Mental disorders in university students are very frequent, therefore higher education institutions have established in-campus mental healthcare centres. These clinics have particular characteristics that differ from other mental health centres, as they report to and represent an educational institution, while at the same time looking after the interests and well-being of patients requesting assistance, thus generating unique bioethical conflicts. Ethics Committees are useful tools to offer support to mental health professionals in making ethical decisions. In order to respond to these (...) issues, it was decided that an Ethics Committee would be created in the mental health clinic of a private university in Mexico City. This article describes the implementation process for this Committee, its duties and scope, as well as the case work and review methodology. A list of the most frequent ethical conflicts is attached, jointly with the ethical analysis of the cases treated throughout the year and a half or work by the Committee. (shrink)

A review of U. Mäki (ed.). Fact and Fiction in Economics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. pp. xvi 384. ISBN 0521 00957. As people interested mainly in theory, methodologists and philos...

I defend a causal reductionist account of the nature of rates of change like velocity and acceleration. This account identifies velocity with the past derivative of position and acceleration with the future derivative of velocity. Unlike most reductionist accounts, it can preserve the role of velocity as a cause of future positions and acceleration as the effect of current forces. I show that this is possible only if all the fundamental laws are expressed by differential equations of the same order. (...) Consideration of the continuity of time explains why the differential equations are all second order. This explanation is not available on non-causal or non-reductionist accounts of rates of change. Finally, I argue that alleged counterexamples to the reductionist account involving physically impossible worlds are irrelevant to an analysis of the properties that play a causal role in the actual world. 1 Background2 Grounding3 Causation4 The Proposal5 Why No Third Derivatives?6 Why Any Derivatives?7 Counterexamples? (shrink)

The issue of the relation between financial derivatives, money and crisis remains one of on-going debate within Marxism. This paper takes issue with a recent contribution to this debate by Tony Norfield. We contend that the relationship between financial derivatives and the concept of ‘money’ needs to be framed in the context of a changing understanding of liquidity, and that issues of crisis and renewed accumulation are better understood though this path than via debates about speculative versus real (...) investment and productive versus unproductive capital. Indeed these latter taxonomies are being superseded by current developments within finance, and Marxian analysis needs to be attuned to these current developments. (shrink)

The widespread and elaborate use of new financial instruments among corporate entities and financial institutions requires justification. It faces the charge of increasing both the level and complexity of risk in the financial system under the pretext of reducing it. It is a prodigious user of management resources and IT. It obscures the integrity of the nature of the non-financial user.It is not mere academic argument to question the ethics of certain instruments. Both in the US and the UK certain (...) forms of financial instrument are deemed too risky to be used by all and sundry. Other forms of instrument may be banned outright, even though many financial professionals will be perfectly capable of measuring the risk involved. The force of this attack is recognized in the financial industry. One defence frequently put forward is similar to that of the National Rifle Association in the US about guns. It is the users, not the product, that are the problem. “One misconception is that derivatives are risky instruments that are used for speculation. It is more accurate to say that derivatives are instruments that can be used to alter risk profiles”. The mere fact of an instrument existing is no reason to use it. The biggest advocates of exotic options are bankers. Practising Treasurers spend much time seeking to distinguish between the fascinating idea which the bank’s rocket scientist wants to try, and the derivative that will genuinely benefit the company. The fact that many of these instruments are harmful or spurious does not mean they should be banned, but neither does the absence of a ban make them ethical.The ethical question to ask for the non-financial corporation has to do with the proper balance of courage and prudence. Will this instrument enable the company to carry out its proper task with more focus and self-awareness, or is it an attempt to neutralize the proper risks that we are paid to take? For financial corporations the inevitable presence of derivatives poses two issues. First, are they intrinsically valuable or simply so complicated that no client could use them and monitor the new exposures involved? Secondly, will the active management of our positions created by this activity result in a change in the nature of our business, and if so, has this been clearly communicated to the world around?On reading this again I am once more struck by a remark made to me by a clergyman long before I was ordained. “What is an ethical Treasurer?” One of the major challenges in the field of financial ethics is the development of an adequate, and clearly communicated, measure of the intrinsic ethics of finance.This paper is not arguing that derivatives are wrong, but that they are powerful, and power needs monitoring and controlling. The events of October 1987 are often referred to as the meltdown of the markets. My clear memory is of the whole executive board of directors standing in my office gazing in awe at a Topic Screen as waves of red chased across the screen. The use of nuclear metaphors was apt. A system that seemed safe had assumed a life of its own. There is little doubt that derivatives fuelled the reaction. (shrink)

