The concept of time has long been the subject of complex philosophical reflections and scientific research, which have interpreted it differently based on the starting question, context, and level of analysis of the system under investigation. In the present review, we first explore how time has been studied among different scientific fields such as physics, neuroscience, and bioecological sciences. We emphasize the fundamental role of an organism's ability to perceive the passage of time and dynamically adapt to its environment for (...) survival. Growth, reproduction, and communication processes are subject to spatiotemporal variability, and the sense of time allows organisms to structure their interactions, track past, and anticipate future events. Specifically, building on a relational and multilevel approach, this paper proposes an analysis of various aspects of the temporal dimension of plants—ranging from their growth and adaptation rates to behavioral strategies and modes of communication—culminating in a focused examination of research based on the kinematical analysis of plant movement. By adopting a comparative and critical approach, we raise several questions about the temporality of processes from different perspectives. Further insights into the timing of physiological and communication processes in plants will help to recognize the central role of temporality in life and to discover mechanisms, processes, and behavioral strategies that may be common (or similar) across species or unique (species-specific) for some organisms, both with and without nervous systems. (shrink)

The widespread disregard for plant behavior is gradually being overcome through more inclusive theoretical approaches and the development of appropriate and advanced technologies. In this paper we review scientific evidence on recent contributions to the study of plants, such as movement and communication as well as potential forms of attention. Some of the most recent contributions to the study of plant abilities come from comparative studies on biocommunication and research on the accuracy of plants in responding to different environmental stimuli (...) through electrophysiological and kinematical analyses in different context (e.g., individual and social). Furthermore, an underexplored area that warrants further investigation is plants’ multisensory perception and its potential link to multimodal communication capabilities. Research into this set of abilities could help to clarify the degree of behavioral flexibility in sessile organisms without a nervous system and enhance discussions on interactive behavior as expressed in nature. This, in turn, will help to bridge the gap between studies on animal organisms and the rest of the living world. (shrink)

There has been a growing interest within analytic philosophy in addressing political and social issues, which has been referred to as the “political turn” in the discipline. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, it discusses the very characterization of the political turn. In particular, it introduces the definition proposed by Bordonaba-Plou, Fernández-Castro, and Torices, suggests that we should not consider the turn a form of activism, and explores an additional benefit of the ideal/nonideal distinction for characterizing the turn. (...) Second, it addresses the concern of what attitude we should take in the face of the different sensitivities we might have with respect to what constitutes an injustice. Which philosophical works should count as part of the political turn? The paper explores three different attitudes toward this dilemma, and favors what it calls the revisionist attitude, which emphasizes the fact that our perception of injustice is subject to error. (shrink)

Global challenge-led research seeks to contribute to solution-generation for complex problems. Multicultural, multidisciplinary, and multisectoral teams must be capable of operating in highly demanding contexts. This brings with it a swathe of ethical conflicts that require quick and effective solutions that respect both international conventions and cultural diversity. The objective of this article is to describe the process of creating a toolkit designed to support global researchers in navigating these ethical challenges. The process of creating the toolkit embodied the model (...) of ethical research practice that it advocates. Specifically, at the heart of ethical decision-making is consideration of the following: Place, solutions must be relevant to the context in which they are to be used; People, those impacted by the outcomes must be partners in co-creation; Principles, ethical projects must be guided by clear values; and Precedent, the existing evidence-base should guide the project and, in turn, the project should extend the evidence-base. It is the thesis underlying the toolkit that consideration of these 4Ps provides a strong basis for understanding ethical conflicts and allows for the generation of potential solutions. This toolkit has been designed in two phases of collaborative work. More than 200 researchers participated from more than 30 countries and more than 60 different disciplines. This allowed us to develop a model for contextual, dynamic analysis of ethical conflicts in global research that is complementary to traditional codes of ethics. It emphasizes the need to consider ethical analysis as an iterative, reflective, process relevant at all stages of the research journey, including, ultimately, in evaluating the legacy of a project. The toolkit is presented as an open access website to promote universal access. A downloadable “pocket guide” version is also now available in 11 languages. (shrink)

