SummaryThe Enlightened theory of civilisation was expressed through the formula of ‘doux commerce’, a form of commerce which acknowledged the need for the European conquest of non-European lands and nations, and the opportunity to bring European civilisation to other peoples without violence. Montesquieu was the first to express this idea, condemning the Spanish conquest and empire. In the Histoire des deux Indes, this idea was dramatically discussed: Raynal wanted to defend it; Diderot dismantled this project showing that (...) class='Hi'>civilisation was but the mask of violent conquest. In this way the latter offered an extraordinary refutation of both Enlightened ideology and its strategy of civilisation. (shrink)

Dans cet essai qui privilégie la joie d'une pensée insoumise plutôt que la dénonciation, Isabelle Stengers prend le relais d'Alfred North Whitehead lorsque, diagnostiquant le "déclin de la civilisation moderne", celui-ci assigna à la philosophie la tâche de "souder le sens commun avec l'imagination". Face aux prétentions à déterminer ce que nous avons le droit de savoir, elle cherche à donner force à ce que nous savons. Face aux oppositions doctrinales prédatrices qui démembrent le sens commun, elle affirme la (...) philosophie comme puissance de problématisation. Prolongeant et renouvelant les ressources proposées par Whitehead, elle fait exister tant la possibilité d'une science "civilisée" que celle, politique, de dispositifs susceptibles d'habiliter les "gens du commun" à faire valoir les questions qui les concernent. Au déclin de la civilisation a aujourd'hui succédé la débâcle : "Nous entendons déjà les grincements et les craquements sourds marquant la rupture des plaques de glace, démantibulant le sol que nous avions défini comme assuré." II s'agit désormais d'apprendre à vivre dans un monde devenu lui-même intrinsèquement problématique. D'autres voix, et notamment celles, contemporaines, de Donna Haraway, Bruno Latour, David Abram ou Anna Tsing, viendront dès lors s'associer à celle de Whitehead dans l'exploration des manières de "faire commun" que demande notre époque. (shrink)

Social organisation and development itself, therefore, becomes the outer mechanism through which consciousness progressively externalises. The growth of cities, institutions, legal systems, industry, transportation, and global interconnection all fall within the domain of Third Ray activity because they represent the intelligent manipulation and organisation of matter. -/- Within this framework, humanity functions as the intermediary planetary centre through which higher energies become embodied in culture and world affairs. The Mahachohan presides not only over intellectual development, but over the gradual refinement (...) of civilisation and culture itself so that material structures may increasingly express spiritual purpose. (shrink)

Capitalist civilisation is based on abstract labour. Mainstream Marxism has developed within a movement based on the defence of abstract labour and this has shaped its understanding. Savage Marxism starts from the first, not the second, sentence of Capital and moves against abstract labour through an underworld of categories usually neglected. Hope lies latent in this underworld.

The aim of this article is to show how both Jan Patočka and Jürgen Habermas, starting from a reinterpretation of the idea of «lifeworld», engaged a critique of modern civilisation, aiming (with different outcomes) at a redefinition of the concept of political community. In order to achieve this goal, I firstly focus on Patočka’s understanding of modern rational civilisation and its attempt to fix the fracture between «life» and «world». At this stage, I take also advantage of Hans (...) Blumenberg’s distinction between these two terms, in order to better clarify Patočka’s stance on this problem. Secondly, I analyse Habermas’ ideas of lifeworld and system, and their uncoupling in modern societies, as well as the reemergence of this issue in Habermas’ recent works on the European economic and political crisis. Finally, I focus on the very different ways in which Patočka and Habermas tackled the ideas of conflict and crisis in contemporary world, also in view of a possible path out of this crisis through a re-constitution of Europe. (shrink)

This study aimed to produce a model of integration between theology (reformed) and ideology ( Pancasila ) to realise a just and civilised humanity (second sila of Pancasila ). This research is based on the paradigm of naturalism with qualitative methods and the approach applied is historical and integrative. The research results produced an integrative model between Reformed Theology and the ideology of Pancasila that rejects the understanding and practice of capitalism, religious fundamentalism, communism, and racism. This study pointed out (...) that these four understandings and practices contradict the basic principles of a just and civilised humanity based on theological and ideological studies. Contribution: This study produced four fundamental clues for all Indonesian citizens, especially Christians, namely the source, basis, pillars, and dual role as citizens and kingdoms of God in the fight for the formation of a just and civilised humanity. (shrink)

