We study classes of modules closed under direct sums, [Formula: see text]-submodules and [Formula: see text]-epimorphic images where [Formula: see text] is either the class of embeddings, RD-embeddings or pure embeddings. We show that the [Formula: see text]-injective modules of theses classes satisfy a Baer-like criterion. In particular, injective modules, RD-injective modules, pure injective modules, flat cotorsion modules and [Formula: see text]-torsion pure injective modules satisfy this criterion. The argument presented is a model theoretic one. We use in an essential (...) way stable independence relations which generalize Shelah’s non-forking to abstract elementary classes. We show that the classical model theoretic notion of superstability is equivalent to the algebraic notion of a noetherian category for these classes. We use this equivalence to characterize noetherian rings, pure semisimple rings, perfect rings and finite products of finite rings and artinian valuation rings via superstability. (shrink)

BackgroundThe integration of AI in academic publishing has raised significant ethical concerns, particularly regarding the practice of prompt injection, where hidden instructions are embedded in manuscripts to manipulate AI responses in the peer review process.MethodsThis study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining a comprehensive content analysis of academic integrity guidelines with a survey of 194 stakeholders, including authors, peer reviewers, and journal editors from various academic fields. The survey focused on their awareness of prompt injection, perceptions of its ethical implications, and (...) views on AI transparency in peer review.ResultsThe findings reveal that a substantial proportion of participants (80%) support greater transparency in the use of AI in peer review. Many respondents reported frustrations with the inconsistencies and inefficacies of AI-generated feedback, prompting some to consider the use of prompt injection as a strategy to secure favorable review outcomes. Importantly, the analysis identified a significant gap in current definitions of research misconduct, which do not adequately address the ethical implications of AI interventions.ConclusionsThis study highlights the urgent need for revised ethical frameworks that incorporate AI-related issues in academic publishing, advocating for policies that promote transparency and uphold the integrity of the peer review process. (shrink)

We present a functional interpretation of Peano arithmetic that uses Gödel’s computable functionals and which systematically injects uniformities into the statements of finite-type arithmetic. As a consequence, some uniform boundedness principles are interpreted while maintaining unmoved the -sentences of arithmetic. We explain why this interpretation is tailored to yield conservation results.

Gerald Dworkin has argued that it is inconsistent with the proper ends of medicine for a physician to participate in an execution by lethal injection. He does this by proposing a principle by which we are to judge whether an action is consistent with the proper ends of medicine. I argue: (a) that this principle, if valid, does not show that it is inconsistent with the proper ends of medicine for a physician to participate in an execution by lethal injection; (...) and (b) that this principle is not valid, and this is because it mistakenly views the promotion of patient autonomy as one of the proper ends of medicine. Rather, I propose, we should view respect for a patient's autonomy as a constraint on the pursuit of the proper ends of medicine, rather than as one of the proper ends itself. With this revised understanding of the proper ends of medicine, we can conclude that it is inconsistent with the proper ends of medicine for a physician to participate in an execution by lethal injection. (shrink)

The recent rise of injectable ‘wonder drugs’ for weight loss has been rapid and unregulated (so rapid that it has resulted in a worldwide shortage of Ozempic). We analyse the commercialisation of these drugs, and the political manoeuvres companies engage in to leverage and manufacture the gendered capitalism of ‘care’. Marketing relies heavily on situating ‘obesity’ as a chronic disease influenced by genes or other aspects of biology, working therefore to supposedly mitigate the blame and shame of the taken-for-granted aetiology (...) of ‘obesity’, overwhelmingly understood as excess food intake and insufficient activity. Armed with this evidence, women are told to ‘stand up against weight care judgement’ and to engage in ‘shame free’ care. Pharmaceutical interventions are at the ready to inject this weekly dose of care, producing freedom through neoliberal pleasure but, ironically, in doing so, sacrificing the pleasure of food and non-conditional self-acceptance as vital forms of self-care. (shrink)

When lethal injection was first legalized in the late 1970s, many people viewed it as safe, reliable, and humane. Today, however, lethal injection does not always perform as promised. Due to difficulties with sourcing lethal injection drugs, states are utilizing untested lethal injection protocols, with little knowledge or experience to guide them. This article argues that lethal injection reform requires regulation similar to that for human subject research, and that the practice of utilizing untested lethal injection methods comes very close (...) to falling under the federal statutory definition of “human subject research“ formulated in the Common Rule. This article argues further that even if one decides that it does not, the practice of lethal injection today is the type of conduct that the human subject research regulations were designed to correct. Moreover, society has an interest in ensuring that executions are conducted in a way that reduces pain and suffering to the lowest extent possible. As such, lethal injection ought to receive further review and oversight to ensure that it comports with reasonable notions of humanity. (shrink)

We study injective versions of the characterization of sets potentially in a Wadge class of Borel sets, for the first Borel and Lavrentieff classes. We also study the case of oriented graphs in terms of continuous homomorphisms, injective or not.

