The implementation of digital traceability solutions has become essential to improve the efficiency and ensure the quality of the production processes across all industries. In the shipbuilding sector, where subcontractors play a vital role, the ability to effectively track and document each part produced is extremely important. This study focuses on the implementation of a traceability system in a Spanish metal manufacturing company supplying a shipyard by evaluating various image processing techniques and multiple Optical Character Recognition to identify (...) marked parts and determine the most effective solution for this application. The results of the implementation of these models were successful and represent a viable solution for the improvement of the efficiency and accessibility of information retrieval processes within the industry. (shrink)

Let a trace be a computably enumerable set of natural numbers such that V[m]={n:〈n,m〉∈V}\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${V^{[m]} = \{n : \langle n, m\rangle \in V \}}$$\end{document} is finite for all m, where 〈.,.〉\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\langle^{.},^{.}\rangle}$$\end{document} denotes an appropriate pairing function. After looking at some basic properties of traces like that there is no uniform enumeration of all traces, we prove varied results on traceability and variants thereof, (...) where a function f:N→N\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${f : \mathbb{N} \rightarrow \mathbb{N}}$$\end{document} is traceable via a trace V if for all m,〈f(m),m〉∈V.\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${m, \langle f(m), m\rangle \in V.}$$\end{document} Then we turn to lattices Ltr(V)=({W:V⊆WandWatrace},⊆),\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\textit{\textbf{L}}_{tr}(V) = (\{W : V \subseteq W \, {\rm and} \, W \, {\rm a} \, {\rm trace}\}, \, \subseteq),$$\end{document}V a trace. Here, we study the close relationship to E=({A:A⊆Nc.e.},⊆)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal{E} = (\{A : A \subseteq \mathbb{N} \quad c.e.\}, \subseteq)}$$\end{document}, automorphisms, isomorphisms, and isomorphic embeddings. (shrink)

This article considers some political potentialities of the post-constructivist proposal for substituting truth with traceability. Traceability is a measure of truthfulness in which the rationality of a truth-claim is found in accounting for the work done to maintain links back to an internal referent through a chain of mediations. The substitution of traceability for truth is seen as necessary to move the entire political domain towards a greater responsiveness to the events of the natural-social world. In particular, (...) it seeks to disarm the strategy of... (shrink)

We analyze three applications of Ramsey’s Theorem for 4-tuples to infinite traceable graphs and finitely generated infinite lattices using the tools of reverse mathematics. The applications in graph theory are shown to be equivalent to Ramsey’s Theorem while the application in lattice theory is shown to be provable in the weaker system RCA0.

We review the current knowledge concerning strong jump-traceability. We cover the known results relating strong jump-traceability to randomness, and those relating it to degree theory. We also discuss the techniques used in working with strongly jump-traceable sets. We end with a section of open questions.

This chapter discusses European Community legislation for traceability and labeling of genetically modified crops, food, and feed. After a brief discussion of EC law making and the role of the precautionary principle, the chapter discusses EC measures for authorization of bioengineered or genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and GM food and feed. It focuses on EC Regulations that require, and establish thresholds for, traceability and labeling of GMOS and their food and feed products. The chapter addresses the practical issue (...) of coexistence of GM crops with conventional and organic crops, and it reviews EC policy documents and Member State measures to ensure coexistence. (shrink)

When radiocarbon dating techniques were applied to archaeological material in the 1950s they were hailed as a revolution. At last archaeologists could construct absolute chronologies anchored in temporal data backed by immutable laws of physics. This would make it possible to mobilize archaeological data across regions and time-periods on a global scale, rendering obsolete the local and relative chronologies on which archaeologists had long relied. As profound as the impact of 14C dating has been, it has had a long and (...) tortuous history now described as proceeding through three revolutions, each of which addresses distinct challenges of capturing, processing and packaging radiogenic data for use in resolving chronological puzzles with which archaeologists has long wrestled. In practice, mobilizing radiogenic data for archaeological use is a hard-won achievement; it involves multiple transformations that, at each step of the way, depend upon a diverse array of technical expertise and background knowledge. I focus on strategies of triangulation and traceability that establish the integrity of these data and their relevance as anchors for evidential reasoning in archaeology. (shrink)

This paper investigates the effectiveness of a new traceability label on consumer willingness to buy the labelled product and whether the effect is mediated by moral affective evaluations of the product. A between-subjects factorial design was used to test the effect of a new traceability label on willingness to buy a chocolate bar, while controlling for different product features and whether this effect was mediated through the consumer’s moral affective evaluations of the product. A broad sample of 1,064 (...) ordinary Danish consumers was recruited for the study from the panel of an online sample provider, age range 18–80. We found that the traceability label has a significant impact on consumer willingness to buy a chocolate bar. This impact is mediated by moral affective evaluations of the chocolate bar. Based on the dual process models of persuasion, we conclude that consumers mainly process the traceability label in a heuristic way, through a peripheral route, making a fast and frugal, affect-based judgment, rather than one based on elaborate reasoning. Being one of the first empirical studies on the impact of a traceability label on consumer willingness to buy a product, it provides valuable insights for businesses on the effects of a traceability label on consumer behaviour. In addition, it provides new insights on the process through which an ethical label influences consumer evaluations and purchase behaviour. This study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to show that an ethical label influences consumer decision-making through activating a holistic moral affective evaluation of the offering, rather than through strengthening the consumer’s knowledge base for a more qualified reasoning process. (shrink)

In this paper we show that there is no minimal bound for jump traceability. In particular, there is no single order function such that strong jump traceability is equivalent to jump traceability for that order. The uniformity of the proof method allows us to adapt the technique to showing that the index set of the c.e. strongly jump traceables is image-complete.