Mit der massiven Kritik an Kultur und Gesellschaft seiner Zeit, die Rousseau 1750 in seiner Abhandlung über die Wissenschaften und Künste (Discours sur les sciences et les arts) formulierte, gilt er nicht nur als derjenige, der das „Problem der Zivilisation“ (Goldschmidt 1980, 270) erstmals als solches identifizierte, sondern auch als Gründungsfigur der modernen Kulturkritik. Rousseaus These, die er in der Abhandlung formuliert, lautet im Kern, dass „unsere Seelen […] in dem Maße verdorben [sind], in dem unsere Wissenschaften und unsere Künste (...) vollkommener geworden sind“ (Rousseau 1978a, I, 37; OC III, 9). Die gegenläufige Entwicklung zwischen zivilisatorischem Fortschritt und sittlichem Verfall bildet eine der Grundoppositionen, auf der Rousseaus Anthropologie und seine Geschichtsphilosophie aufbauen. Während er sie im ersten Diskurs rhetorisch entfaltet, entwickelt und begründet er sie jedoch erst im Diskurs über die Ungleichheit, dem zweiten Diskurs, auf systematische Weise (Discours sur lʼorigine et les fondements de lʼinégalité parmi les hommes, 1755). Festzuhalten gilt zunächst, dass Rousseau selbst diesen Prozess nicht mit dem Begriff der „civilisation“ bezeichnet. Dessen französischsprachige Verwendung im heutigen Sinne ist erstmalig 1756 bei Victor de Riquetti, Marquis de Mirabeau, in LʼAmi des hommes belegt und findet sich verbreitet erst ab den 1770er-Jahren. Rousseau gebraucht den Ausdruck nur in Verb- oder Partizipialform (civiliser, civilisé) und auch dies nur an wenigen Stellen; daneben findet sich auch das Wort „policer“ im heutigen Sinne von „zivilisieren“. Das Phänomen der Zivilisation umfasst bei Rousseau nur zu einem geringen Teil die Kultur im engeren Sinne, sondern vielmehr den gesamten Bedeutungshorizont, den der Ausdruck „civilisation“, wie Jean Starobinski in einer begriffsgeschichtlichen Studie für die 1770er-Jahre belegen kann, später umgreifen wird. Dieser reicht von der „Verfeinerung der Sitten“ über die „Entwicklung der Höflichkeit“ und der „künstlerischen und wissenschaftlichen Kultur“ bis hin zur „Entfaltung von Handel und Industrie“ und den damit verbundenen materiellen Lebensumständen (Starobinski 1989, 15). Als Sammelbegriff sowohl für den Prozess der Kultivierung als auch für dessen Resultat wird „Zivilisation“ im 19. Jahrhundert zu einem geschichtstheoretischen Grundbegriff für die Deutung der Geschichte als eines progressiven Geschehens (Starobinski 1989, 17). (shrink)

Comment la cité grecque s'installe-t-elle dans le rôle du berceau de la civilisation européenne? Cela devient possible dès lors que la civilisation se définit comme un processus historique homogène et irréversible, autrement dit, dès lors qu'elle est appelée à illustrer historiquement le progrès de l'Europe. Telle est la tâche du XIXe siècle. Or, à l'époque prérévolutionnaire, l'idée de civilisation renvoie plutôt à une multitude de processus historiques, pour autant qu'elle permet d'observer le cheminement vers l'état policé des (...) divers peuples de l'Antiquité et de l'époque moderne. La civilisation opère ici comme un concept de différenciation: elle permet de distinguer les Anciens d'avec les Anciens, les Modernes d'avec les Modernes et, dans leur ensemble, l'Antiquité de la modernité. Il s'agit d'analyser les enjeux de cette intégration en deux temps de la Grèce dans l'histoire de la civilisation européenne. (shrink)

