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. 2024 Aug 21;14(1):19427.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-70286-w.

In-depth experimental search for a coupling between gravity and electromagnetism with steady fields

Affiliations

In-depth experimental search for a coupling between gravity and electromagnetism with steady fields

M Tajmar et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Any means to control gravity like electromagnetism is currently out of reach by many orders of magnitude even under extreme laboratory conditions. Some often poorly executed experiments or pseudoscience theories appear from time to time claiming for example anomalous forces from capacitors that suggest a connection between the two fields. We developed novel and high resolution horizontal-, vertical- and rotation-balances that allow to test electric devices completely shielded and remotely controlled under high vacuum conditions to perform the first in-depth search for such a coupling using steady fields. Our testing included a variety of capacitors of different shapes and compositions as well as for the first-time solenoids and tunneling currents from Zener diodes and varistors. A comprehensive coupling-scheme table was used to test almost all combinations including capacitors and solenoids with permittivity and permeability gradients as well as capacitors and varistors within crossed magnetic fields. We also tested a crossed-coil producing helical magnetic field lines as well as interactions between a pair of shielded toroidal coils to look for proposed extensions to Maxwell's equations. No anomalous forces or torques down to the nano-Newton or nano-Newton-Meter range were found providing new limits many orders of magnitude below previous assessments ruling out claims or theories and providing a basis for future research on the topic.

Keywords: Anomalous forces; Coupling-schemes; Electromagnetism-gravity; Scalar forces.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Coupling-schemes of gravity and electromagnetism including theory and experimental claims (crossed cell marks incompatibility between vector and scalar quantities, green-areas are assessed in present work).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Overall setup—double pendulum balance with mu-metal box inside of vacuum chamber.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Double-pendulum setup (A) Pivot, (B) Mu-Metal Shields, (C) Test Article, (D)Frictionless Bearing, (E) Support, (F) Counter-Weight, (G) Voice-coil calibrator and interferometer mirror).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Mbelek-type coil-coil setup using the double-pendulum to investigate force between two toroidal coils (both coils in horizontal orientation) (A) Mu-metal shields on balance, (B) Coil on balance, (C) External coil, (D) External mu-metal shields).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Beam-balance setup ((A) Support, (B) Frictionless bearing, (C), (D) Voice-coil calibrator and interferometer mirror, (E) Counter-weight, (F) Test article, (G) Cardanic pivot, (H) Unannealed mu-metal).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Torsion-balance setup: top-side view, bottom-top view ((A) Support, (B) Frictionless bearing, (C) Voice-coil calibrator, (D) Interferometer mirror, (E) Measurement box, (F) Battery, (G) Power supply, (H) Solenoid, (I) Beam).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Typical configuration of balance and measurement box details.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Schematic configuration of symmetrical high-voltage capacitor ((A) Dielectric, (B) Conductors, (C) Connection Wires, (D) Isolation epoxy, (E) Optional permanent magnets).
Figure 9
Figure 9
Schematic configuration of asymmetrical high-voltage capacitor ((A) Dielectric, (B) Conductors, (C) Connection wires, (D) Isolation epoxy, (E) Optional permanent magnets, (F) Isolator).
Figure 10
Figure 10
Schematic configuration of gradient high-voltage capacitor ((A) Dielectric 1, (B) Dielectric 2, (C) Conductors, (D) Connection wires, (E) Isolation epoxy, (F) Optional permanent magnets).
Figure 11
Figure 11
Schematic configuration of trapezoidal-shaped asymmetric high-voltage capacitor ((A) Dielectric, (B) Conductors, (C) Connection wires, a Short base, b Long base, h Height).
Figure 12
Figure 12
Schematic configuration of toroidal coil ((A) 3D-printed guide, (B) Wire, (C) Core).
Figure 13
Figure 13
Schematic configuration of split-core toroidal coils ((A) 3D-printed guide, (B) Core 1, (C) Core 2).
Figure 14
Figure 14
Schematic configuration of crossed coil ((A) 3D-printed guide, (B) Wires, (C) Core).
Figure 15
Figure 15
Schematic configuration of single varistor (A) ZnO Grains, (B) Conductors, (C) Connection wires, (D) Isolation epoxy, (E) Optional permanent magnets) and 14x varistor stack example.
Figure 16
Figure 16
Symmetric PTFE capacitor measurement with beam balance (left) and double-pendulum balance (right).
Figure 17
Figure 17
Toroidal coil with PTFE core measurement with beam balance (left) and Torsion Balance (right).
Figure 18
Figure 18
Influence of number of mu-metal shields on torque measurement with torsion balance and toroidal coil with iron core (error bar too small to be not visible with ± 0.1-0.3 nN-m).
Figure 19
Figure 19
Varistor stack measurement with beam balance (left) and double-pendulum balance (right).

References

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