Do financial derivatives influence firms’ fulfillment of their ethical responsibilities toward employees? Drawing on stakeholder theory and corporate moral responsibility, we examine whether trading in equity options and credit default swaps (CDSs) influences employee welfare in underlying firms. We find that active derivatives trading is associated with significant improvements in employee welfare, including higher ESG employee scores, greater employee satisfaction, safer workplaces, and better compensation. Firms also increase investments in human capital when options or CDSs are actively traded (...) on their equity or debt instruments. Further analysis suggests that derivatives trading improves employee welfare by mitigating managerial short-termism and encouraging stakeholder oriented decision making. Overall, our findings suggest that financial derivatives can strengthen firms’ ethical accountability to employees. (shrink)

In this paper, we present an informal introduction to Logical English and illustrate its use to standardise the legal wording of the Automatic Early Termination clauses of International Swaps and Derivatives Association Agreements. LE can be viewed both as an alternative to conventional legal English for expressing legal documents, and as an alternative to conventional computer languages for automating legal documents. LE is a controlled natural language, which is designed both to be computer-executable and to be readable by English (...) speakers without special training. The basic form of LE is syntactic sugar for logic programs, in which all sentences have the same standard form, either as rules of the form conclusion if conditions or as unconditional sentences of the form conclusion. However, LE extends normal logic programming by introducing features that are present in other computer languages and other logics. These features include typed variables signalled by common nouns, and existentially quantified variables in the conclusions of sentences signalled by indefinite articles. Although LE translates naturally into a logic programming language such as Prolog or ASP, it can also serve as a neutral standard, which can be compiled into other lower-level computer languages. (shrink)

It is generally accepted that H. Friedman’s gap condition is closely related to iterated collapsing functions from ordinal analysis. But what precisely is the connection? We offer the following answer: In a previous paper we have shown that the gap condition arises from an iterative construction on transformations of partial orders. Here we show that the parallel construction for linear orders yields familiar collapsing functions. The iteration step in the linear case is an instance of a general construction that we (...) call ‘Bachmann–Howard derivative’. In the present paper, we focus on the unary case, i.e., on the gap condition for sequences rather than trees and, correspondingly, on addition-free ordinal notation systems. This is partly for convenience, but it also allows us to clarify a phenomenon that is specific to the unary setting: As shown by van der Meeren, Rathjen and Weiermann, the gap condition on sequences admits two linearizations with rather different properties. We will see that these correspond to different recursive constructions of sequences. (shrink)

The root *pent-1 has achieved wide distribution in the IE. languages. In the course of its long history considerable modification of meaning has affected it, both as a primary verb and as it appears in derivative nouns, and here I refer particularly to Go. finpan ‘find’ and to Gk. πάτη ‘deceit’. With little ingenuity—against mere ingenuity, of course, the etymologist is bound to be on his guard—it is possible to trace the train of thought that connects the various forms. But (...) though the explanations here offered may well seem obvious, they have not, so far as I am aware, been previously published. The familiar dictionaries of Boisacq, Walde-Hofmann, and Walde-Pokorny do provide attempts at explanation, but these have little power of convincing. (shrink)

Candidates for fundamental physical laws rarely, if ever, employ higher than second time derivatives. Easwaran sketches an enticing story that purports to explain away this puzzling fact and thereby provides indirect evidence for a particular set of metaphysical theses used in the explanation. I object to both the scope and coherence of Easwaran's account, before going on to defend an alternative, more metaphysically deflationary explanation: in interacting Lagrangian field theories, it is either impossible or very hard to incorporate higher (...) than second time derivatives without rendering the vacuum state unstable. The so-called Ostrogradski instability represents a powerful constraint on the construction of new field theories and supplies a novel, largely overlooked example of non-causal explanation in physics. (shrink)