The paper argues that the concept of civilisation has been frequently used as a metaphorin arguments both in favour of and against Turkey’s eventual EU membership. However, an examination of the discourse suggests that civilisation, which is a polyvalent concept, has been understood and used differently by each side. While the concept of civilisation used by supporters of Turkish accession is an inclusive one, according to which civilisation is one and (potentially) available to all, it is (...) used in a very different way by opponents of Turkey’s full membership. In this case, the conception of civilisation is similar to that of Huntington, as multiple, culturally based and relatively inflexible. Hence, on this basis, it is argued that Turkey is not a suitable candidate for full EU membershipas it does not share the civilisational background of European countries, and thus cannot easily adapt to ‘European’ values such as democracy or human rights. Finally, a minority of arguments imply a culturally based, yet more flexible view of European civilisation as being historically influenced by Islam, and by Turkey in particular. Such a view, similar to Delanty’s ‘civilisational constellations’ implies support of Turkish accession on a cultural basis. (shrink)

Comment la cité grecque s'installe-t-elle dans le rôle du berceau de la civilisation européenne? Cela devient possible dès lors que la civilisation se définit comme un processus historique homogène et irréversible, autrement dit, dès lors qu'elle est appelée à illustrer historiquement le progrès de l'Europe. Telle est la tâche du XIXe siècle. Or, à l'époque prérévolutionnaire, l'idée de civilisation renvoie plutôt à une multitude de processus historiques, pour autant qu'elle permet d'observer le cheminement vers l'état policé des (...) divers peuples de l'Antiquité et de l'époque moderne. La civilisation opère ici comme un concept de différenciation: elle permet de distinguer les Anciens d'avec les Anciens, les Modernes d'avec les Modernes et, dans leur ensemble, l'Antiquité de la modernité. Il s'agit d'analyser les enjeux de cette intégration en deux temps de la Grèce dans l'histoire de la civilisation européenne. (shrink)

Les Grecs anciens n'ont pas unifié l'idée de civilisation en un concept ni sous un mot uniques. Envisagée comme un processus depuis les origines, elle se présente comme une série d'acquisitions ou de pertes au terme desquelles s'est forgée une condition humaine fortement ambivalente. Conçue comme un état, elle se rencontre à l'intersection de trois axes: celui d'un régime et d'une éducation qui apprivoisent la nature; celui d'un régime politique respectueux de la loi; celui d'une politique extérieure respectueuse de (...) la justice. Mais en grec, régime politique et hégémonie portent le même nom (archê). En naturalisant et en légitimant la domination romaine Denys d'Halicarnasse en fait une force de civilisation. (shrink)

Dans l'Histoire des deux Indes, le concept de civilisation s'applique d'abord à la formation de l'Europe moderne depuis la chute de l'Empire romain, dans lequel le commerce promeut l'« affranchissement» civile et politique du tiers état dans les États souverains. Pour Raynal, cette expérience historique des Européens sert de paradigme, à partir duquel il opère la dépreciation de la civilisation des anciens empires des deux Indes et élabore une variété de propositions politiques en vue des transformations, voire du (...) dépassement de l'empire colonial européen. Ainsi, en universalisant la structure politique de l'Europe moderne, et en poursuivant la réalisation de la liberté civile et politique selon divers modes, il annonce l'avènement de l'espace historique et politique du monde moderne, composé des États-nations sur le fond des réseaux globaux du commerce. (shrink)

Over the last century and a half, manners and formalities in the West have become less status-ridden, stiff and rigid. Debates around Norbert Elias' theory of civilising processes gave rise to questions of a change in direction of these patterns. The concept of informalisation, which describes these transformations, was first used to analyse the tumultuous changes of the 1960s and 1970s. This increasing informality, leniency and flexibility, comes hand-in-hand with a growing demand on individuals to self-regulate their emotions. This book (...) will stimulate debate around the changes in the standards of manners and emotion regulation, and will generate new avenues of enquiry that focus on issues involving informalisation. The chapters shed light on a variety of such moral and political issues over the last 150 years, offering a new and broader scope on the present social condition of humanity. Civilisation and Informalisation will be an important addition for students and scholars of figurational process sociology, and of broader interest to academics across sociology, social psychology and social history. (shrink)

