Scientific literature on particular themes in ontology is extremely abundant, but it is often very hard for freshmen or sophomores to find a red thread between the various proposals. This text is an opinionated introduction, a preliminary text to research in ontology from the so called standard approach to ontological commitment, that is from the particular point of view that connects ontological questions to quantificational questions. It offers a survey of this viewpoint in ontology together with their possible applications through (...) a broad array of examples and open problems and, at the same time, essential references to the classics of philosophy, so as to allow non-specialists to understand the terms and analysis procedures characterizing the discipline. Its result is a wide-ranging overview of the issued tackled by ontology, with a particular focus on the most relevant problems of contemporary debate. (shrink)

General and Formal Ontology Paolo Valore The word ontology derives from tÕ Ôn ( tò òn), which is the neutral participle of e„m. ...

Sustainable labels are considered the best way for consumers to identify brands with environmental or social attributes on the shelves, and therefore promoted as a means to develop the so-called “ethical markets”. However, little is known about how consumers use these brands. This paper tries to offer complementary theoretical insights on the determinants of sustainable label use by drawing on the economic model of information search; in particular, it examines the influence of two factors on the purchase of such labels: (...) motivation and knowledge. Information was gathered through a structured questionnaire in personal interviews with 289 primary buyers. The study found that education influences directly knowledge, while Motivation influences Label use both directly and indirectly, via Label knowledge. This study concludes that Motivation is the most powerful factor to explain Label use; knowledge is a necessary but not sufficient condition. Even more, consumers may not have a good understanding of sustainable labels and still use them in their purchasing decisions. This suggests that there is a dual processing mode of sustainable labels, both systematic and heuristic. (shrink)

Managing the relationship with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) is a key capability for most companies, because dialogue with stakeholders is a requested feature of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). This paper analyses the relationship between businesses and NGOs in Spain. By applying grounded theory, the authors summarize this relationship in the dynamics of conflict and cooperation. NGOs' strategies vis-à-vis companies are categorized and the variables explaining different approaches on both companies' and NGOs' side are examined. The paper concludes by placing the private (...) relationship with NGOs in a wider context (the public arena), dominated by the approach-withdrawal dynamics between firms and NGOs. Finally, this paper presents the theory that results from this research. (shrink)

According to the quantificational Quinean model in meta-ontology, the question of ontology boils down to the question of whether a sortal property is exemplified. I address some complications that arise when we try to build a philosophical reconstruction of the link between individuals and kinds displayed in the exemplification relation from the point of view of conceptualism about kinds and having in mind this stand in ontology. I distinguish two notions of resemblance, object-to- object and object-to- kind, and show the (...) problems with both of them. Finally, I argue for a better awareness of the implicit "bias" involved in the very notion of "resemblance," without indulging in Quine's veto toward this notion. (shrink)

This article examines the divergent yet converging perspectives of W.V.O. Quine and Richard Rorty on the ontology of mathematics. While Quine grounds mathematical entities in the indispensability of abstract objects for scientific theories, Rorty rejects representationalist commitments, constructing mathematics as a contingent linguistic practice. The study reconstructs Quine’s criterion of ontological commitment, his holistic epistemology, and his treatment of mathematics as an indispensable component of the web of belief, contrasting them with Rorty’s anti-foundationalist account of mathematics as a pragmatic tool (...) devoid of ontological import. The analysis emphasizes their respective views on the functional role of mathematics, highlighting a shared pragmatist orientation that, beneath their surface disagreement, converges in situating mathematics as a practice for coping with and structuring experience rather than as a reflection of a pre-given reality. The article argues that their apparent opposition between realism and anti-realism masks a deeper convergence: both conceive mathematics as a constructed and adaptable device for generating conceptual possibilities and enabling action. (shrink)

Compassion appeals are employed to mobilize prosocial actions that address global grand challenges. However, the evidence of the effectiveness of such appeals is still mixed, with studies using a multitude of persuasion appeals and examining diverse outcomes. To explain the mixed findings, we conduct an integrative, critical review of 77 articles (altogether reporting 116 empirical studies) on the role of compassion appeals in motivating prosocial behavior. This review explains the conditions that determine the relative effectiveness of compassion appeals. First, we (...) identify the appeal components and contextual factors that elicit compassion. Successful elicitation is a prerequisite for the effectiveness of compassion appeals. Second, we reveal that compassion often is elicited with distress, an emotion actively regulated by audiences. Consequently, persuasive compassion appeals are most effective when elicited compassion is maintained within an area of acceptability, demarcated by elicitation and backfiring thresholds. Third, we show that mixed findings are often due to a mismatch between the motivation elicited by compassion and the prosocial action encouraged by the appeal. Compassion motivates the relief of immediate suffering but is not suited to drive sustained commitment toward promoting structural social change. To address this limitation of compassion, we conceptualize the need for compassion blends, mixed emotions where compassion is elicited along with guilt and/or moral anger. We explain why and how compassion blends can motivate transformative prosocial behavior. The results from our critical review inform an agenda for future research and offer actionable insights for the design of effective compassion appeals. (shrink)