he article shows that several studies on the meaning of νοῦς, νόησις, νοεῖν, and derivatives in pre-Platonic literature, especially in Homer, but also in some pre-Socratic thinkers, have concluded that these terms are never used in strictly abstract situations, but, on the contrary, always appear linked to emotions connected to concrete events. Plato is certainly the main “author” to be studied when it comes to the use of this terminology in cognitive functions. Indeed, he was the first to systematize (...) a specialized vocabulary for these functions, and emphatically use these terms in passages of the Middle dialogues, when, according to Aristotle’s account of his Philosophy, in _Metaphysics_ A 6, unlike Socrates, he began to suppose that the essence (οὐσία) of things is not in the things themselves, but lies beyond them, thus creating a separation (χωρισμός) which will be the fundamental source of all the difficulties concerning the “Theory of Ideas”. After hypothesizing the existence of the Ideas, abstract entities he considered more real than material ones, he created _a_ special type of apprehension capable of capturing invisible, intelligible entities, νόησις, thus introducing a new dimension of reality: a previously non-existent, invisible, and radically abstract one. Based on these assumptions, the article ends by raising a series of questions to be addressed in a future approach to the same subject. (shrink)

This chapter examines the migration and translation of so-called “equilibrium” interest rate term structure models from academic financial economics into the over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives markets during the 1980s and 1990s. Initially developed to understand the economic factors that shape the pricing of bonds, these models underwent significant change to align with the modelling culture of derivatives practitioners as they migrated into the OTC derivatives markets. Using document analysis and interviews with quants and financial mathematicians, this study highlights (...) the interplay between model stability and flexibility. It emphasizes that successful model migration involves iterative translations that maintain theoretical commensurability while adapting to new domains. The findings suggest that understanding the performativity of financial models requires examining the translation processes that enable models to reflect and integrate into the institutional contexts of their application. This case contributes to the Social Studies of Finance and the Philosophy of Science by demonstrating how model migration is facilitated by the translation of models into new forms that align with the organizational and practical realities of their target domains. (shrink)

In a recent paper I established an analogue of the Lindemann–Weierstrass part of Ax–Schanuel for the elliptic modular function. Here I extend this to include its first and second derivatives. A generalization is given that includes exponential and Weierstrass elliptic functions as well.

Guided by the example of gauge transformations associated with classical Yang-Mills fields, a very general class of transformations is considered. The explicit representation of these transformations involves not only the independent and the dependent field variables, but also a set of position-dependent parameters together with their first derivatives. The stipulation that an action integral associated with the field variables be invariant under such transformations gives rise to a set of three conditions involving the Lagrangian and its derivatives, together (...) with derivatives of the functions that define the transformations. These invariance identities constitute an extension of the classical theorem of Noether to general transformations of this kind. An application to the case of gauge fields demonstrates the existence of two distinct types of conservation laws for such fields. (shrink)

In some cases, Avicenna used the semantical premises in order to deduce some conclusions in his Physics. For instance, he analyzes five derivatives of the word “tabiat” and then in the light of these analyses, he concludes that the natural properties of an object are caused by its essence and are based on it. Here, the major problem is how to justify Avicenna's passage from semantical premises to physical consequents. This paper shows that through analyzing the relation between nature (...) and its derivatives, on one hand, and explicating Avicenna’s definition of the “nature” on the other hand, we can defend the rationality of such a passage. (shrink)

This paper sets out to show how Eddington's early twenties case for variational derivatives significantly bears witness to a steady and consistent shift in focus from a resolute striving for objectivity towards “selective subjectivism” and structuralism. While framing his so-called “Hamiltonian derivatives” along the lines of previously available variational methods allowing to derive gravitational field equations from an action principle, Eddington assigned them a theoretical function of his own devising in The Mathematical Theory of Relativity (1923). I make (...) clear that two stages should be marked out in Eddington's train of thought if the meaning of such variational derivatives is to be adequately assessed. As far as they were originally intended to embody the mind's collusion with nature by linking atomicity of matter with atomicity of action, variational derivatives were at first assigned a dual role requiring of them not only to express mind's craving for permanence but also to tune up mind's privileged pattern to “Nature's own idea”. Whereas at a later stage, as affine field theory would provide a framework for world-building, such “Hamiltonian differentiation” would grow out of tune through gauge-invariance and, by disregarding how mathematical theory might precisely come into contact with actual world, would be turned into a mere heuristic device for structural knowledge. (shrink)

This paper proposes a formal criterion for philosophical habitability, defined as the capacity of an environment to sustain self-aware conscious agents without catastrophic collapse of subjective experience. We introduce a smooth experiential function E(t), representing the quality and coherence of consciousness over time, and demonstrate that the existence of at least one positive odd-order derivative and one convex even-order derivative is sufficient to ensure a dynamically stable and self-sustaining experiential trajectory, rendering an environment philosophically habitable.

