Every explanation faces a trade-off between informativeness and compression (Kinney and Lombrozo, 2022). On the one hand, we want to aim for as much detailed and correct information as possible, informativeness, on the other hand, we want to ensure that a human can process and comprehend the explanation, compression. Current methods in eXplainable AI (XAI) try to satisfy this trade-off statically, outputting one fixed, non-adjustable explanation that sits somewhere on the spectrum between informativeness and compression. However, some current (...) XAI methods fail to meet the expectations of users and developers such that several failures have been reported in the literature which often come with user-specific knowledge gaps and good-enough understanding. In this work, we propose Dynamic XAI to navigate the trade-off interactively. We argue how this simple idea can help overcome the trade-off by eliminating gaps in user-specific understanding and preventing misunderstandings. We conclude by situating our approach within the broader ethical considerations around XAI. (shrink)

Academic discussions of trade and development have often been tied to a set of orthodoxies around money and finance that, however plausible during earlier eras, are misleading today. The present discussion identifies some of those outmoded assumptions and outlines what might follow once we let go of them. This will suggest how the global economy might be oriented around the establishment, expanded use, and management of state powers of “monetary sovereignty.” It will also suggest why this is both feasible (...) and morally necessary, in view of the state and state system's legitimacy. (shrink)

The Federal Trade Commission has an important role to play in the governmental oversight of mobile health apps, ensuring consumer protections from unfair and deceptive trade practices and curtailing anti-competitive methods. The FTC’s consumer protection structure and authority is outlined before reviewing the recent FTC enforcement activities taken on behalf of consumers and against developers of mhealth apps. The article concludes with identification of some challenges for the FTC and modest recommendations for strengthening the consumer protections it provides.

The EU-Korea Free Trade Agreement (FTA) was the first of its kind between the EU and an Asian country. The EU-Korea FTA was signed in 2011 and ratified in 2015, which allows for a reliable assessment, unlike other recently ratified FTAs such as the EU-Singapore or the EU-Vietnam FTA. Therefore, its analysis is crucial for future agreements that other Asian countries or trade blocs such as ASEAN might conclude with the EU. Since it is a stylized fact that (...) the technological content of exports has a significant impact on long-term economic growth and total factor productivity, it is particularly important to consider the level of development of traded goods as part of the analysis to evaluate the performance of the agreement from a technological perspective. Therefore, trade flows between the EU and Korea are analyzed using the synthetic control method. Consequently, this statistical method is used to assess the extent to which the EU-Korea FTA has borne the expected fruit, not only overall, but also in terms of trade gains from the national and technological standpoint. (shrink)

Through the benefits of trade openness, diversification, and economic competitiveness, the UAE was successful in its economic endeavors by creating economic winners and protecting those who have been hurt by the embrace of globalization. The country also paid special attention to the issues of wealth distribution and fairness in the allocation of economic resources (inclusive globalization). The most important lesson from UAE’s economic growth is that strong formal institutions with sound vision designed to propel economic development are keys for (...) success. (shrink)

Fair / Alternative Trade Organizations globally fmd themselves at a crucial stage in their evolution. The space once solely occupied by fair trade is increasingly being competed for by mainstream ‘socially responsible’ companies. This paper reviews ‘convergence’ in the sphere of socially responsible business and raises some issues where a business and society approach might help us understand the future of fair trade.

SustainabilitySustainability in international tradeInternational trade is increasingly an important factor for companies. Political risk analysisPolitical risk analysis has great importance in this context. Political risk analysisPolitical risk analysis supports companies’ decision-making processes in international tradeInternational trade. This analysis helps them to determine the countries that are riskier to do business in and contributes to making strategic decisions to increase sustainabilitySustainability. Political risk analysisPolitical risk analysis also guides companies in identifying markets that align with their sustainabilitySustainability goals. Companies need (...) to make decisions based on political risk analysisPolitical risk analysis results to minimize risks and carry out their business projects sustainably. Managing political risks positively affects the financial performance of companies. Minimizing risks increases confidence in long-term decision-making processes and makes businesses more attractive to investors. Companies can use political risk analysisPolitical risk analysis to protect their supply chains against political risks that could threaten sustainabilitySustainability. Political risk analysisPolitical risk analysis affects not only financial sustainabilitySustainability but also social and environmental sustainabilitySustainability. Within this scope the aim of this study is to examine the role and importance of political risk analysisPolitical risk analysis for the sustainabilitySustainability of international tradeInternational trade. Political risk, political risk factors, the dimensions of political risk factors, and the relationship between political risk and sustainabilitySustainability in international tradeInternational trade have been examined in detail in this context. This relationship has been handled globally depending on the political risk comparison of countries. The study found that the most significant political risks are political instability, changing political regulations, and customs and trade restrictions. In addition, it has been observed that some countries have better policies and regulations on environmental and social sustainabilitySustainability issues. As a result, political risk analysisPolitical risk analysis is a critical tool to help companies achieve sustainabilitySustainability goals in international business. It has also been considered that political risk analysisPolitical risk analysis is very important in identifying potential risks, guiding decision-making processes, and increasing sustainabilitySustainability. (shrink)