This article investigates Aleksandr Dugin’s intellectual trajectory from his earlier neo-Eurasianist paradigm to his more recent articulation of a loosely configured multipolarist discourse that resonates with, and is increasingly entangled in, the ideological constellation of the American Alt-right and the broader Trumpist galaxy. Through an inductive and deductive qualitative thematic analysis of Dugin’s published works and social media interventions, the study contends that his recent thought represents not merely a reconfiguration of geopolitical orientation but a profound epistemic rupture—namely, the abandonment (...) of neo-Eurasianist geopolitics in favour of an ideational and transnational conservative imaginary aimed at the construction of a broad anti-liberal front. Dugin’s reconfiguration privileges symbolic and normative dichotomies—such as traditionalism and conservatism versus liberal globalism—over material or strategic geopolitics, thereby enacting a process of de-Eurasianisation and, to a significant extent, de-geopoliticisation within his conceptual framework. The article situates this ideological recalibration within the broader contestations of the liberal international order, underscoring its affinities with American Trumpism, its performative enactment of a transnational conservative project, and its departure from Dugin’s earlier neo-Eurasianist framework. (shrink)

BackgroundPreprint usage is growing rapidly in the life sciences; however, questions remain on the relative quality of preprints when compared to published articles. An objective dimension of quality that is readily measurable is completeness of reporting, as transparency can improve the reader’s ability to independently interpret data and reproduce findings.MethodsIn this observational study, we initially compared independent samples of articles published in bioRxiv and in PubMed-indexed journals in 2016 using a quality of reporting questionnaire. After that, we performed paired comparisons (...) between preprints from bioRxiv to their own peer-reviewed versions in journals.ResultsPeer-reviewed articles had, on average, higher quality of reporting than preprints, although the difference was small, with absolute differences of 5.0% [95% CI 1.4, 8.6] and 4.7% [95% CI 2.4, 7.0] of reported items in the independent samples and paired sample comparison, respectively. There were larger differences favoring peer-reviewed articles in subjective ratings of how clearly titles and abstracts presented the main findings and how easy it was to locate relevant reporting information. Changes in reporting from preprints to peer-reviewed versions did not correlate with the impact factor of the publication venue or with the time lag from bioRxiv to journal publication.ConclusionsOur results suggest that, on average, publication in a peer-reviewed journal is associated with improvement in quality of reporting. They also show that quality of reporting in preprints in the life sciences is within a similar range as that of peer-reviewed articles, albeit slightly lower on average, supporting the idea that preprints should be considered valid scientific contributions. (shrink)

Formal explanations are statements that explain properties of an object by referring to its category. This study investigates the role of pragmatics in the evaluation of formal explanations. Across six experiments, we examined how a questioner's knowledge of category identity and an explanation's capability to specify a category affect satisfaction with such explanations. Experiments 1a and 1b demonstrate that participants find formal explanations less satisfactory when the questioner is already aware of the category identity. Experiments 2a and 2b show that (...) participants assumed a questioner was unaware of an object's category if they were satisfied with the formal explanation. In Experiment 3, open‐ended responses revealed that satisfied questioners were perceived as seeking to learn a category identity, while dissatisfied ones were assumed to have other motives. Finally, Experiment 4 compares tautological formal explanations (where a label points to all categories possessing a particular feature at once) and nontautological ones (where a label points to one of several competing categories), and examines the role of cognitive reflection in their evaluation. It demonstrates that people with high cognitive reflection are more sensitive to pragmatic context and value a formal explanation more if it can identify a specific category. This study shows that formal explanations are satisfactory when they fulfill a specific pragmatic function, namely, helping to define a category when the questioner knows only its feature. It also shows that people prone to automatic intuitive responses are less likely to consider this function and tend to evaluate formal explanations independently of this part of the pragmatic context. (shrink)

We use a lab experiment to examine whether and how leaders influence workers’ (un)ethical behavior through financial reporting choices. We randomly assign the role of leaders or workers to subjects, who can choose to report an outcome via automatic or self-reporting. Self-reporting allows for profitable and undetectable earnings manipulation. We vary the leaders’ ability to choose the reporting method and to punish workers. We show that workers are more likely to choose automatic reporting when their leader voluntarily does so and (...) can assign punishment. Even workers who choose self-reporting tend to cheat less when their leader chooses automatic reporting. Nonetheless, most leaders do not opt for automatic reporting in the first place: they often choose self-reporting and punish workers who rather choose automatic reporting. Collectively, our results reveal a dual effect of leadership on ethical behaviors in organizations: workers behave more ethically if their leader makes ethical choices, but often leaders do not make ethical choices in the first place. Hence, leading by example can backfire. (shrink)

