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. 2007 Apr;189(8):3166-75.
doi: 10.1128/JB.01808-06. Epub 2007 Feb 2.

Genome of the opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus sanguinis

Ping Xu  1 , Joao M Alves, Todd Kitten, Arunsri Brown, Zhenming Chen, Luiz S Ozaki, Patricio Manque, Xiuchun Ge, Myrna G Serrano, Daniela Puiu, Stephanie Hendricks, Yingping Wang, Michael D Chaplin, Doruk Akan, Sehmi Paik, Darrell L Peterson, Francis L Macrina, Gregory A Buck
Affiliations

Genome of the opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus sanguinis

Ping Xu et al. J Bacteriol. 2007 Apr.

Abstract

The genome of Streptococcus sanguinis is a circular DNA molecule consisting of 2,388,435 bp and is 177 to 590 kb larger than the other 21 streptococcal genomes that have been sequenced. The G+C content of the S. sanguinis genome is 43.4%, which is considerably higher than the G+C contents of other streptococci. The genome encodes 2,274 predicted proteins, 61 tRNAs, and four rRNA operons. A 70-kb region encoding pathways for vitamin B(12) biosynthesis and degradation of ethanolamine and propanediol was apparently acquired by horizontal gene transfer. The gene complement suggests new hypotheses for the pathogenesis and virulence of S. sanguinis and differs from the gene complements of other pathogenic and nonpathogenic streptococci. In particular, S. sanguinis possesses a remarkable abundance of putative surface proteins, which may permit it to be a primary colonizer of the oral cavity and agent of streptococcal endocarditis and infection in neutropenic patients.

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Figures

FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
Circular S. sanguinis SK36 genome map. Starting from the outside, the circles show (i) the genome positions (in base pairs) starting from the origin of replication (ORI); (ii and iii) predicted coding regions on the two strands (different colors are used for clarity); (iv) G+C content (in 1-kb windows); (v and vi) rRNA clusters on the two strands; and (vii and viii) tRNA on the two strands.
FIG. 2.
FIG. 2.
In silico comparisons of streptococci. The protein sets of S. sanguinis SK36, S. mutans UA159, and S. pneumoniae TIGR4 were compared. The numbers under and above the species names indicate the total numbers of genes; the numbers in the intersections indicate the numbers of genes shared by two or three species.
FIG. 3.
FIG. 3.
COG classification of the S. sanguinis SK36 genome and comparison with other microbial genomes. The numbers of genes of eight species were compared based on the functional classification in the COG database. Ss, S. sanguinis SK36; Spy, S. pyogenes M1GAS; Sm, S. mutans UA159; Sp, S. pneumoniae R6; Sa, S. agalactiae NEM316; St, S. thermophilus CNZR1066; Ef, Enterococcus faecalis V583; Ll, Lactococcus lactis IL-1403. The functional categories are indicated as follows: A, amino acid transport and metabolism; B, carbohydrate transport and metabolism; C, cell division and chromosome partitioning; D, cell envelope biogenesis, outer membrane; E, cell motility and secretion; F, coenzyme metabolism; G, defense mechanisms; H, DNA replication, recombination, and repair; I, energy production and conversion; J, unknown function; K, general function prediction; L, inorganic ion transport and metabolism; M, lipid metabolism; N, nucleotide transport and metabolism; O, posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones; P, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, transport, and catabolism; Q, signal transduction mechanisms; R, transcription; S, translation, ribosomal structure, and biogenesis; T, other.
FIG. 4.
FIG. 4.
Schematic map of the 70-kb HGT region for vitamin B12 biosynthesis and related pathways. The colors indicate genes in different pathways based on homology with Salmonella, as follows: red, cob; blue, pdu; black, eut; gray, not predicted to be part of any of these three pathways; white, genes flanking the transferred region.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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