While social research has documented the prevalence and ill effects of hepatitis C related stigma, there has been little analysis of the ways in which this stigma is constituted. This article addresses this gap in the literature by providing a phenomenologically informed account of the ways in which societal attitudes and regulations draw from and feed back into corporeal processes and experiences of embodiment in the creation of hepatitis C related stigma. The case is made that three components are central (...) to hepatitis C stigma: associations with illicit drug injecting, infectiousness and societal aversion to chronic illness. The article draws upon qualitative interviews with 40 people living with chronic hepatitis C in New Zealand and Australia, as well as the researcher’s embodied experience of living with the virus. The works of Julia Kristeva and Mary Douglas are utilized to provide an analysis that moves beyond acknowledgement of societal reinforcers of stigma, such as prohibitory drug laws, to address underlying notions of boundary crossing in the production of stigma and exclusionary practices. (shrink)

The axiom of choice ensures precisely that, in ZFC, every set is projective: that is, a projective object in the category of sets. In constructive ZF (CZF) the existence of enough projective sets has been discussed as an additional axiom taken from the interpretation of CZF in Martin-Löf’s intuitionistic type theory. On the other hand, every non-empty set is injective in classical ZF, which argument fails to work in CZF. The aim of this paper is to shed some light on (...) the problem whether there are (enough) injective sets in CZF. We show that no two element set is injective unless the law of excluded middle is admitted for negated formulas, and that the axiom of power set is required for proving that “there are strongly enough injective sets”. The latter notion is abstracted from the singleton embedding into the power set, which ensures enough injectives both in every topos and in IZF. We further show that it is consistent with CZF to assume that the only injective sets are the singletons. In particular, assuming the consistency of CZF one cannot prove in CZF that there are enough injective sets. As a complement we revisit the duality between injective and projective sets from the point of view of intuitionistic type theory. (shrink)

Let K be a finite set of finite structures. We give a syntactic characterization of the property: every element of K is injective in ISP(K). We use this result to establish that A is injective in ISP(A) for every two-element algebra A.

In this paper, by considering the notion of MV-module, which is the structure that naturally correspond to lu-modules over lu-rings, we study injective MV-modules and we investigate some conditions for constructing injective MV-modules. Then we define the notions of essential A-homomorphisms and essential extension of A-homomorphisms, where A is a product MV-algebra, and we get some of there properties. Finally, we prove that a maximal essential extension of any A-ideal of an injective MV-module is an injective A-module, too.

In the model theory of modules the Ziegler spectrum, the space of indecomposable pure-injective modules, has played a key role. We investigate the possibility of defining a similar space in the context of G-sets where G is a group.

To date the problem of finding a general characterization of injective enumerability of recursively enumerable (r.e) classes of r.e. sets has proved intractable. This paper investigates the problem for r.e. classes of cofinite sets. We state a suitable criterion for r.e. classesC such that there is a boundn∈ω with |ω-A|≤n for allA∈C. On the other hand an example is constructed which shows that Lachlan's condition (F) does not imply injective enumerability for r.e. classes of cofinite sets. We also look at (...) a certain embeddability property and show that it is equivalent with injective enumerability for certain classes of cofinite sets. At the end we present a reformulation of property (F). (shrink)

ABSTRACT In a recent issue of this journal, David Silver and Gerald Dworkin discuss the physicians' role in execution by lethal injection. Dworkin concludes that discussion by stating that, at that point, he is unable to think of an acceptable set of moral principles to support the view that it is illegitimate for physicians to participate in execution by lethal injection that would not rule out certain other plausible moral judgements, namely that euthanasia is under certain conditions legitimate and that (...) organ‐donation surgery is sometimes permissible. This article draws attention to some problems in the views of Silver and Dworkin and suggests moral principles which support the three moral views just mentioned. (shrink)

I introduce an effective enumeration of all effective enumerations of classes of r. e. sets and define with this the index set IE of injectively enumerable classes. It is easy to see that this set is ∑5 in the Arithmetical Hierarchy and I describe a proof for the ∑5-hardness of IE.