A sustainable supply chain management strategy reduces risks and meets environmental, economic and social objectives by integrating environmental and financial practices. In an ever-changing environment, supply chains have become vulnerable at many levels. In a global supply chain, carefully tracing a product is of great importance to avoid future problems. This paper describes a self-updating smart contract, which includes data validation, for tracing global supply chains using blockchains. Our proposal uses a machine learning model to detect anomalies on traceable data, (...) which helps supply chain operators detect anomalous behavior at any point in the chain in real time. Hyperledger Caliper has been used to evaluate our proposal, and obtained a combined average throughput of 184 transactions per second and an average latency of 0.41 seconds, ensuring that our proposal does not negatively impact supply chain processes while improving supply chain management through data anomaly detection. (shrink)

We study the Turing degrees which contain a real of effective packing dimension one. Downey and Greenberg showed that a c.e. degree has effective packing dimension one if and only if it is not c.e. traceable. In this paper, we show that this characterization fails in general. We construct a real $A\leq_T\emptyset''$ which is hyperimmune-free and not c.e. traceable such that every real $\alpha\leq_T A$ has effective packing dimension 0. We construct a real $B\leq_T\emptyset'$ which is not c.e. traceable such (...) that every real $\alpha\leq_T B$ has effective packing dimension 0. (shrink)

Practice-based immersive design research produces rich artefacts but often weakly traceable claims. Prototype operation, designer reflection, technical traces, participant accounts, and theoretical interpretation may be combined even though they support different inferences. This short article proposes the Prototype-to-Claim Traceability Protocol (PCTP), developed through methodological synthesis and demonstrated through an artefact-centred reconstruction of four immersive VR prototypes: Resonance of Light, Breathing Space, Temporal Displacement, and Echoes of Self. No participant quotations, outcomes, recordings, transcripts, or personal data are reported. The protocol (...) separates five evidence classes and pairs them with descriptive, relational, explanatory, and transfer claims. Its six-stage workflow covers evidence planning, source identification, artefact versioning, source-near coding, claim–evidence mapping, and negative-case/verb auditing. The PCTP treats absent or retrospective records as limits rather than invitations to reconstruct evidence. It offers a compact method for retaining the epistemic value of making while increasing auditability, reflexivity, and ethical restraint. Keywords: practice-based research; research through design; virtual reality; prototype; traceability; evidence; reflexivity. (shrink)

This paper discusses a relational modeling of measurement which is complementary to the standard representational point of view: by focusing on the experimental character of the measurand-related comparison between objects, this modeling emphasizes the role of the measuring systems as the devices which operatively perform such a comparison. The non-idealities of the operation are formalized in terms of non-transitivity of the substitutability relation between measured objects, due to the uncertainty on the measurand value remaining after the measurement. The metrological structure (...) of traceability is shown to be an effective solution to cope with the problem of the general non-transitivity of measurement results. A preliminary theory is introduced as a possible formalization for the presented model. (shrink)

In the context of the integration of blockchain technology in agri-food supply chains, this chapter explores how it can be exploited by firms to ensure traceability and quality of goods and services delivered to customers. Moreover, the chapter will focus on practical implications for managers and consultants in terms of firms’ performances assessment and strategy definition. The first paragraph is dedicated to assessing how the implementation of blockchain technology affects different performance dimensions of agri-food companies, presenting a literature review (...) as well as results from existing empirical research, which confirms blockchain’s role in improving collaboration, knowledge, and governance within supply chains. In the second paragraph two different implementation paths of blockchain technology are introduced, as part of a strategic framework useful for managers. On one side, the “Dynamic configuration” is focused on operational integration and supply chain efficiency; on the other side the “Static configuration” is mainly intended for enhancing marketing differentiation and customer’s engagement. In this context, to fully extract the potential of blockchain technology, managers should carefully align the adopted configuration along with the firm’s strategic goals. (shrink)

Building legal domain ontologies is a prominent challenge in the ontology engineering community. The ontology builders confront issues such as the complexity of the legal domain, the difficulty of applying existing ontology engineering approaches, and the intention of developing legal models faithful to realities. In this paper, we discuss constructing a well-founded legal domain ontology, named CargO-S, for the traceability of goods in logistic sea corridors. For building CargO-S, a pattern-oriented approach is applied, supported by ontology-driven conceptual modeling, ontology (...) layering, and ontology reuse processes. CargO-S is grounded in the unified foundational ontology UFO by using the ontology-driven conceptual modeling language OntoUML. Besides, ontology layering is proposed to simplify the development process by dividing CargO-S into three layers located at different granularity levels: upper, core, and domain. For building the upper and core layers, conceptual ontology patterns are reused from the foundational ontology UFO and the legal core ontology UFO-L. These patterns are applied, either by extension or analogy with legal rules, for building the domain layer. CargO-S is then validated by implementing the ontology as OWL and SWRL rules. Finally, the performance and the semantic accuracy of CargO-S are evaluated using a dual evaluation approach. (shrink)

