In his landmark work, Democracy and Education, John Dewey (1916/1980) proposed that "democracy is more than a form of government; it is primarily a mode of associated living, of conjoint communicated experience" (93). Given this, he argued, the role of the system of public education in a democracy must not only facilitate individual development, but do so in a way that simultaneously attends to the larger social good. Preparation for vocation was central to this effort, understood not as narrow technical (...) training, but rather as "such a direction of life activities as renders them perceptibly significant to a person, because of the consequences they accomplish, and also useful to his associates" (316). The threat .. (shrink)

This paper is on dangerous human experimentations with drugs against trypanosimiasis carried out in the former German colonies of German East Africa and Togo. Victory over trypanosomiasis could not be achieved in Berlin because animals were thought to be unsuitable for therapeutic laboratory research in the field of trypanosomiasis. The colonies themselves were necessarily chosen as laboratories and the patients with sleeping sickness became the objects of therapeutical and pharmacological research. The paper first outlines Robert Koch's trypanosomiasis research in (...) the large sleeping sickness laboratory of German East Africa and then focuses on the escalating human experiments on trypanosomiasis in the German Musterkolonie Togo, which must be interpreted as a reaction to the starting signal given by Robert Koch in East Africa. (shrink)

Aim To explore the way people living with HIV and healthcare providers in Togo judge the priority of HIV-infected patients regarding the allocation of antiretroviral drugs. Method From June to September 2015, 200 adults living with HIV and 121 healthcare providers living in Togo were recruited for the study. They were presented with stories of a few lines depicting the situation of an HIV-infected patient and were instructed to judge the extent to which the patient should be given (...) priority for antiretroviral drugs. The stories were composed by systematically varying the levels of four factors: the severity of HIV infection, the financial situation of the patient, the patient's family responsibilities and the time elapsed since the first consultation. Results Five clusters were identified: 65% of the participants expressed the view that patients who are poor and severely sick should be treated as a priority, 13% prioritised treatment of patients who are poor and parents of small children, 12% expressed the view that the poor should be treated as a priority, 4% preferred that the sickest be treated as a priority and 6% wanted all patients to get treatment. Conclusions WHO's guideline regarding antiretroviral therapy allocation currently in use in many African countries does not reflect the preferences of Togolese people living with HIV. For most HIV-infected patients in Togo, patients who cannot get treatment on their own should be treated as a priority. (shrink)

La recherche présentée trouve son origine dans la situation de crise générale que traverserait l’autorité au niveau politique, religieux comme éducatif au Togo. Dans le contexte de confrontation de l’éducation dite traditionnelle au modèle éducatif véhiculé par l’école, produit de la colonisation ou de la rencontre avec l’Europe, nous nous proposons d’examiner les conceptions et pratiques de l’autorité dans l’éducation togolaise aujourd’hui. Peut-on parler de crise de l’autorité, dans le même sens que Hannah Arendt pour le contexte etatsunien? Si (...) oui, pourquoi fait-elle problème? C’est sous l’angle philosophico-sémantique que cette recherche aborde cette problématique. (shrink)

Zusammenfassung Bei der Untersuchung der Massenmedien in der Dritten Welt ist ihr spezifischer Charakter allzu oft vernachlässigt worden. Kann die Vitalität der folkloristischen Kommunikationsformen von Kleingruppen neue Medien für die Masse, z. B. für eine Stadt hervorbringen? Die Untersuchung zeigt, daß das Publikum der „concert party“, einer Art Folklore-Theater im togolesischen Lomé, gewisse Gruppenmerkmale aufweist, daß es sich dabei aber zugleich schon um ein Massenpublikum handelt, verstreut über den gesamten städtischen und sozialen Raum. In einer Übergangsgesellschaft wie der togolesischen lassen (...) sich also halb-folkloristische, halb-massengerechte Kommunikationsformen beobachten, die zu Recht populär genannt werden dürfen. (shrink)