We hypothesize that juvenile baboons are less efficient foragers than adult baboons owing to their small size, lower level of knowledge and skill, and/or lesser ability to maintain access to resources. We predict that as resources are more difficult to extract, juvenile baboons will demonstrate lower efficiency than adults will because of their lower levels of experience. In addition, we hypothesize that juvenile baboons will be more likely to allocate foraging time to easier-to-extract resources owing to their greater efficiency in (...) acquiring those resources.We use feeding efficiency and time allocation data collected on a wild, free-ranging, non-provisioned population of chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) in the Moremi Wildlife Reserve, Okavango Delta, Botswana to test these hypotheses. The major findings of this study are:1. Juvenile baboons are significantly less efficient foragers than adult baboons primarily for difficult-to-extract resources.We propose that this age-dependent variation in efficiency is due to differences in memory and other cognitive functions related to locating food resources, as is indicated by the greater amount of time juvenile baboons spend searching for food. There is no evidence that smaller body size or competitive disruption influences the differences in return rates found between adult and juvenile baboons in this study.2. An individual baboon’s feeding efficiency for a given resource can be used to predict the duration of its foraging bouts for that resource.These results contribute both to our understanding of the ontogeny of behavioral development in nonhuman primates, especially regarding foraging ability, and to current debate within the field of human behavioral ecology regarding the evolution of the juvenile period in primates and humans. (shrink)

“States have no morality, they have interests,” remarked an overzealous diplomat. And in this same manner we sometimes see that reasons of state take priority over moral rules. A sweet young thing testifying before a committee of the United State Congress said “sometimes you have to put yourself above the law,” no doubt repeating something that had been said to her. At a time when unrestrained application of the reasons of state can only lead to violence that can no longer (...) be sustained, we can judge to what extent such remarks are without foundation. (shrink)

The trans-Atlantic trade that brought slaves from the African continent to the New World has generated such interest and controversy that it has tended to obscure another significant African slave trade, that which saw individuals sent across the Sahara to be sold in North Africa and Western Asia. This trans-Saharan trade was both longer-lived and, in terms of numbers eventually enslaved, demographically similar to the better-known trans-Atlantic trade. This chapter summarizes current understandings of the trans-Saharan slave (...) trade for the period ad 750–1500 approximately, and assesses the prospects for its archaeological recognition. A second topic will be to suggest the merits of a comparative approach considering the impact of slave trading on social and political frameworks: the argument here is that a consideration of wider themes can bring us closer to understanding roots and causes, invalidating the convenient assumption that the Atlantic slave trade was a historical curiosity which can be safely consigned to the annals of the past. (shrink)

The popularity of Fair Trade is increasing swiftly in many parts of the World. However, there is still a paucity of research analysing the northern fair trade actors outside the Anglo-American communities. This paper contributes by presenting a qualitative study of how the Finnish World Shop movements’ key actors understand the movement’s role and position in the rapidly changing operating environment. The study depicts the polyphonic nature of this particular democratic social movement and discusses how success, public trust (...) and the importance of different stakeholders become constructed in various ways within it. (shrink)

This book, collecting his most important papers in the form in which they were originally published, can be seen as a companion to that one.

Towards Post-Modern Trade Relations? A Review of Dennis Patterson and Ari Afilalo, The New Global Trading Order: The Evolving State and the Future of Trade.

This paper addresses the relationship between corporate political activities (CPA) and a firm’s customer orientation (CO) from a strategy perspective. Focussing on the potential negative implications of CPA, the paper argues that CPA over time may result in path-dependency for the focal strategic system and lead to a low level of customer orientation and strategic rigidity to readdress an appropriate level of CO.