A current issue in psycholinguistic research is whether the language difficulties exhibited by children with developmental language disorder [DLD, previously labeled specific language impairment ] are due to deficits in their abilities to pick up patterns in the sensory environment, an ability known as statistical learning, and the extent to which explicit learning mechanisms can be used to compensate for those deficits. Studies designed to test the compensatory role of explicit learning mechanisms in children with DLD are, however, scarce, and (...) the few conducted so far have led to inconsistent results. This work aimed to provide new insights into the role that explicit learning mechanisms might play on implicit learning deficits in children with DLD by resorting to a new approach. This approach involved not only the collection of event-related potentials, while preschool children with DLD [relative to typical language developmental controls] were exposed to a continuous auditory stream made of the repetition of three-syllable nonsense words but, importantly, the collection of ERPs when the same children performed analogous versions of the same auditory SL task first under incidental and afterward under intentional conditions. In each of these tasks, the level of predictability of the three-syllable nonsense words embedded in the speech streams was also manipulated to mimic natural languages closely. At the end of both tasks’ exposure phase, children performed a two-alternative forced-choice task from which behavioral evidence of SL was obtained. Results from the 2-AFC tasks failed to show reliable signs of SL in both groups of children. The ERPs data showed, however, significant modulations in the N100 and N400 components, taken as neural signatures of word segmentation in the brain, even though a detailed analysis of the neural responses revealed that only children from the TLD group seem to have taken advantage of the previous knowledge to enhance SL functioning. These results suggest that children with DLD showed deficits both in implicit and explicit learning mechanisms, casting doubts on the efficiency of the interventions relying on explicit instructions to help children with DLD to overcome their language difficulties. (shrink)

In spite of their striking differences with real-life perception, films are perceived and understood without effort. Cognitive film theory attributes this to the system of continuity editing, a system of editing guidelines outlining the effect of different cuts and edits on spectators. A major principle in this framework is the 180° rule, a rule recommendation that, to avoid spectators’ attention to the editing, two edited shots of the same event or action should not be filmed from angles differing in a (...) way that expectations of spatial continuity are strongly violated. In the present study, we used high-density EEG to explore the neural underpinnings of this rule. In particular, our analysis shows that cuts and edits in general elicit early ERP component indicating the registration of syntactic violations as known from language, music, and action processing. However, continuity edits and cuts-across the line differ from each other regarding later components likely to be indicating the differences in spatial remapping as well as in the degree of conscious awareness of one's own perception. Interestingly, a time–frequency analysis of the occipital alpha rhythm did not support the hypothesis that such differences in processing routes are mainly linked to visual attention. On the contrary, our study found specific modulations of the central mu rhythm ERD as an indicator of sensorimotor activity, suggesting that sensorimotor networks might play an important role. We think that these findings shed new light on current discussions about the role of attention and embodied perception in film perception and should be considered when explaining spectators’ different experience of different kinds of cuts. (shrink)

COVID-19 is compromising all aspects of society, with devastating impacts on health, political, social, economic and educational spheres. A premium is being placed on scientific research as the source of possible solutions, with a situational imperative to carry out investigations at an accelerated rate. There is a major challenge not to neglect ethical standards, in a context where doing so may mean the difference between life and death. In this paper we offer a rubric for considering the ethical challenges in (...) COVID-19 related research, in the form of an ethics toolkit for global research developed at the University of Edinburgh in collaboration with more than 200 global researchers from around the world. This toolkit provides a framework to support confrontation of ethical conflicts through the integrated and iterative analysis of Place, People, Principles and Precedents, throughout the research journey. Two case analyses are offered to exemplify the utility of the toolkit as a flexible and dynamic tool to promote ethical research in the context of COVID-19. (shrink)

Background: Clinical genomic implementation studies pose challenges for informed consent. Consent forms often include complex language and concepts, which can be a barrier to diverse enrollment, and these studies often blur traditional research-clinical boundaries. There is a move toward self-directed, web-based research enrollment, but more evidence is needed about how these enrollment approaches work in practice. In this study, we developed and evaluated a literacy-focused, web-based consent approach to support enrollment of diverse participants in an ongoing clinical genomic implementation study. (...) Methods: As part of the Cancer Health Assessments Reaching Many (CHARM) study, we developed a web-based consent approach that featured plain language, multimedia, and separate descriptions of clinical care and research activities. CHARM offered clinical exome sequencing to individuals at high risk of hereditary cancer. We interviewed CHARM participants about their reactions to the consent approach. We audio recorded, transcribed, and coded interviews using a deductively and inductively derived codebook. We reviewed coded excerpts as a team to identify overarching themes. Results: We conducted 32 interviews, including 12 (38%) in Spanish. Most (69%) enrolled without assistance from study staff, usually on a mobile phone. Those who completed enrollment in one day spent an average of 12 minutes on the consent portion. Interviewees found the information simple to read but comprehensive, were neutral to positive about the multimedia support, and identified increased access to testing in the study as the key difference from clinical care. Conclusions: This study showed that interviewees found our literacy-focused, web-based consent approach acceptable; did not distinguish the consent materials from other online study processes; and valued getting access to testing in the study. Overall, conducting empirical bioethics research in an ongoing clinical trial was useful to demonstrate the acceptability of our novel consent approach but posed practical challenges. (shrink)