With the prevalence of traceability technology in the turbulent Internet age, traceable food has become an important tool in addressing food safety issues. Under the combined effect of frequent food safety problems and sustainable development of traceability industry, the research on traceable food consumer behavior has become more extensive. However, it is still not fully understood how the multiple information brought by traceability affects consumers’ purchase decision. This study proposes the effects of traceability knowledge, traceable information (...) quality and traceable certification credibility on traceable food purchase intention via the mediation of perceived risk and perceived value, and integrates the moderating effect of peer influence in the context of Internet age into a research framework. The analytical results indicate that traceability knowledge, traceable information quality, and traceability certification credibility indirectly affect consumers’ traceable food purchase intention through perceived risk and perceived value, while traceability knowledge, perceived risk, and perceived value directly affect “traceable food purchase intention.” Furthermore, peer influence was found to be a significant moderator in the relationship between perceived risk and “traceable food purchase intention.” Finally, based on the research results, traceability companies are suggested to focus on cultivating the traceable consumption habits. Meanwhile, although traceable food quality is the top priority, companies should also attach importance to the communication and interaction with consumer. (shrink)

Since 2020, many countries worldwide have deployed digital contact tracing programs that rely on a range of digital sensors in the city to locate and map the routes of viral spread. Many critical commentaries have raised concerns about the privacy risks and trustworthiness of these programs. Extending these analyses, this paper opens up a different line of questioning that goes beyond privacy-centered single-axis critique of surveillance by considering digital contact tracing symptomatic of the broader changes in modes of urban governance (...) that renders our cities traceable, knowable, and governable through data. Based on archival and real-time analysis of South Korean national and local COVID-19 dashboards, online forums, and interviews with South Korean public health practitioners, this paper offers a sociotechnical analysis of digital contact tracing that looks at the various intersections of state-political, bio-political, and techno-political power dynamics. In contrast to popular narratives that attributed the success of the Korean approach to digital contact tracing to its collectivist culture and smart city infrastructures, this paper suggests that the case can be better understood by looking at both the macro-level shift in the forms of governance that takes on a spatialized and networked character and the micro-level formation of moral responsibility that shape one's conduct as a health and safety-conscious citizens. As the latest realization of the expanding regime of traceability in digital/urban governance, the development of digital contract tracing is seen to parallel with concurrent changes occurring in multiple domains of life including knowledge production, cultural memory, and individual subjectivity. (shrink)

The production of halal pharmaceuticals in Muslim countries is a growing industry with high market demand. Muslim consumer spending on pharmaceuticals was USD108 billion in 2022 and is forecast to reach USD142 billion in 2027. Due to the growing demand for halal pharmaceuticals, business leaders have begun to respond to the call for halal integrity in medicines and related products in which all ingredients should be permissible to use and consume and be alcohol-free. This chapter examines the use of a (...) traceability system to ensure the halal integrity of pharmaceuticals. A traceability system enables the identification of product ingredients’ halal status along the production chain and can also act as a communication tool to ensure that information related to halal products is available along the supply chain and eventually to consumers. The chapter gives an overview of the development of the use of traceability systems in the pharmaceutical supply chain, including the use of state-of-the-art technology, through case studies of Malaysia, Japan and Brunei Darussalam. (shrink)

We prove that there is a ${\mathrm{\Delta }}_{2}^{0}$ , 1-random set Y such that every computably enumerable set which is computable from Y is strongly jump-traceable. We also show that for every order function h there is an ω-c.e. random set Y such that every computably enumerable set which is computable from Y is h-jump-traceable. This establishes a correspondence between rates of jump-traceability and computability from ω-c.e. random sets.

We show that every countable ideal of degrees that are low for isomorphism is contained in a principal ideal of degrees that are low for isomorphism by adapting an exact pair construction. We further show that within the hyperimmune free degrees, lowness for isomorphism is entirely independent of computable traceability.

When more scientists describe independently the same species under different valid Latin names, a case of synonymy occurs. In such a case, the international nomenclature rules stipulate that the first name to appear on a peer-reviewed publication has priority over the others. Based on a recent episode involving priority determination between two competing names of the same fungal plant pathogen, this letter wishes to open a discussion on the ethics of scientific publications and points out the necessity of a correct (...) management of the information provided through personal communications, whose traceability would prevent their fraudulent or accidental manipulation. (shrink)

This paper examined the integration of traceability technologies in e-commerce and their impact on transparency and customer confidence in sustainable goods. Consumer trust depended more on the verification of sustainability promises as digital platforms pushed circular economy concepts. The study filled notable holes in the empirical validation of links between traceability technology, transparency, and customer trust in sustainable e-commerce. An online poll of 412 knowledgeable consumers about traceability technology gathered data. The measurement and structural models were examined (...) using SmartPLS. Results verified that although transparency greatly affected customer trust, traceability technology favorably affected both transparency and consumer trust. Transparency was shown to be a partial mediator between traceability technology and customer trust, therefore offering a new understanding of the processes by which digital technologies support sustainable consumption. The results added to the theoretical knowledge of technology-enabled sustainability and provided practical consequences for e-commerce sites following circular economy ideas. (shrink)

Is it necessary to contrast the spreading process of genetic engineering in the agri-food stuff sector? Can EU rules really consider the impact of this brand new technologies on biology and, consequently, on public health? Despite the general trend, a firm opposition is what is happening in some Regions of Italy, where GMOs production and placing on the market are foibidden.