Agentive experience has a rich, and richly intentional, phenomenology. This chapter describes two intertwined aspects of free-agency phenomenology, called _self-sourcehood_ and _core optionality_. It is argued that an adequate overall position in the free-will debate must address each of five distinct dimensions of the debate: the phenomenological, conceptual, metaphysical, epistemic, and moral dimensions. Concerning the questions (1) “Does free-agency phenomenology have libertarian satisfaction conditions?” and (2) “Is the answer to (1) reliably ascertainable by introspection alone?” the thesis of _libertarian introspectability_ (...) answers “Yes” to both. The chapter describes the three package-deal positions concerning free agency each of which embraces libertarian introspectability, and it is argued that each has very significant theoretical liabilities. The chapter then argues against the libertarian introspectability thesis, and in favor of a package-deal compatibilism that fully honors the phenomenology of free agency. (shrink)

The relationships between female sex workers and their noncommercial male partners are typically viewed as sites of HIV risk rather than meaningful unions. This ethnographic case study presents a nuanced portrayal of the relationship between Cindy and Beto, a female sex worker who injects drugs and her intimate, noncommercial partner who live in Tijuana, Mexico. On the basis of ethnographic research in Tijuana and our long-term involvement in a public health study, we suggest that emotions play a central role in (...) sex workers’ relationships and contribute in complex ways to each partner's health. We conceptualize Cindy and Beto's relationship as a “dangerous safe haven” in which HIV risk behaviors such as unprotected sex and syringe sharing convey notions of love and trust and help sustain emotional unity amid broader uncertainties but nevertheless carry very real health risks. Further attention to how emotions shape vulnerable couples’ health remains a task for anthropology. (shrink)

This article offers a critical contribution to the debate on a problematic ‘type’ of injecting drug use referred to as needle fixation. At the heart of this debate, is a questioning of the existence, prevalence and usefulness of the needle fixation concept for academics and drug treatment practitioners working with injecting drug users. The aim of this article is to extend and develop this discussion by examining the historical conditions of the needle fixation discourse. Drawing upon Michel Foucault’s (...) concept of governmentality, it uses primary and secondary sources from the 19th century to the present to trace the historical trajectory of the problematic relationship between the injecting drug user, the syringe and truth. By reconceptualizing needle fixation as a technology of government, this article will argue that needle fixation can be seen to be incompatible with contemporary rationalities found in treatment policy and practice, suggesting that we have moved beyond needle fixation as a way of governing injecting drug use and into the domain of risk management. Beyond revealing this tension, the article highlights new lines that are currently being drawn between the injecting drug user, the syringe and truth from the field of neuroscience and the risk-management potential of psychopharmacology. (shrink)

As humanity navigates the frontiers of consciousness, the convergence of AI and emerging technologies like Neuroplasticity, BCI (Brain-Computer Interfaces), and Cyber-Physical Systems signals a profound shift in our spiritual and mental landscapes. These innovations offer unprecedented tools to enhance our consciousness, bridging the gap between the physical and metaphysical realms. AI, with its ability to process vast amounts of data and recognize intricate patterns, has become a powerful ally in our quest for spiritual growth. AI-powered applications are now capable of (...) monitoring meditation sessions, offering real-time feedback, and suggesting personalized techniques that deepen one’s practice. For example, apps like Headspace and Calm are integrating AI to tailor mindfulness exercises, ensuring users maintain consistent progress on their spiritual journeys. By harnessing AI’s capabilities in data analysis and personalization, individuals can achieve more profound states of consciousness. (shrink)