This article seeks to analyze the process of autobiographical writing developed by Fernanda Botelho in Esta noite sonhei com Brueghel, through Luíza, the main character of the aforementioned work. Through her recollections, Luíza turns her gaze on herself, analyzing past events from her present convictions. In this way, the memorializing process present in the work is seen as a way of reordering - not only herself, but also her own reminiscences, as well as those of the writer herself. In this (...) sense, it seeks to develop greater clarity about the present, based on past experiences. To this end, we sought support from the studies developed by: Bosi (1994), Candau (2012), Le Goff (2013), Ricoeur (2007) and Sarlo (2007). (shrink)

This commentary critically complements a recent proposal that cognitive science can leverage Large Language Models (LLMs) to counter declining literacy. While recognizing the educational potential of LLMs, we highlight a significant trade-off: their inherent design reduces users’ direct engagement with written text, undermining deeper literacy skills, especially in young learners. Acknowledging this tension is essential for developing pedagogically sound interventions. Cognitive scientists and educators must jointly anticipate which cognitive capacities may weaken, identify critical skills needed in emerging multimodal contexts, and (...) collaboratively devise instructional strategies to preserve the cognitive benefits humans derive specifically from sustained interaction with written language. (shrink)

Seeking a historical-philosophical approach to science teaching, narrative texts have been used as pedagogical tools to improve the learning experience of students. A review of the literature of different types of narrative texts and their different rates of effectiveness in science education is presented. This study was developed using the so-called Historical Narrative as a tool to introduce science content from a historical-philosophical approach, aiming to discuss science as a human construction. This project was carried out in a 9th grade (...) Physics class in K-12 school, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The steps involved in constructing a Historical Narrative based on the controversy over animal electrical fluid between Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta is reported herein. Finally, qualitative research results of the activities inspired by this Historical Narrative are presented with the purpose of answering the research question: to what extent do Historical Narratives support and enhance discussions about the Nature of Science, through teaching the scientific content in a historical-philosophical approach with 9th grade students? The results indicate that Historical Narrative, based on historical episodes, is a good “door opener” to teach scientific content in a historical-philosophical approach, introducing discussions about the Nature of Science without neglecting the scientific content or simplifying the discussions about the NOS. (shrink)

Our visual environment is highly predictable in terms of where and in which locations objects can be found. Based on visual experience, children extract rules about visual scene configurations, allowing them to generate scene knowledge. Similarly, children extract the linguistic rules from relatively predictable linguistic contexts. It has been proposed that the capacity of extracting rules from both domains might share some underlying cognitive mechanisms. In the present study, we investigated the link between language and scene knowledge development. To do (...) so, we assessed whether preschool children with Developmental Language Disorder, who present several difficulties in the linguistic domain, are equally attracted to object-scene inconsistencies in a visual free-viewing task in comparison with age-matched children with Typical Language Development. All children explored visual scenes containing semantic, syntactic, or both inconsistencies. Since scene knowledge interacts with image properties to guide gaze allocation during visual exploration from the early stages of development, we also included the objects’ saliency rank in the analysis. The results showed that children with DLD were less attracted to semantic and syntactic inconsistencies than children with TLD. In addition, saliency modulated syntactic effect only in the group of children with TLD. Our findings indicate that children with DLD do not activate scene knowledge to guide visual attention as efficiently as children with TLD, especially at the syntactic level, suggesting a link between scene knowledge and language development. (shrink)

Ethnic minority service users in the UK face persistent disparities in access to and outcomes of mental health care. While the need for culturally adapted treatment is increasingly acknowledged, implementation remains limited. This study qualitatively evaluates ETHICA-4P—an Ethics Toolkit for Harnessing Integrity in Complex Arenas through Place, People, Principles, and Precedents—which aims to support ethical decision-making and address cultural barriers in psychotherapy. Findings suggest that ETHICA-4P is a useful tool for reflecting on ethical challenges in individual clinical work. Its impact (...) could be enhanced by clarifying how it can be applied across multiple levels, including clinical supervision, training, team collaboration, and service design. The toolkit offers timely potential for helping practitioners and service managers deliver more culturally responsive care and aligns with efforts to reduce racialized health inequalities in the UK. (shrink)

Se valoran las principales ideas axiológicas de filósofo mexicano Miguel Bueno, a través de una de sus obras medulares –“Contribución a la teoría de los valores”– con el objetivo de desentrañar, su comprensión tanto de la naturaleza de los valores, como de su jerarquía de los valores, aspectos estos nodales de la concepción axiológica del autor. Sobre esta base se realiza un enjuiciamiento crítico de sus propuestas teóricas.