Descartes’ analysis of knowledge depends upon the (unacknowledged) application of the sortability and traceability thesis as well as on unacknowledged shifts between cognition and metacognition, and the contrapositive of the KK thesis (if one does not know one knows p then one does not know p). These both come into play in the use of his “clear and distinct” criterion for knowledge. For example, in asserting that I can clearly and distinctly know p by way of an inference, all (...) of which I see clearly and distinctly, he is presuming I can accurately and reliably distinguish my current clear and distinct seeing of the inference from a prior occasion on which I saw it so and which I am now merely remembering. That Descartes takes himself to be able distinguish judging from perceiving and both from memory is illustrated by an analysis of his examination of a piece of wax. (shrink)

This study assesses the impact of blockchain technology on the traceability of green products in luxury hotels and examines the mediating role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) awareness in this relationship. Research data were collected from 439 luxury hotels in southeastern Vietnam. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was applied to test the theoretical model and evaluate the relationships between the variables. The results indicate that blockchain technology has a significantly positive impact on the traceability of green (...) products and plays a crucial role in enhancing hotels’ operational performance. Specifically, CSR awareness acts as a significant mediator in this relationship, because luxury hotels with a high level of social responsibility awareness are more likely to adopt blockchain to enhance supply chain transparency, thereby improving operational efficiency and strengthening brand reputation. Key recommendations were provided based on the research findings. First, luxury hotels should view blockchain as a critical strategic tool to optimize the traceability of green products, meet market demands for sustainable development, and increase their competitive advantage. Second, enhancing CSR awareness in luxury hotels not only helps maximize the benefits of blockchain but also promotes more responsible and sustainable business practices. (shrink)

Epistemic systems—distributed configurations of human agents, algorithms, data infrastructures, and institutions that collectively generate, filter, and revise knowledge claims—exhibit persistent tensions among three capacities: registration (the entry of counterevidence into the formal record), traceability (the ability to locate errors to their specific sources), and receptivity (the capacity to sustain heterodox claims and implement corrective actions). This paper introduces the Correction Trilemma as a diagnostic heuristic for identifying such tensions and guiding institutional reflection. Under realistic constraints—bounded rationality, finite resources, and (...) functional interdependence—efforts to strengthen any two of these capacities often impose costs on the third. The term "trilemma" is used to denote this recurring pattern of trade offs, not an impossibility theorem. The framework provides a conceptual vocabulary and three pathological patterns (Corrective Chaos, Elite Dogmatism, Analytical Paralysis) that help diagnose which dimension is systematically sacrificed. We illustrate the heuristic through case studies drawn from psychology's replication crisis, AI based medical diagnosis, and climate modeling intercomparisons (CMIP), showing how trade offs can be managed but not eliminated. The framework is offered as a complement to existing philosophical and metascience work—a common language for analyzing correction dynamics, anticipating unintended consequences of reforms, and designing more self aware epistemic systems. (shrink)

This open repository publication presents empirical evidence that the architectural structure of reasoning — rather than model capability or prompt sophistication — shapes the structural properties of outputs produced by large language models in analytical tasks. The study introduces and tests the principle of epistemological sequencing: the controlled succession of distinct inferential regimes, each with its own validity rules, admissible evidence, and inference operators, applied sequentially to the same analytical object. A controlled comparison was conducted across six analytical frameworks operating (...) under epistemologically heterogeneous regimes — drawing on complex systems theory, cognitive neuroscience, phenomenology, narrative epistemology, adaptive governance, and morphogenetic dynamics. Each framework was tested in two conditions over the same organizational case (a regional healthcare network in transformation, anonymized): a sequenced execution following the framework's regime succession, and a single-prompt control generated independently via Google AI Studio under blind briefing. Four structural metrics were applied to the resulting outputs — M1 variable diversity, M2 relational density, M3 configurational differentiation, M4 inferential traceability — and three independent assessors evaluated the same outputs under blind conditions. The pre-specified success criterion (≥3/4 metrics favorable to the sequenced condition in ≥5/6 frameworks) was met in all six frameworks: four frameworks achieved 4/4 metrics favorable to the sequenced condition; two achieved 3/4 with a tie on M1. Relational density (M2) and inferential traceability (M4) were favorable to the sequenced condition without exception across the six frameworks. The blind evaluation confirmed the structural advantage in five of six frameworks by majority, with two by unanimity; one framework produced no majority verdict and is documented as an informative exception. The paper identifies what it terms epistemic monoculture — the structural convergence of analytical outputs across systems that rely on a single inferential regime — as an architectural rather than capability-level phenomenon, and argues that architectures that orchestrate distinct epistemological regimes preserve diversity of reasoning, relational structure, and audit traceability in ways that single-regime prompting does not. (shrink)

As global warming continues to attract growing levels of attention, various stakeholders have put climate change on corporate agendas and expect firms to disclose relevant greenhouse gas information. In this paper, we investigate the consistency of the GHG information voluntarily disclosed by French listed firms through two different communication channels: corporate reports and the Carbon Disclosure Project. More precisely, we contrast the amounts of GHG emissions reported and the methodological explanations provided in each channel. Consistent with a stakeholder theory perspective, (...) we find that GHG amounts are significantly lower in the CR than in the CDP. We also find that firms increase the CR figures’ traceability when there is a discrepancy between disclosures in the two channels. We suggest that the aim of this greater traceability is to enhance information credibility across the different channels used. (shrink)

