↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, "Economics", https://www.britannica.com/money/economics
↑ International Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "Adam Smith", https://iep.utm.edu/smith/
↑ Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776.
↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, "Adam Smith", https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adam-Smith
↑ World History Encyclopedia, "Adam Smith", https://www.worldhistory.org/Adam_Smith/
↑ New economic windows on income and wealth, arXiv, https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.06076

Uwu muce muri kino gihe nturimwo impapuro canke amasanamu, imiziki, ...

[1] Encyclopædia Britannica, "Economics", https://www.britannica.com/money/economics

[2] International Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "Adam Smith", https://iep.utm.edu/smith/

[3] Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776.

[4] Encyclopædia Britannica, "Adam Smith", https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adam-Smith

[5] World History Encyclopedia, "Adam Smith", https://www.worldhistory.org/Adam_Smith/

[6] New economic windows on income and wealth, arXiv, https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.06076

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