This essay discusses how artists, architects, and local community people have collaborated together to regenerate an everyday life aesthetics that embodies and reflects the environmental specificity of local culture, history, and geography in the context of Taiwan, where systematic urbanisation has had a very negative impact in many different areas since the early 2000s. The essay explores the possibility of local aesthetics retrieving the feelings of the Taiwanese “vernacular worlds” against the effects of globalisation, urbanisation and rapid socio-political changes. Two (...) social practice art projects are considered accordingly: Plum Tree Creek and Togo Village. (shrink)

Donors, scientists and farmers all benefit when research and development projects have high impact. However, potential benefits are sometimes not realized. Our objective in this study is to determine why resource-poor farmers in Togo (declined to) adopt recommended practices that were promoted through a multi-organizational project on soil fertility management. We examine the processes and outcomes related to the adoption process. The project was undertaken in three villages in the Central Region of Togo in West Africa. The development (...) and research processes that took place during the implementation of the project were critically analyzed using a conceptual framework that may be useful for improving the impact of future participatory projects. At the macro level, opportunities for innovation were not deliberately explored with participating farmers and other village members; consequently “pre-analytical choices” made during the planning phase resulted in practices that resource-poor farmers were, for a variety of reasons, unable or unwilling to adopt. From the outset, donors and scientists focused on soil fertility management, but failed to take into account the wider economic context within which soil fertility management took place. This was a major obstacle to the subsequent adoption of recommended management strategies. Scientists and donor partners measured the success of the Project in terms of crop productivity, but farmers’ choices were influenced by a complex mix of socio-economic, political and technical factors. We also illustrate the importance of selecting appropriate categories of farmers for a particular experiment. We conclude that for participatory research and development projects to be successful, it is not enough to develop technologies that “work” in a technical sense. In order to be scaled up and widely implemented, such technologies must also meet a variety of needs of resource-poor farmers and be acceptable from a socio-cultural point of view. (shrink)

Booker T. (Taliaferro) Washington is an historical icon in American history as a political activist for African Americans and thought leader on industrial education. However, only a few historians have acknowledged or focused on Washington’s contributions to and on Africa. While Washington advocated for education and economic self-sufficiency, he also advocated for improved conditions in Central and West Africa. As the Vice President of the Friends of the Congo, Washington lobbied the White House on Congo issues; in the Liberian Crisis, (...) Washington facilitated negotiations on Liberia’s behalf to prevent foreign encroachment; and Washington spearheaded a mission to West Africa’s Togo to transform its cotton economy. This chapter uses historiographical methodology to review primary sources from Washington to illustrate his involvement in and influence on African international affairs. Additionally, this chapter discusses how Washington’s philosophy of self-determination, education, and self-reliance may continue to influence African countries today as they contend with unemployment, corruption, overpopulation, and poor governance. (shrink)

Aim To study the views on the acceptability of physician-assisted-suicide of lay people and health professionals in an African country, Togo.Method In February–June 2012, 312 lay people and 198 health professionals in Togo judged the acceptability of PAS in 36 concrete scenarios composed of all combinations of four factors: the patient's age, the level of incurability of the illness, the type of suffering and the patient's request for PAS. In all scenarios, the patients were women receiving the best (...) possible care. The ratings were subjected to cluster analysis and analyses of variance.Results Most lay people were not systematically opposed to PAS, whereas most health professionals were systematically opposed to it. The most important factors in increasing acceptability among people not systematically opposed were advanced age of the patient and incurability of the illness. Additional acceptability was provided by the patient's request to have her life ended, although much less so than in studies in Western countries, and by suffering characterised by complete dependence rather than by extreme physical pain.Conclusions These empirical findings—the first ones gathered in the African continent—suggest that most Togolese lay people are not categorically for or against PAS, but judge its degree of acceptability as a function of concrete circumstances. (shrink)