We characterize computer science as an interplay between two modes of reasoning: the Aristotelian (procedural) method and the Platonic (declarative) approach. We contend that Aristotelian, step-by-step thinking dominates in computer programming, while Platonic, static reasoning plays a more prominent role in computational complexity. Various frameworks elegantly blend both Aristotelian and Platonic reasoning. A key example explored in this paper concerns nondeterministic polynomial time Turing machines. Beyond this interplay, we emphasize the growing importance of the ‘computing by observing’ paradigm, which posits (...) that a single derivation tree—generated with a string-rewriting system—can yield multiple interpretations depending on the choice of the observer. Advocates of this paradigm formalize the Aristotelian activities of rewriting and observing within automata theory through a Platonic lens. This approach raises a fundamental question: How do these Aristotelian activities re-emerge when the paradigm is formulated in propositional logic? By addressing this issue, we develop a novel simulation method for nondeterministic Turing machines, particularly those bounded by polynomial time, improving upon the standard textbook approach. (shrink)

In the rapidly expanding literature on the ethics of climate engineering, a lot has been made of the fact that stratospheric aerosol injection would for the first time create a world whose climate had been intentionally shaped by deliberate human decisions. Intention has always mattered in ethics. Due to the importance of intention in assigning culpability for harms, one might expect that the moral responsibility for any harms created during an attempt to reconstruct the global climate using stratospheric aerosols would (...) be considerable. This article investigates such an expectation by making a comparison between the culpability for any unintended harms resulting from stratospheric aerosol injection and culpability for the unintended harms already taking place due to carbon emissions. To make this comparison, both types of unintended harms are viewed through the lens of the doctrine of double effect. The conclusion reached goes against what many might expect. The article closes by suggesting that a good way to read this surprising conclusion is that it points toward the continuing moral importance of prioritizing emission reductions. (shrink)

This experimental essay intends to analyze interpretational cases related to the understanding of the Mencian theory of human nature. The first part introduces straightforward reading by a representative sinologist, historian, and philosopher. The second part discusses two examples that reinterpret the Mencian theory in an injective way with the Kantian theory and processing philosophy, respectively. The third part reexamines our understanding and evaluation of human nature in the Mencian theory using new discoveries of experimental psychology. The claim that there exists (...) a foundation of goodness in human nature has been revealed by both Mencius and modern psychologists from their own perspectives. It should be meaningful to further examine the rationale of acceptance of these theories. Such study also contributes to establishing a right attitude towards people and human societies, which in turn will influence the quality of our life in the long term. (shrink)

We introduce a new class of real-valued monotones in preordered spaces, injective monotones. We show that the class of preorders for which they exist lies in between the class of preorders with strict monotones and preorders with countable multi-utilities, improving upon the known classification of preordered spaces through real-valued monotones. We extend several well-known results for strict monotones (Richter–Peleg functions) to injective monotones, we provide a construction of injective monotones from countable multi-utilities, and relate injective monotones to classic results concerning (...) Debreu denseness and order separability. Along the way, we connect our results to Shannon entropy and the uncertainty preorder, obtaining new insights into how they are related. In particular, we show how injective monotones can be used to generalize some appealing properties of Jaynes’ maximum entropy principle, which is considered a basis for statistical inference and serves as a justification for many regularization techniques that appear throughout machine learning and decision theory. (shrink)

In this paper, we investigate the relationships between the cardinalities of the set of injections, the set of surjections, and the set of all functions on a set which is of cardinality m$\mathfrak {m}$, denoted by I(m)$I(\mathfrak {m})$, J(m)$J(\mathfrak {m})$ and mm$\mathfrak {m}^\mathfrak {m}$, respectively. Among our results, we show that “seq1−1(m)≠I(m)≠seq(m)$\operatorname{seq}^{1-1}(\mathfrak {m})\ne I(\mathfrak {m})\ne \operatorname{seq}(\mathfrak {m})$”, “seq1−1(m)≠J(m)≠seq(m)$\operatorname{seq}^{1-1}(\mathfrak {m})\ne J(\mathfrak {m})\ne \operatorname{seq}(\mathfrak {m})$” and “seq1−1(m) (...) are the best possible results, in the Zermelo‐Fraenkel set theory (ZF$\mathsf {ZF}$) without the Axiom of Choice. Also, we show that it is relatively consistent with ZF$\mathsf {ZF}$ that there exists an infinite cardinal m$\mathfrak {m}$ such that S(m)=I(m)shrink)

Intradermal capsaicin in humans causes pain, primary hyperalgesia, and secondary mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia. Parallel changes occur in the responses of primate spinothalamic tract cells and in rat behavior. Neurotransmitters that trigger secondary mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia include excitatory amino acids and substance P. Secondary mechanical allodynia is actively maintained by central mechanisms. Our group has investigated mechanisms of central sensitization of nociceptive neurons by examining the responses to intradermal injection of capsaicin. These experiments are pertinent to issues raised by (...) coderre & katz (sect. 2). (shrink)