In this paper I want to show that consumer concerns can be implemented in food chains by organizing ethical discussions of conflicting values that include them as participators. First, it is argued that there are several types of consumer concerns about food and agriculture that are multi-interpretable and often contradict each other or are at least difficult to reconcile without considerable loss. Second, these consumer concerns are inherently dynamic because they respond to difficult and complex societal and technological situations and (...) developments. For example, because of the rising concern with global warming, carbon dioxide absorption of crops is now attracting public attention, which means that new requirements are being proposed for the environmentally friendly production of crops. Third, there are different types of consumers, and their choices between conflicting values differ accordingly. Consumers use different weighing models and various types of information in making their food choices. Changing food chains more in accordance with consumer concerns should at least take into account the multi-interpretable, dynamic, and pluralist features of consumer concerns, for example, in traceability schemes. In discussing usual approaches such as codes, stakeholder analysis, and assurance schemes, I conclude that these traditional approaches can be helpful. However, in cases of dynamic, pluralistic, and uncertain developments, maintaining some pre-existing evaluating scheme or some clear cut normative hierarchy, such as codes or assurance schemes, can be disastrous in undermining new ethical desirable initiatives. Instead of considering ethical standards and targets as fixed, which is done with codes and schemes, it is more fruitful to emphasize the structure of the processes in which ethical weighing of relevant consumer concerns get shaped. The concept of “Ethical Room for Maneuver” (ERM) is constructed to specify the ethical desirable conditions under which identification and weighing of paramount values and their dilemmas can be processed. The main aims of the ERM are making room in all the links of the food chain for regulating and implementing the relevant consumer concerns by (1) balancing and negotiating, (2) supporting information systems that are relevant and communicative for various consumer groups and (3) organizing consumer involvement in the links of the food chain. The social and political context of agriculture and food production, particularly in Europe, gives ample opportunity for implementing several types of Ethical Rooms for Maneuver. Finally, I discuss several types of Ethical Rooms for Manoeuvre in the food chains that can be communicated by means of specific traceability schemes to less involved stakeholders with the potential consequence that the stakeholders will be motivated to be more involved. (shrink)

A Schnorr test relative to some oracle A may informally be called “universal” if it covers all Schnorr tests. Since no true universal Schnorr test exists, such an A cannot be computable. We prove that the sets with this property are exactly those with high Turing degree. Our method is closely related to the proof of Terwijn and Zambella’s characterization of the oracles which are low for Schnorr tests. We also consider the oracles which compute relativized Schnorr tests with the (...) weaker property of covering all computable reals. The degrees of these oracles strictly include the hyperimmune degrees and are strictly included in the degrees not computably traceable. (shrink)

Consider a randomness notion C\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal{C}}$$\end{document}. A uniform test in the sense of C\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal{C}}$$\end{document} is a total computable procedure that each oracle X produces a test relative to X in the sense of C\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal{C}}$$\end{document}. We say that a binary sequence Y is C\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal{C}}$$\end{document}-random uniformly relative to (...) X if Y passes all uniform C\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal{C}}$$\end{document} tests relative to X. Suppose now we have a pair of randomness notions C\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal{C}}$$\end{document} and D\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal{D}}$$\end{document} where C⊆D\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal{C} \subseteq \mathcal{D}}$$\end{document}, for instance Martin-Löf randomness and Schnorr randomness. Several authors have characterized classes of the form Low which consist of the oracles X that are so feeble that C⊆DX\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal{C} \subseteq \mathcal{D}^X}$$\end{document}. Our goal is to do the same when the randomness notion D\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal{D}}$$\end{document} is relativized uniformly: denote by Low \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\star}$$\end{document} the class of oracles X such that every C\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal{C}}$$\end{document}-random is uniformly D\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal{D}}$$\end{document}-random relative to X. We show that X∈Low⋆\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${X\in Low ^\star}$$\end{document} if and only if X is c.e. tt-traceable if and only if X is anticomplex if and only if X is Martin-Löf packing measure zero with respect to all computable dimension functions. We also show that X∈Low⋆\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${X\in Low^\star}$$\end{document} if and only if X is computably i.o. tt-traceable if and only if X is not totally complex if and only if X is Schnorr Hausdorff measure zero with respect to all computable dimension functions. (shrink)

The expanding deployment of generative AI in professional domains—legal practice, medical diagnosis, financial analysis—has renewed the question whether artificial systems can be held accountable for their outputs. This Article argues that the question has been consistently misframed: the dominant literature asks whether AI should be granted legal personhood without first asking whether AI can satisfy the ontological conditions that legal personhood presupposes. We develop the Three-Pillar Test, an analytical instrument that formalizes three copulative conditions for legal accountability: Deliberative Suspension (genuine (...) interruption of automatism, not mere processing), Evaluation without Determination (rational traceability of singular judgment, not statistical optimization), and Signature-as-Commitment (exposure to irreversible loss by an identifiable subject). Drawing on philosophical anthropology (Gehlen), the theory of judgment (Kant, Arendt), and the ontology of commitment (Jakobs, Taleb), we demonstrate that these conditions translate into verifiable legal indicators grounded in positive law. Five objections are examined: the corporate analogy, the technical improvement argument, insurance pools, the pragmatic objection, and functional neutrality. Each is shown to presuppose rather than eliminate the three pillars. The test is agnostic regarding artificial consciousness and operates entirely on observable institutional conditions. A companion article applies the test empirically to generative legal technology. Keywords: legal accountability, AI personhood, deliberative suspension, reflective judgment, philosophical anthropology, Three-Pillar Test, ontology of agency, artificial intelligence, legal personhood, institutional accountability . (shrink)