Although the concept of causation has been much disputed in the history of philosophy, habits formed through repeated experiences allow individuals to develop reliable expectations about future events. Apart from being an indispensable mechanism of human behavior that facilitates routine activities and conserves cognitive energy, habits are robust enough to enable us to anticipate the most probable course of action in given circumstances. In the context of sustainability, however, this very predictability makes them susceptible to external influence, such as greenwashing. (...) But what if we could harness the characteristics of habits—namely their predictability and persistence—to promote the mitigation of environmental issues? The aim of this paper is to initiate an analysis of strategies and/or requirements for habit change, based on the hypothesis that habits can play a powerful role in fostering sustainability rather than merely being exploited by misleading campaigns. Through an interdisciplinary approach, we will explore the dual nature of habits: their resistance to change and their ability to drive transformation when their inherent plasticity is activated. With the help of practical examples linked to sustainable development, we will illustrate major philosophical conceptions of habit change in the theoretical and moral spheres, at the intersection of psychology, sociology, and history. (shrink)

The paper is intended to focus on peculiarities of nanomedicine and the importance of social concerns implicated, in order to understand if existing regulations are appropriate to maintain its safety or if a new ad hoc regulatory framework is needed. Consideration of social challenges will underline the crucial role of medical ethics in regulatory discussion.

Aim of the study was to analyze the posttraumatic stress disorder risk nurses, detecting the relationship between distress experience and personality dimensions in Italian COVID-19 outbreak. A cross-sectional study was conducted based on 2 data detection. Mental evaluation was carried out in Laboratory of Clinical Psychology on n.69 nurses in range age 22–64 years old. Measurement was focused on symptoms anxiety, personality traits, peritraumatic dissociation and post-traumatic stress for all participants. No online screening was applied. Comparisons within the various demographic (...) characteristics demonstrated few significant differences between groups on DASS-21, PDEQ, and ISE-R scores. Correlation analysis was performed among PDEQ, DASS-21, BFI-10 and IES-R and confirmed between anxiety and peritraumatic dissociation and post-traumatic stress; then anxiety is positively correlated to agreeableness variable of BFI-10 test. The emotional distress was protracted overtime but in long-term personality traits resulted mediator facing subjective stress. Our finding drew details for protective and predictive risk factors as well as mental health issues of nurses dealing with pandemic: healthcare workers faced the protracted challenge caring COVID-19 patients over and over again: in short time the impact was relevant, and the prolonged exposition to the stressor was tackled by personal resources such as personality traits. (shrink)

The development of executive functions is recognizably correlated to culture, contextual and social factors. However, studies considering all the basic EF are still scarce in Brazil, most notably in the Northeast region, which is known for its social inequality and economic gap. This study aimed to analyze the developmental trajectories and structure of four EF, namely inhibition, flexibility, working memory and planning. In addition, the potential effects of socioeconomic status and gender were examined. The sample included 230 Brazilian children between (...) 7-12 years old, homogeneously distributed by age, gender and type of school. The EF were assessed through the Brazilian version of the Child Executive Functions Battery. A global effect of age was found for most of the EF measures evaluated. Gender effect was mostly non-significant, except for 4 of the 12 tasks. There was a significant SES effect on 8 tasks, all in favor of private school children. Exploratory factorial and correlation analysis showed a 4-factor EF structure, corroborating the theoretical distribution considered in the CEF-B. A developmental progression is evident in the results for all of the EF measures evaluated. While gender had little influence on EF, SES seems to significantly impact the development of EF. As normative data are still lacking in Northeast Brazil, this study may help to understand EF development trajectories and provide tools for neuropsychological evaluation. (shrink)