Managing the relationship with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) is a key capability for most companies, because dialogue with stakeholders is a requested feature of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). This paper analyses the relationship between businesses and NGOs in Spain. By applying grounded theory, the authors summarize this relationship in the dynamics of conflict and cooperation. NGOs' strategies vis‐à‐vis companies are categorized and the variables explaining different approaches on both companies' and NGOs' side are examined. The paper concludes by placing the private (...) relationship with NGOs in a wider context (the public arena), dominated by the approach‐withdrawal dynamics between firms and NGOs. Finally, this paper presents the theory that results from this research. (shrink)

One of the complications of a clear evaluation of different positions called “realism” in metaphysics and ontology is discrepancy in terminology and variance of basic intuitions inherent this notion. I recommend a taxonomy that distinguishes three kinds of variance: variance in the sets of conditions for a philosophical position to be acknowledged as actual realism, variance in strength and variance in conceptual frameworks. Within this last case, I propose to differentiate realism in epistemology, in ontology, and in metaphysics, intersecting these (...) three variants with the local/global realism dichotomy. The taxonomy here provided aims at being meta-philosophical; expressive enough for a fine-grained articulation of different philosophical positions in the recent debate, including the question of metaphysical grounding; and impartial, with no need to be connected to the defense of one form or another of the philosophical positions called “realism.”. (shrink)

This article introduces a novel theoretical framework for addressing epistemic injustice—a phenomenon where certain groups or individuals are systematically excluded from knowledge creation and dissemination processes—by employing ontological relativity and conceptual analysis. “Ontological relativity” refers to a philosophical perspective that posits our understanding of reality as being shaped by our toolbox of concepts, categories, language, and social practices; “conceptual analysis” is a method of inquiry that involves the rigorous examination and deconstruction of a particular concept or set of concepts in (...) order to uncover their constituent elements, relationships, and underlying assumptions. To exemplify the effectiveness of the ontology‐based approach, two paradigmatic applications are explored: (a) educational practices and (b) clinical practice and access to health care. Through the presentation of these applications and the step‐by‐step illustration of the applied methodology, the aim of the article is to showcase the efficacy of ontology in tackling epistemic injustices, suggesting innovative paths for future research in this domain. (shrink)

_La matematica per affrontare il mondo: una lettura pragmatista di Quine e Rorty_ L’articolo esamina le prospettive divergenti e, al contempo, convergenti di W.V.O. Quine e Richard Rorty sull’ontologia della matematica. Mentre Quine fonda gli enti matematici sull’indispensabilità degli oggetti astratti per le teorie scientifiche, Rorty respinge ogni impegno rappresentazionalista, concependo la matematica come una pratica linguistica contingente. Lo studio ricostruisce il criterio di Quine per l’impegno ontologico, la sua epistemologia olistica e la sua trattazione della matematica come componente indispensabile (...) all’interno della rete delle credenze, mettendoli a confronto con l’impostazione anti-fondazionalista di Rorty, che interpreta la matematica come uno strumento pragmatico privo di portata ontologica. L’analisi mette in rilievo le rispettive concezioni del ruolo funzionale della matematica, evidenziando, al di là del disaccordo superficiale, una convergenza su un orientamento pragmatico che riconosce nella matematica una pratica finalizzata ad affrontare e strutturare l’esperienza piuttosto che un riflesso di una realtà già esistente. L’apparente opposizione tra realismo e antirealismo nasconderebbe quindi una convergenza più profonda: entrambi concepiscono la matematica come un dispositivo costruito e adattabile per generare possibilità concettuali e rendere possibile l’azione. (shrink)

One of the innovative approaches in contemporary philosophical ontology consists in the assumption of a plurality of ontologies based on different metaphysical presuppositions. Such presuppositions involve, among others, the identification of relevant properties for the objects of our domain as a guiding principle in uncovering what it is to be considered intrinsic and what could be the mere effect of selection preferences based on objective or subjective criteria. A remarkable example of the application of a background metaphysical theory in astrophysics (...) is the problem of selection biases in detecting cosmological objects, such as supernovae, galaxies and gamma-ray bursts. We will show that it is valuable to be aware of the importance of uncovering this type of background theory to better understand selection effects and to promote a novel approach in scientific research. (shrink)

This paper develops and tests a benchmark to evaluate the effort of the energy industry towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Thebenchmark was tested with the Spanish energy companies operating in Argentina, Colombia and Mexico. The research concludes that there is still an informal effort to fight poverty in developing countries.

The Mercy of God includes all His creation. The Divine Qualities refered to the Compassionate and the Merciful are reflected in the names Ar-Rahman and Ar-Rahim. The first one is an exclusive quality of God and it is refered to the supernatural Grace and the second one to the natural Grace. As for the servant of the Compassionate epitomises this name and is a mercy to all the world in general. 'Abd Ar-Rahim, the servant of the Merciful exemplifies the pious (...) that bestows his mercy particularly upon those with whom God is pleased. (shrink)