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UPDATE: It turns out that this metadata is stored in the directory structure of the files, not as a header in the first bytes of the files' data: Apple II Binary File Format

Thanks to the information in the other answers which are more about Apple DOS, I was able to find some of the information for ProDOS which differs, though I still have some questions.

I wonder if this applies only/both to $06 General binary file and $FC Applesoft program file? The types are probably somewhat like a suggestion and might behave the same.

But then there's $FE Relocatable code file (EDASM), which will surely have a more complicated file format for the reloc info. I wonder if these are also run just with BRUN or if they require a special loader that maybe comes with EDASM that does the relocating before jumping to the code?

UPDATE:

Yes, the relocatable files requires the special tools RBOOT and RLOAD.

Thanks to the information in the other answers which are more about Apple DOS, I was able to find (some of?) the information for ProDOS which differs.

I'm not sure if this applies only/both to $06 General binary file and $FC Applesoft program file. The types are probably somewhat like a suggestion and might behave the same.

But then there's $FE Relocatable code file (EDASM), which will surely have a more complicated file format for the reloc info. They require the special tools RBOOT and RLOAD.

UPDATE:

Yes, the relocatable files requires the special tools RBOOT and RLOAD.