The rapid diffusion of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the defence domain raises challenges for the ethical governance of these systems. A recent shift from the what to the how of AI ethics sees a nascent body of literature published by defence organisations focussed on guidance to implement AI ethics principles. These efforts have neglected a crucial intermediate step between principles and guidance concerning the elicitation of ethical requirements for specifying the guidance. In this article, we outline the key normative (...) choices and corresponding tradeoffs that are involved in specifying guidance for the implementation of AI ethics principles in the defence domain. These correspond to: the AI lifecycle model used; the scope of stakeholder involvement; the accountability goals chosen; the choice of auditing requirements; and the choice of mechanisms for transparency and traceability. We provide initial recommendations for navigating these tradeoffs and highlight the importance of a pro-ethical institutional culture. (shrink)

Artificial intelligence’s impact on healthcare is undeniable. What is less clear is whether it will be ethically justifiable. Just as we know that AI can be used to diagnose disease, predict risk, develop personalized treatment plans, monitor patients remotely, or automate triage, we also know that it can pose significant threats to patient safety and the reliability (or trustworthiness) of the healthcare sector as a whole. These ethical risks arise from (a) flaws in the evidence base of healthcare AI (epistemic (...) concerns); (b) the potential of AI to transform fundamentally the meaning of health, the nature of healthcare, and the practice of medicine (normative concerns); and (c) the “black box” nature of the AI development pipeline, which undermines the effectiveness of existing accountability mechanisms (traceability concerns). In this chapter, we systematically map (a)–(c) to six different levels of abstraction: individual, interpersonal, group, institutional, sectoral, and societal. The aim is to help policymakers, regulators, and other high-level stakeholders delineate the scope of regulation and other “softer” governing measures for AI in healthcare. We hope that by doing so, we may enable global healthcare systems to capitalize safely and reliably on the many benefits of healthcare AI. (shrink)

The rapid diffusion of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the defence domain raises challenges for the ethical governance of these systems. A recent shift from the what to the how of AI ethics sees a nascent body of literature published by defence organisations focussed on guidance to implement AI ethics principles. These efforts have neglected a crucial intermediate step between principles and guidance concerning the elicitation of ethical requirements for specifying the guidance. In this article, we outline the key normative (...) choices and corresponding tradeoffs that are involved in specifying guidance for the implementation of AI ethics principles in the defence domain. These correspond to: the AI lifecycle model used; the scope of stakeholder involvement; the accountability goals chosen; the choice of auditing requirements; and the choice of mechanisms for transparency and traceability. We provide initial recommendations for navigating these tradeoffs and highlight the importance of a pro-ethical institutional culture. (shrink)

This article presents a mapping review of the literature concerning the ethics of artificial intelligence (AI) in health care. The goal of this review is to summarise current debates and identify open questions for future research. Five literature databases were searched (Scopus, Google Scholar, Philpapers, Web of Science, Pub Med), in April 2019, to support the following research question: “how can the primary ethical risks presented by AI-health be categorised, and what issues must policymakers, regulators and developers consider in order (...) to be ‘ethically mindful?’”. A series of screening stages were carried out—for example, removing articles that focused on digital health in general (e.g. data sharing, data access, data privacy, surveillance/nudging, consent, ownership of health data, evidence of efficacy)—yielding a total of 156 papers that were included in the review.We find that ethical issues can be (a) epistemic, related to misguided, inconclusive or inscrutable evidence; (b) normative, related to unfair outcomes and transformative effectives; or (c) related to traceability. We further find that these ethical issues arise at six levels of abstraction: individual, interpersonal, group, institutional, and societal or sectoral. Finally, we outline a number of considerations for policymakers and regulators, mapping these to existing literature, and categorising each as epistemic, normative or traceability-related and at the relevant level of abstraction. This article contributes to the debate on AI in health care by offering a comprehensive analysis of the relevant literature, focusing on the ethical implications for individuals, interpersonal relationships, groups, institutions, societies and the health sector as a whole. Our goal is to inform policymakers, regulators and developers of what they must consider if they are to enable health and care systems to capitalise on the dual advantage of ethical AI; maximising the opportunities to cut costs, improve care, and improve the efficiency of health and care systems, whilst proactively avoiding the potential harms. We argue that if action is not swiftly taken in this regard, a new ‘AI winter’ could occur due to chilling effects related to a loss of public trust in the benefits of AI for health care. (shrink)

This position paper argues that realizing AI’s potential for science while protecting science as a knowledge-producing institution requires alignment to science’s epistemic goals and values—a challenge that neither general AI alignment nor responsible AI frameworks adequately address. As investment in AI for science grows, troubling patterns multiply: conflicting claims about fundamental capabilities, documented contraction of research toward AI-amenable problems, and benchmark-driven development disconnected from scientific needs. We contend that science is an inherently valuable epistemic system oriented toward human understanding—not merely (...) prediction—and that its value and reliability depend on social infrastructure that is now threatened by misaligned AI integration. We propose a new field of study, scientific alignment: ensuring AI systems optimize for epistemic norms like traceability, self-consistency, and support for human comprehension (technical alignment), while developing governance structures that sustain science’s social infrastructure (systemic alignment). We outline concrete research directions and argue that the goal is not to constrain AI, but to ensure it serves the genuine aims of scientific inquiry. (shrink)