This essay exposes how recent attempts at lethal injection reform have involved unethical and illegal research on prisoners. States are varying the doses and types of drugs used, developing methods designed for non-medical professionals to administer medical procedures, and gathering data or making provisions for the gathering of data to learn from executions gone wrong. When individual prisoners are executed under these conditions, states are conducting research on them. Conducting research or experimentation on prisoners in the process of reform is (...) problematic because it violates ethical frameworks and state laws. The Supreme Court has recently taken up the challenge of elucidating the standard for determining the constitutionality of lethal injection. If the Court suggests an approach to lethal injection reform that is akin to some of the more thoughtful and cautious approaches other courts have proposed, the Court's decision may also contravene state laws or ethical precepts regarding research with prisoners. Thus, this paper provides important limitations on the kinds of reform that may be permissible and outlines the open questions that must be addressed before it can be determined whether the risks and uncertainties involved in lethal injection can be remedied. (shrink)

Tieu, Matthew The main results of the reports published on the efficacy and achievements of the Medically Supervised Injecting Centre in Kings Cross over the last decade of its operations are discussed. The reports do not provide any substantive evidence that the MSIC has achieved its objectives.

The practice of health-care professional involvement in capital punishment has come under scrutiny since the implementation of lethal injection as a method of execution, raising questions of the goals of medicine and the ethics of medicalized procedures. The American Medical Association and other professional associations have issued statements prohibiting physician involvement in capital punishment because medicine is dedicated to preserving life. I address the three primary arguments against health-care professionals being involved in lethal injection and argue that they are not (...) strong enough to prohibit physician involvement in the lethal injection process. (shrink)

Supervised injectable opioid assisted treament prescribes injectable opioids to individuals for whom other forms of addiction treatment have been ineffective. In this article, we examine arguments that opioid-dependent people should be assumed incompetent to voluntarily consent to clinical research on siOAT unless proven otherwise. We agree that concerns about competence and voluntary consent deserve careful attention in this context. But we oppose framing the issue solely as a matter of the competence of opioid-dependent people and emphasize that it should be (...) considered in the context of inequities in access to siOAT as a medical treatment. Consequently, we suggest that bioethics literature on nonexploitation, which focuses on clinical research in low-income countries, is helpful due to locating ethical issues within systemic social conditions. Finally, we consider the implications of our argument for the ethics of clinical research on siOAT. (shrink)

The ethical issues in conducting research on preventing HIV infection are among the most complex of any area of human subjects research. This article is an update of a 1987 article that addressed potential conflicts between research design and ethics with respect to AIDS prevention among injecting drug users. The present article reviews current ethical issues that arise in the design and conduct of HIV/AIDS prevention research focused on injecting drug users.

Negative effects of anthropogenic climate change are accelerating. The threat climate change poses has prompted research into radical technological responses, including forms of solar radiation management (SRM). While there has been some consideration of the ethical challenges SRM technologies present, to date, these have almost exclusively concerned humans. Here, we take one leading form of SRM, stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI), and examine the ethical questions its deployment might present for wild animals. We map this terrain by investigating two overarching ethical (...) questions: a) whether deploying stratospheric aerosol injection should be seen as in-principle wrong from animal ethics perspectives, and b) if not, or where it is not, what ethicists need to consider to morally evaluate SAI in the context of wild animals. To address the second question, we explore existing research gaps regarding empirical information on the effects of SAI on animals, the possible impacts of SAI on animal welfare, and its potential implications for justice issues when animals are included in theories of justice. (shrink)