Este texto consiste em um exercício de aplicação do método iconológico de Aby Warburg conforme os objetivos do projeto de pesquisa “A dimensão Iconológica segundo Aby Warburg: uma proposta de descrição contextual de fotografias”. A pesquisa histórica da representação gráfica dos bancos indígenas tem por objetivo a observação da importância do contexto no processo metodológico de Warburg. O método utilizado foi a coleta de imagens na historiografia sobre registros de viajantes e pesquisadores estrangeiros nos territórios amazônico e do Xingu entre (...) os séculos XVI e XIX, bem como a análise de um banco da etnia Palikur sob o ponto de vista do método de Warburg. A originalidade da coleção BEĨ resulta de ações em dar visibilidade e voz ao trabalho artístico das diversas etnias e seus artistas na confecção dos bancos, contrariando a tradição histórica de representação pelo olhar dos exploradores e cientistas europeus. Por fim, na análise do banco Palikur, esculpido pelo artista Uwet Manoel Antônio dos Santos, encontramos equivalências surpreendentes com os escritos de Warburg na sua pesquisa sobre os índios Hopi (Pueblos) no oeste dos Estados Unidos em 1895, confirmando a aplicabilidade de um conceito chave em sua metodologia: as pathosformels (fórmulas de páthos). Palavras-chave: Banco indígena. Aby Warburg. Método iconológico. (shrink)

En el presente estudio se identifican los Esquemas Argumentativos (EAs) con los que se justifica el conocimiento proposicional transmitido en los Textos Escolares (TE) de dos asignaturas del segundo ciclo básico de educación en Chile. Mediante un enfoque descendente, se analizó un corpus constituido por 26 textos escolares distribuidos por el Ministerio de Educación de Chile entre los años 2012 y 2016. Se extrajeron los argumentos y luego se determinaron sus esquemas argumentativos, los que fueron caracterizados a partir de sus (...) tipos de razonamiento, sus relaciones materiales y sus reglas de inferencia lógica. Los resultados evidencian 1) escasa justificación del conocimiento proposicional transmitido en el TE; 2) justificación por medio de argumentos solo de tipo Razonamiento y de Aplicación de reglas a casos y 3) escasa justificación del conocimiento proposicional en la asignatura de Lenguaje y Comunicación. Lo primero implica insuficiencia de las condiciones epistémicas del conocimiento proposicional transmitido en el TE para ser adquirido por los estudiantes, lo segundo implica alta presencia de razonamiento causal deductivo y ausencia total de razonamientos basados en fuentes. Lo tercero permite advertir variación disciplinar en la forma en que se comunica el conocimiento. (shrink)

En este trabajo proponemos una lectura de la filosofía política de Smith, a partir de su teoría de la obligación política, en tanto crítica del contractualismo. El autor rechaza la hipótesis del estado de naturaleza y el consentimiento de los individuos, proponiendo, en cambio, una teoría basada en la opinión, pero, sobre todo, en la ilusión de que la sociedad comercial nos conducirá a la felicidad. Rastrearemos estas ideas en tres de sus textos más importantes: La teoría de los sentimientos (...) morales, La riqueza de las naciones y Lecciones de jurisprudencia. (shrink)

Resenha do livro: BRITO, Ándre Souza. "Cristianismo ateu": o movimento ecumênico nas malhas da ditadura militar do Brasil, 1964-1985.Novas Edições Acadêmicas, 2015. 680 p.

Il saggio ricostruisce il pensiero di Baczko riguardo la Rivoluzione francese. Frutto del progresso illuminista, la Rivoluzione aveva inaugurato uno spazio politico aperto all’utopia. Gli uomini che agivano il cambiamento politico e venivano forgiati dagli eventi rivoluzionari non delegavano al potere politico la realizzazione dei loro progetti di innovazione sociale. Termidoro serve a Baczko per sviluppare un’originale lettura del terrore, ovvero alle paure che i rivoluzionari avevano alimentato per smantellare ogni opposizione e neutralizzare le velleità di resistenza. Il terrore diviene (...) così la violenza che radicalizza l’idea egualitaria portata dai Lumi e al contempo ne tradisce gli ideali. (shrink)

Francisco Soler Grima nació en Garrucha, provincia de Almería, España, el 1° de mayo de 1924. Inició sus estudios filosóficos en la Universidad de Granada, graduándose, finalmente, en la de Madrid. Hacia fines de la década del cuarenta y comienzo de la del cincuenta del siglo pasado, colaboró en el Instituto Luis Vives de esa ciudad y en el Instituto de Humanidades fundado por José Ortega y Gasset y Julián Marías (Astorquiza, 1982, 204 y ss.; Mapocho, 1964, pp. 300 y (...) ss.). Este último alude a su vinculación con Soler en el segundo volumen de su Ortega (p. 399) y en los dos primeros de sus Memorias. Estas referencias, junto a las de José Luis López Aranguren, en sus Memorias y esperanzas españolas (p. 101 y ss.), así como la de Antonio Rodríguez Huéscar en Semblanza de Ortega, nos permiten explicarnos, en una primera aproximación, el temprano interés de Soler por los pensamientos de Heidegger y de Ortega, que persistió en él durante toda su vida. (shrink)