With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technologies, algorithm-based investment systems have been spreading rapidly in financial markets. High-frequency trading, automated portfolio management, and machine-learning-based investment strategies are fundamentally transforming the structure of investment decision-making. This transformation goes beyond simple technological innovation and is reshaping both the judgment structure and the responsibility structure of financial markets. 1 This study begins with the following questions: Can AI-driven investment systems become the trigger of the next financial crisis? If such a situation occurs, (...) who should be held responsible? This paper introduces the concept of a structural responsibility gap that emerges in algorithmic investment environments. In automated investment systems, data col lection, model analysis, signal generation, and order execution operate within a unified algorithmic structure. Investment decisions are therefore performed internally within the system without direct human intervention, while responsibility becomes distributed across developers, financial institutions, investors, and regulatory authorities. As a re sult, a structural problem arises in which the attribution of responsibility becomes unclear in times of crisis. Thestudy also analyzes how algorithmic synchronization and feedback loops—which occur when multiple algorithmic trading systems simultaneously respond to shared market signals—can amplify market volatility and expand systemic risk. Such dynam ics provide an important mechanism for explaining sudden market instabilities such as f lash crashes. To address this issue, the paper proposes a Hierarchical Joint Responsibility Model. This model restructures responsibility within algorithmic investment environments into three layers: the design layer, the operational layer, and the authorization layer. By doing so, it presents an institutional framework capable of maintaining both traceability and normative control of responsibility within automated financial systems. This study emphasizes that AI-based financial systems are not merely technologi cal tools but socio-technical structures that transform the very architecture of finan cial judgment. The study ultimately aims to provide philosophical and institutional foundations for redesigning responsibility structures in increasingly automated finan cial markets, while also offering conceptual guidance for regulators and policy makers seeking to address accountability challenges in AI-driven financial systems. (shrink)

Contemporary scientific inquiry is increasingly distributed across hybrid systems where human agents, algorithmic models, data infrastructures, and institutional regimes interact. Traditional philosophical criteria—falsifiability, severe testing, transformative criticism—remain normatively valid, but their operational effectiveness depends on systemic conditions. This paper develops a normative framework for evaluating these conditions, building directly on the descriptive architecture of the Correction Trilemma (registration, traceability, receptivity) and the regulative ideal of material accountability. The framework is organised around three normative criteria: empirical corrigibility (whether counterevidence propagates (...) to decision points), traceable error correction (whether errors can be localised and revised), and counter inductive capacity (whether heterodox claims are institutionally sustained). The paper provides a systematic normative justification, addresses tensions between functional corrigibility and relational answerability, specifies falsifiable conditions, and presents the Correction Trilemma as a testable hypothesis. The framework is offered as a diagnostic heuristic and operationalizable concept—not yet a field tested instrument, but a structured vocabulary for identifying vulnerabilities and designing coordinated reforms. Appendices provide an ordinal coding protocol with a cautious statistical calibration method, a user checklist, a glossary, a diagnostic question bank, and a comparative table distinguishing the framework from contemporary algorithmic accountability approaches. A validation protocol for future empirical testing is also provided. (shrink)

The explosion of interest in large language models (LLMs) has been accompanied by concerns over the extent to which generated outputs can be trusted, owing to the prevalence of bias, hallucinations, and so forth. Accordingly, there is a growing interest in the use of ontologies and knowledge graphs to make LLMs more trustworthy. This rests on the long history of ontologies and knowledge graphs in constructing human-comprehensible justification for model outputs as well as traceability concerning the impact of evidence (...) on other evidence. Understanding the nature of arguments and argumentation is critical to each, especially when LLM output conflicts with what is expected by users. The central contribution of this article is to extend the Arguments Ontology (ARGO) - an ontology specific to the domain of argumentation and evidence broadly construed - into the space of LLM fact-checking in the interest of promoting justification and traceability research through the use of ARGO-based ‘blueprints’. (shrink)

This article advances an operative form of phenomenological realism grounded in the axiom that “what has not shown itself is not yet.” Truth is treated not as a static property but as an ontological event of donation, articulated through a hinge between Realism of the Ontological Event (ROE) and Epistemic Inferentialism (EI), which integrates the Sellarsian critique of the “Myth of the Given” without collapsing into coherentism. Truth persists through modalities of trace: the reinstantiable R-trace of replicable laboratory phenomena and (...) the archival A-trace of singular events, both possessing equal ontological dignity. Applying this framework to quantum physics, I argue for ontological neutrality until donation: interpretations gain commitment only when they generate new forms of appearing. To make this operative, I propose an L1–L4 hierarchy with thresholds involving replication, inter-instrumental convergence, counterfactual controls, statistical preregistration, open traceability, and temporal durability. This approach reframes truth across philosophical and scientific practice. (shrink)

The growing integration of artificial intelligence (AI)-based brain–computer interface (BCI) systems into healthcare intensifies a fundamental legal question: who should bear responsibility for damage caused by adaptive technologies that directly interact with the human brain? Whilst the European Union’s new Product Liability Directive (2024/2853) represents a significant step towards modernising liability for digital products, it remains largely oriented towards identifiable technical defects and relatively stable products. This article examines AI-driven BCI systems through the lens of algorithmic normativity and introduces the (...) concept of a Reflexive Normative Cascade to analyse how responsibility evolves from pre-legal normative expectations to societal experiential feedback and, potentially, to reactive legal crystallisation. It argues that although societal experience clearly articulates concerns relating to autonomy, mental integrity, and transparency, these insights are not always successfully translated into stable liability rules under the current product liability framework. In particular, damages arising from normative design choices embedded in algorithms, continuous post-market adaptation, and distributed responsibility chains expose persistent accountability gaps for both injured parties and producers. By situating the Product Liability Directive within this reflexive process, the article contends that liability for AI-driven BCIs cannot be fully addressed through static doctrinal tools alone and calls for a dynamic normative framework integrating transparency, traceability, and complementary insurance mechanisms. (shrink)