Hungarian right-wing populists have been applying decolonial rhetoric in their conspiracy theories over the past three decades. Understanding their resistance against the ‘civilising' mission of ‘the West' – or recently ‘Brussels' – needs specific tools. By applying standpoint theory, our interest is in the domestication of globally existing conspiracy theories. Instead of imposing an external rationale upon conspiracy theory thinking, we seek to understand the conspiracy thinking from its' own epistemological standpoint/positioning. Extending our analysis of the recently successful political party (...) Mi Hazánk Mozgalom (Our Homeland Movement) we analyse their election program, titled Virradat (Dawn), and how an East-Central European, semi-peripheric standpoint can be revealed from the text through the conspiracy theories utilized by the party. Our claim is that the utilisation of conspiracy theories in East-Central Europe can be interpreted as discursive tools of the resistance of a well-planned colonisation. We show how decolonial rhetoric is present in their election program and how it is tied to conspiracy theories which may be globally known, yet having their own, specific Hungarian features, deeply embedded in the country’s history and its radical- and far-right, populist political culture. (shrink)

Drawing on archaeological findings about individuals of the archaic Brazilian ‘hunter-gatherer’ societies and on the life and work of a contemporary Brazilian artist, Paulo Nazareth, this paper argues for the use of a timeless history in which chronological historical time will be less important in sociological comparative analyses. There are processes that belong to a significant past which still inform how societies imagine themselves and which cannot be understood from the established perspective of a divided human and natural history. These (...) processes can only be interpreted by overcoming disciplinary constraints and by assuming that history goes beyond the systematic organisation of the facts and historical evidence. There are aspects of American archaic history that are not only completely unknown to us, but they also inform societal practices and imaginary significations of the past, present and future in many New World societies. The paper critically discusses historical-sociological literature on Brazil. Based on a number of perspectives developed in the fields of philosophy, sociology, anthropology, and archaeology, it will be argued that the division of the world into ‘civilisation’ and ‘other simplistic social-historical-economical-cultural groups’ is incompatible with a comparative historical sociology that does not aim to hierarchise diff erent societal forms. (shrink)

De civilisation à civilisation rien n’est simple ni univoque. On sait le regain d’intérêt pour la notion de civilisation aujourd’hui où l’on considère souvent, à la suite de Samuel P. Huntington, que la rivalité entre grandes puissances du XXe siècle a été remplacée au XXIe par le choc des civilisations. Voici l’une des formulations qu’il en donne : « En résumé,..

Hundreds of books have been written about Deleuze, but although many prominent philosophers and schools of philosophy have inherited from him, no single philosopher has emerged as the primary inheritor of Deleuze’s project. The Belgian philosopher Isabelle Stengers could serve as one conceptual persona among others playing such a role. Stengers refers to Deleuze in all but one of her fourteen books which have so far been translated into English, especially in The Invention of Modern Science, Cosmopolitics and Thinking with (...) Whitehead, and this article ‘thinks with’ Stengers as she thinks with Deleuze through most of her references to his work over four decades. (shrink)

The reform movement in science is seemingly constructing a new moral economy of science around process and bureaucracy, in which a new scientific etiquette is emerging that prescribes the performance of reformed science as civilised, efficient and objective. Bureaucratic innovations were borne out of the reform movement that seek to prescribe specific research processes, including but not limited to preregistration and registered reports. This moral economy emerges in the form of a bureaucracy and its epistemic uniformity actively suppresses scientific plurality. (...) This paper argues that Eliasian drivers such as distinction, shame and disgust, act to pressure scientists into adopting this new etiquette. Even though the etiquette's appearance is quite new, it can be traced back to existing moral economies of science and their pursuit of efficiency and objectivity. (shrink)

Panic buying of toilet rolls in Australia began in early March 2020. This was related to the realisation that the novel coronavirus was spreading across the country. To the general population the impact of the virus was unknown. Gradually the federal government started closing the country’s borders. The panic buying of toilet rolls was not unique to Australia. It happened across all societies that used toilet paper rather than water to clean after defecation and urination. However, research suggests that the (...) panic buying was most extreme in Australia. This article argues that the panic buying was closely linked to everyday notions of Western civilisation. Pedestal toilets and toilet paper are key aspects of civilisation and the fear of the loss of toilet paper is connected to anxiety about social breakdown, the loss of civilisation. This is the fear manifested in the perceived threat posed by the virus. (shrink)