Este artigo contempla reflexões sobre o mal-estar e o sofrimento docente na contemporaneidade, a partir de experiências de escuta no âmbito da pesquisa e extensão universitárias. Apresentamos duas pesquisas, onde propusemos espaços de escuta por meio de entrevistas e escritas da experiência, ambas com docentes de instituições educacionais públicas. O método que embasa o texto é a pesquisa-intervenção de orientação clínica e a discussão pauta-se na análise clínica do discurso, que possibilitou recolher das pesquisas significantes que se entrelaçam, dando nomes (...) ao mal-estar e ao sofrimento docente, tais como: silenciamento, desamparo, esgotamento, burocratização e produtividade. Diante destas manifestações, compreendemos que o mal-estar e o sofrimento docente são também produzidos e geridos pelo Estado e sustentados pela racionalidade neoliberal, a este intrínseca. Insistimos na constituição de experiências produtoras de espaços-tempo, de fala e de cuidado compartilhado, sem recuarmos frente à falta de alternativas que parece se impor. Assim, nos somamos aos esforços de construção de testemunhos de como essa racionalidade e suas violências se expressam na sociedade brasileira e nas instituições de ensino, sendo que nossas intervenções fazem coro com a constituição de acolhimento, cuidado com a saúde mental e suporte psicossocial no campo da educação, ensejando políticas de resistência. (shrink)

As has been seen, at the Solvay Conference Lise Meitner had severely criticised the Joliot-Curie’s idea according to which, in certain nuclear transmutations produced by alpha particles in aluminium and fluorine nuclei, positrons were also emitted together with neutrons, and so she had aligned herself against the idea that positrons were the product of a nuclear reaction. Meitner’s objection was based on the fact that she had never succeeded in seeing the emission at the same time of a neutron and (...) a positron. (shrink)

As is well known, from his time in high school (1918) to his departure for Stockholm and then for the United States of America (1938), Enrico Fermi carried out intense and productive scientific research in Italy. The results obtained by Fermi in this “Italian” period are sensational. In a special Section, at the end of the volume, we provide a list of all Fermi’s publications(∗) in his Italian period, including minor works such as reports to conferences and contributions to non-scientific (...) journals, expanding the list given in “Note e Memorie” (Collected Papers) [6], correcting some mistakes in the titles, and following chronological order. (shrink)

Los Cuadernos, de los cuales se publican aquí los seis primeros de la serie, eran llamados por Heidegger, indiferentemente, Arbeitshefte (Cuadernos de trabajo) o Schwarze Hefte (Cuadernos negros). Esta última denominación se explica —como en el caso de El Cuaderno rojo de Marina Zvetáieva, que apareció en 2011 en Éditions des Syrtes— por el color de su encuadernación. Esta última, en lo que concierne a los Cuadernos de Heidegger, era dura y recubierta por un hule negro. El conjunto de sus (...) hojas linda con las 100 páginas, en un formato cercano a nuestra media página A4. (shrink)

Introduction: Despite being considered as a contravention under some countries’ legislation, the therapeutic use of Cannabis sativa has been growing in Brazil, due to the promising results observed in many pathologies. Such a scenario has fostered the need to deepen discussions on the subject and possibly revise legislation governing the substance use and access. Objectives: Identify the types of stigma related to the therapeutic use of Cannabis and describe the strategies people use to overcome stigma. Methods: This integrative review was (...) carried out in the databases PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, with 565 articles being retrieved. Triads’ cross-check were done, first maintaining the “cannabis” and “therapeutic use” pair, added by “stigma,” “bioethics,” “ethics,” “social consequences,” and “legal consequences.” The final selection resulted in six articles. Ethical Consideration: However, the ethical issues that pervade and regulate decisions on this subject must be considered. Results: Different dimensions and types of stigma related to the therapeutic use of Cannabis have been identified. The bioethical principle of autonomy was an expression of citizenship and human rights, mitigating internal conflicts related to self-stigma and the effects of external stigma on the person’s life. Conclusion: It was possible to identify the types of stigma related to the therapeutic use of Cannabis is an internal dimension represented (self-stigma) and an external dimension, represented (social and structural stigmas) and to identify strategies adopted to face this stigma: skills training group for users, elaboration of laws and specific programs to clarify the therapeutic use of Cannabis with a greater social scope, and support for family members. Thus, contributing to the building of people’s autonomy in a broader context of decision-making autonomy and executive autonomy will provide the development of people’s capacity to perform complex tasks of self-management and, consequently, to continue promoting and preserving their decision-making process and their capacity to plan and perform tasks associated with managing their lives and their treatments. (shrink)