This article introduces a novel definition of ‐Hilfer fractional derivative. Based on this derivative, some fractional Wirtinger type inequalities are established for the spaces, where by using Hölder's inequality. Various related special cases are also presented. To validate our main results, examples with graphical representations are provided. Applications of ‐Hilfer fractional Wirtinger‐type inequalities are demonstrated in terms of arithmetic mean and geometric mean‐type inequality.

Pāṇinīyavyākaraṇodāharaṇakośaḥ; La grammaire paninéenne par ses exemples; Paninian Grammar through Its Examples, vol. IV.1–2: Taddhitaprakaraṇam; Le livre des formes dérivés secondaires; The Book of Secondary Derivatives. By F. Grimal, V. VenkataraJa Sarma, and S. Lakshminara- Simham. Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha Series, vols. 302, 303; Collection indologie vol. 93.4.1, 2. Tirupati: Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha; Pondichéry: École Française d’extrême-Orient; Institute Française de Pondichéry, 2015. Pp. xvi + 1397. Rs. 570 per vol.

Michael Rathjen and the present author have shown that $$\Pi^1_1$$‐bar induction is equivalent to (a suitable formalization of) the statement that every normal function has a derivative, provably in $$\bf ACA_0$$. In this note we show that the base theory can be weakened to $$\bf RCA_0$$. Our argument makes crucial use of a normal function $$f$$ with $$f(\alpha) \leq 1 + \alpha^2$$ and $$f`(\alpha) = \omega^{\omega^\alpha}$$. We shall also exhibit a normal function $$g$$ with $$g(\alpha) \leq 1 + \alpha \cdot (...) 2$$ and $$g`(\alpha) = \omega^{1 + \alpha}$$. (shrink)

Hogue's Irregular Verbs of Attic Prose - The Irregular Verbs of Attic Prose, their forms, prominent meanings, and important compounds; together with lists of related words and English derivatives. By Addison Hogue, Professor of Greek in the University of Mississippi. Ginn and Co., 1889. 6s. - Volume 4 Issue 4.

En función de esclarecer las derivas actuales del autoritarismo, emprendemos un examen crítico de los abordajes de la noción de autoridad en el pensamiento político. Rastreando las dos aproximaciones dominantes a la autoridad, procuramos mostrar la necesidad de complejizarlas, concibiéndolo como un fenómeno que se sustenta tanto en el reconocimiento como en la dominación. Sostenemos que se ha producido desde mediados del siglo pasado un fortalecimiento de la dimensión de la dominación a la vez que un desplazamiento desde el autoritarismo (...) como forma de organización estatal hacia tipos sociales y modalidades de subjetivación autoritarias. Nos centraremos en la figura del paterfamilias y en la noción de patria en el pensamiento de Hannah Arendt como dos pilares para analizar la dinámica autoritaria que estructuran los modos sociales imperantes de relacionarse y forjar las comunidades políticas. (shrink)

In my paper I focus on the growth of knowledge in finance from an heuristic viewpoint and I propose the analysis of two different knowledge-advancing strategies usually adopted at the frontier of knowledge, i.e. problem-solving and model-building. I show how these two strategies, even though both effective in the short-run, nonetheless provide descriptions of the target object and which are different in their descriptive and knowledge-advancing depth. In order to do so, I propose a case study borrowed from the modelling (...) activities in the Libor market. (shrink)

In this article, we make analysis of the implicit fractional differential equations involving integral boundary conditions associated with Stieltjes integral and its corresponding coupled system. We use some sufficient conditions to achieve the existence and uniqueness results for the given problems by applying the Banach contraction principle, Schaefer’s fixed point theorem, and Leray–Schauder result of the cone type. Moreover, we present different kinds of stability such as Hyers–Ulam stability, generalized Hyers–Ulam stability, Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability, and generalized Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability by using the (...) classical technique of functional analysis. At the end, the results are verified with the help of examples. (shrink)