This Version Guide documents the complete evolution of the Waywardism Master Codex from its initial v1.0 release through v1.2.1. It records every structural correction, philosophical refinement, scar-triggered update, and installment-specific patch that shaped the current system. Using semantic versioning, the guide maps how each installment evolved independently, enabling transparent tracking of changes without revision-by-erasure. Major advancements across v1.1–v1.2.1 include corrections to Observer impartiality, bootstrap verification protocols, crisis and mercy architecture, Value Distance Metric refinement, harm-vector weighting, plural-governance rules, ecological amplifiers, and (...) RoseOS security hardening. By providing full scar lineage and version-specific change logs, this document preserves system integrity, ensures traceability, and frames Waywardism as a rigorously self-correcting ethical architecture. (shrink)

This study examines how institutional contexts influence the AI ethics landscape through quantified qualitative discourse analysis. We analyzed ten foundational AI ethics documents from academic, industry, military/defense, and national sectors (2018–2021) to investigate whether purportedly universal ethical principles maintain consistent meanings across contexts. The methodology integrated computational frequency analysis of purposive sample, targeting influential texts functioning as obligatory passage points in AI ethics discourse. We identified 14 ethical principles through systematic word list development, analyzed 2351 coded segments across documents, and (...) mapped semantic co-occurrence patterns. The analysis revealed that universal principles undergo systematic recontextualization through institutional appropriation. Privacy transforms from rights-based frameworks in EU documents to security-balance approaches in US military contexts to collective security conceptualizations in Israeli frameworks. Military frameworks uniquely emphasize governability and traceability, while these principles remain absent in academic and industry documents. Industry texts prioritize technical operationalization over distributive justice concerns, with equitability completely absent despite appearing in 15.8% of academic codes. These findings challenge assumptions about universal AI ethics, demonstrating that institutional logics constitute rather than merely influence ethical discourse. Effective AI governance requires acknowledging this contextual heterogeneity through sector-specific guidelines that recognize interpretive variations while maintaining core principles. The research contributes methodologically by demonstrating how quantified qualitative analysis reveals systematic patterns invisible to purely qualitative approaches, and theoretically by establishing institutional positioning as constitutive of ethical meaning in AI governance discourse. (shrink)

The article analyses the legal challenges posed by training artificial intelligence systems with copyrighted works, taking as reference the cases The New York Times v. Microsoft/OpenAI and Getty Images v. Stability AI. Based on a comparative analysis between Italian and Argentine law, it examines how the concepts of creativity, authorship and unfair competition are strained by automated content generation. It proposes strengthening transparency, traceability, and accountability in the use of AI, harmonizing technological innovation and the protection of human creativity.

Complex systems – from deep-learning models to ecological networks – share an often-overlooked property: systemic vulnerability, an inherent susceptibility to cascades that stems from their very structure and interdependencies. While the normative literature typically frames this problem in the means of systemic risk, this article argues that risk is merely the symptom of a deeper, present condition. After mapping how “systemic risk” has migrated from economics into cybersecurity, environmental science and, most recently, the European Union’s AI Act, the paper reconstructs (...) the philosophical genealogy of “system” in Kant, Hegel, cybernetics and complexity theory to show why opacity, feedback loops and emergent behaviour make complete causal mapping impossible. It then demonstrates, through the examples of frontier AI models and ecosystems, how small perturbations can propagate across dense relational networks, entangling technical failures with social inequities and environmental externalities. Because vulnerability is structural and ongoing, compliance-oriented risk controls remain insufficient. The article therefore calls for a reflexive ethic of vulnerability: governance practices that embed transparency, traceability, participatory oversight and sustainability metrics throughout the AI and environmental value chains. Recognising and managing systemic vulnerability, rather than attempting to eliminate it, is essential to safeguarding the concrete vulnerabilities of human beings. (shrink)

Definition of the problem Assistance systems based on machine learning are increasingly being used in medical imaging diagnostics. But can physicians still take responsibility for a diagnosis if they do not fully understand how it came about? Those who blindly trust in technology can hardly fulfill the epistemic condition of responsibility. Arguments Qualitative interviews with radiologists and pathologists on the topics of “responsibility” and “trust” show that physicians only trust artificial intelligence (AI) results if they have the opportunity to control (...) them. Control can create the basis for justified (as opposed to blind) trust. It is worth considering whether such justified trust can also fulfill the epistemic condition of responsibility: Physicians would then no longer have to (be able to) check a specific individual result of the AI, but it would be sufficient that they have previously checked and continuously re-evaluate the expertise of AI for this task. It is clear that the challenges outlined above are by no means specific to AI: Assuming responsibility despite a lack of knowledge is also encountered, among others, in the area of delegation. The fact that internal processes are difficult to comprehend also applies to humans and other technical devices. Conclusion In order to trust AI in a responsible way, physicians need a basic understanding of information technology and a heightened awareness of the respective strengths of humans and machines. They should generally have the opportunity to understand AI results, but there should be a differentiated evaluation of the processes for which traceability is necessary and helpful. AI developers could be held more accountable through product liability. (shrink)