RESUMO Este trabalho objetiva aproximar a perspectiva filosófica de Mikhail Bakhtin à literatura de Clarice Lispector. Percebe-se a abordagem bakhtiniana da noção de “ato responsável” encenada na crônica-conto “Mineirinho” que, além de nos deslocar e nos convidar a refletir sobre o nosso ser e estar no movimento da vida, nos convoca a pensar ativa e participativamente no/o mundo experienciado e partilhado com o outro.

While, as we have just seen, experimental activity was beginning to take shape in the Nuclear Physics field in Rome, and more generally in Italy, at an international level already from early 1932 great progress was being made in this field, both experimentally and theoretically. This however does not seem to have affected research carried out in Rome apart from a theoretical study on the positron carried out by Fermi during a visit to the United States, which we will discuss (...) in the next paragraph. (shrink)

El desplazamiento humano provocado por el cambio climático plantea desafíos éticos complejos que exigen respuestas fundamentadas en evidencia y orientadas hacia la justicia. Este artículo propone un marco ético compuesto por máximas normativas diseñadas para abordar la migración climática desde una perspectiva interdisciplinaria, integrando datos de las ciencias ambientales y principios éticos. Partiendo de casos representativos en México, Centroamérica o el subcontinente indio (como los desplazamientos forzados por sequías, el aumento del nivel del mar, los huracanes atípicos y la pérdida (...) de resiliencia comunitaria ante desastres climáticos), el texto destaca la multifactorialidad de estos procesos y la necesidad de explicaciones rigurosas que conecten el calentamiento global con fenómenos concurrentes como la violencia del crimen organizado. Finalmente, se presentan seis máximas éticas que incluyen la protección de socioecosistemas locales, la proporcionalidad de esfuerzos preventivos, la sostenibilidad de las soluciones propuestas, el papel de la innovación tecnológica, la comunicación responsable sobre la crisis climática y la corresponsabilidad de todos los ciudadanos del planeta. Este trabajo busca contribuir a una ética aplicada que permita enfrentar los retos de la movilidad humana en un contexto de crisis ambiental global. (shrink)

As is well known, in Rome in March 1934 Enrico Fermi (Rome, 29 September 1901 - Chicago, 28 November 1954) discovered neutron-induced radioactivity. For this discovery, and for the connected discovery in October that same year of the effect of the slowing down of neutrons, Fermi was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1938. The motivation read as follows: “for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear (...) reactions brought about by slow neutrons”. (shrink)

Although formal system verification has been around for many years, little attention was given to the case where the specification of the system has to be changed. This may occur due to a failure in capturing the clients’ requirements or due to some change in the domain (think for example of banking systems that have to adapt to different taxes being imposed). We are interested in having methods not only to verify properties, but also to suggest how the system model (...) should be changed so that a property would be satisfied. For this purpose, we will use techniques from the area of Belief Revision, that deals with the problem of changing a knowledge base in view of new information. In the last thirty years, several authors have contributed with change operations and ways of characterizing them. However, most of the work concentrates on knowledge bases represented using classical propositional logic. In the last decade, there have been efforts to apply belief revision theory to description and modal logics. In this work, we analyze what is needed for a theory of belief revision which can be applied to the temporal logic, such as the Computation Tree Logic (CTL). In particular, we illustrate different alternatives for formalizing the concept of revision of CTL. Our interest in this particular logic comes both from practical issues, since it is used for software specification, as from theoretical issues, as it is a non-compact logic and most existing results rely on compactness. We focus here on the revision of CTL models and present a characterization result for the revision of partial models. (shrink)

In the days following the discovery of alpha-particle–induced radioactivity it was planned to repeat Joliot and Curie’s experiments at the Physics Institute in Rome, as was announced in two letters written on the same day by Rasetti to Joliot and by Rasetti and Fermi to D’Agostino respectively.

Erratum to:F. Guerra and N. Robotti,The Lost Notebook of ENRICO FERMI,10.1007/978-3-319-69254-8In the original version of the book, the translation texts “Translated from Italian by Christine V. Pennison” and “Translation from the Italian language edition: Enrico Fermi e il quaderno ritrovato by F. Guerra and N. Robotti, © SIF 2015. All rights reserved” have to be included in the Copyright page of Frontmatter. The erratum book has been updated with the change.