The Coronavirus disease pandemic of 2019 is a vast worldwide public health hazard, impacting people of all ages and socioeconomic statuses. Vaccination is one of the most effective methods of controlling a pandemic like COVID-19. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the number of vaccination injections and fear of COVID-19 and test whether beliefs benefit from vaccination COVID-19 mediate the effect of fear of COVID-19 on the number of vaccination injections. A total of 649 Vietnamese adults were enrolled (...) online to finish answering, including scales The Health Belief Model (HBM) and The Fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19S), consisting of 340 (52.4%) males and 309 (47.6%) females. The data were analyzed using variance, regression, and a simple mediation model. The total score of COVID-19 fear wasM= 22.26,SD= 5.49. Vietnamese fear of COVID-19 was at a medium level. Our results suggest that 18- to 20-year-olds are more fearful of COVID-19 than others. People who received the first dosage exhibited a greater fear of COVID-19 than those who received the second dose and were not inoculated. Additionally, the beliefs benefit of vaccination COVID-19 has a role in the relationship between the number of vaccination injections and fear of COVID-19. During the pandemic, adults in Vietnam are more afraid of COVID-19 than during prior outbreaks. Besides, the Vietnamese populace demonstrated a considerable demand for and high acceptability of the COVID-19 vaccine. The current study indicates that psychological counselors and therapists should counsel clients on the value of vaccination and address the fear of COVID-19 as public understanding of the benefits of vaccines increases. To further clarify the effect of this issue on the correlation between fear of COVID-19 and the number of vaccinations, the results of this study indicate that the existing vaccine communication factor for COVID-19 vaccination should be modified to increase confidence in the benefits of immunization. (shrink)

Climate engineering with stratospheric sulfate aerosol injections (SSAI) has the potential to reduce risks of injustice related to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. Relying on evidence from modeling studies, this paper makes the case that SSAI could have the potential to reduce many of the key physical risks of climate change identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Such risks carry potential injustice because they are often imposed on low-emitters who do not benefit from climate change. Because SSAI has (...) the potential to reduce those risks, it thereby has the potential to reduce the injustice associated with anthropogenic emissions. While acknowledging important caveats, including uncertainty in modeling studies and the potential for SSAI to carry its own risks of injustice, the paper argues that there is a strong case for continued research into SSAI, especially if attention is paid to how it might be used to reduce emissions-driven injustice. (shrink)

Despite recent advances in HIV prevention and treatment, high HIV incidence persists among people who inject drugs. Difficult legal and political environments and lack of services for PWID likely contribute to high HIV incidence. Some advocates question whether any HIV prevention research is ethically justified in settings where healthcare system fails to provide basic services to PWID and where implementation of research findings is fraught with political barriers. Ethical challenges in research with PWID include concern about whether research evidence will (...) be translated into practice; concerns that research might exacerbate background risks; and ethical challenges regarding the standard of HIV prevention in research. While these questions arise in other research settings, for research with PWID, these questions are especially controversial. This paper analyses four ethical questions in determining whether research could be ethically acceptable: Can researchers ensure that research does not add to the burden of social harms and poor health experienced by PWID? Should research be conducted in settings where it is uncertain whether research findings will be translated into practice? When best practices in prevention and care are not locally available, what standard of care and prevention is ethically appropriate? Does the conduct of research in settings with oppressive policies constitute complicity? We outline specific criteria to address these four ethical challenges. We also urge researchers to join the call to action for policy change to provide proven safe and effective HIV prevention and harm reduction interventions for PWID around the world. (shrink)

An argument against the participation of physicians in capital punishment by means of lethal injection.

In this article, I discuss cross-border egg provision by young South African women as a form of traveling biolabor that is critically about embodiment, and aspirations for mobility and cosmopolitanism. The frame of biolabor challenges the frames of altruism/commodification, and choice/coercion, and instead highlights the desires of egg providers, fundamental to the creation and maintenance of the global fertility market. When biolabor crosses borders as traveling biolabor, the analysis can focus on the specificities of inequalities embedded within such reproductive mobility. (...) Traveling or mobility is often a privileged decision and connotes freedom and cultural capital. Yet, when applied to young white egg providers from South Africa, this traveling biolabor relies on a particular kind of biopolitics wherein the reproductive potential of ova/egg is fundamental in facilitating women’s cross-border mobility. I divide the findings sections into three key themes—“cosmopolitan competency,” “alternatives to maternity,” and “productive pain”—to argue that, on the one hand, from recruitment of traveling egg providers to their management, this biolabor is built on the young women’s aspirations for cosmopolitanism. Traveling biolabor becomes a way to escape the normative expectations of their families and the national project of the volksmoeder. On the other hand, the pursuit of these aspirations is critically contingent on management successfully reframing the embodied pain of egg provision as well as the biolaborer’s own maternity. Laborers’ desires and management disciplining tactics converge to sustain the global fertility market. (shrink)