Russkie emigranty, pokinuvshie svoiu stranu posle pobedy bol´shevistskoi revolutsii, stali svideteliami i zhertvami pervoi v istorii popytki prevrashcheniia totalitarnoi utopii v deistvitel´nost´. Mnogie iz nikh poniali, chto sobytiia 1917 g. byli lish´ pervym aktom obshcheevropieskoi tragedii, i pytalis´ predupredit´ obschcehstvennost´ ikh stran prebyvaniia o nadvigaiushcheisiia katastrofe. No oni, za redkimi iskliucheniiami, ne nashli shiroko otklika. Odnako ne iz-za iazykovogo bar´era, kak eto chasto predpolagaietsia. Mnogochislennye raboty russkikh emigrantskikh myslitelei byli perevedeny na zapadnoevropeiskie iazyki, krome togo, eti avtory, kak pravilo, (...) prevoskhodno vladeli inostrannymi iazykami i neredko pisali svoi trudy na iazyke strany prebyvaniia. Nedootsenka tvorcheskogo potentsiala russkikh emigrantov rasprostranennaia na Zapade, bez somneniia sviazana s tem, chto „zarubezhnaia Rossiia“ interesovala nemetskuiu, frantsuzskuiu ili angliiskuiu obshchestvennost namnogo men´she, chem sovetskoe gosudarstvo. Kak zavorozhennye sledili mnogie evropeitsy za provodimym bol´shevikami sotsial´nym eksperimentom, nesmotria na tot fakt, chto milliony sovetskkh grazhdan dolzhny byli zaplatit´ za etot eksperiment svoei zhizn´iu. Kak emigrantskie mysliteli pytalis´ obiasnit´ prichiny i posledstviia russkoi katastrofy 1917 goda, a takzhe krizis zapadnoi tsivilizatsii pervoi poloviny XX veka? Etoi teme posviashchen dannyi sbornik statei. (shrink)

In this work, we treat the interpretation of tense in adjunct clauses in English and Russian (relative clauses, before/after/when-clauses) with a future matrix verb. The main findings of our paper are the following: 1. English has a simultaneous reading in Present adjuncts embedded under will. Russian Present adjuncts under budet or the synthetic perfective future can only have a deictic interpretation. This follows from our SOT parameter. 2. The syntax of Russian temporal adjunct clauses (do/posle togo kak…) shows overt (...) parts that had to be stipulated for English as covert in earlier papers. We present a neat and straightforward analysis of Russian temporal adjuncts. Contrary to Russian, English has Present under Future in before-clauses. It would be nice to relate this feature to the SOT parameter, but the construction seems to be an idiosyncrasy in the domain of subordinate tense. (shrink)

This article seeks to interpret the phrase Πάτερ, ημων ο εν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς in the invocation of the Lord’s Prayer in the light of Ewe-Ghanaian cosmology. The article employs a combination of the historical-critical and indigenous mother tongue biblical hermeneutical approaches to explore the implication of the invocation for Ewe-Ghanaian Christian spirituality today. The article firstly discusses the various theological and hermeneutical positions of the invocation in dialogue with Ewe-Ghanaian concept of God and the plurality of his dwelling place. The (...) article argues that Matthew’s use of οὐρανοῖς to suggest a plurality in God’s dwelling place resonates with Ewe cosmology, where it is believed that there are seven states of existence and that Mawugã, the Supreme Being, dwells in the first – the absolute state. Thus God exists in ‘seven heavens’ in Ewe cosmology, with the highest heaven being the eternal state of abode. On the other hand, the inclusive interpretation of the fatherhood of God in Ewe cosmology is discontinuous with the exclusive interpretation in the works of the church fathers such as Cyprian, Origen, Gregory of Nissa, Augustine and Clement of Alexandria. This hermeneutical position, the article observes, was responsible for the theological tensions that characterised the encounter between missionary Christianity and Ewe indigenous religion in the middle of the 19th century. However, the introduction of social services as evangelisation strategy, the legacy of the Ewe Bible and liturgy and the handing over of the Ewe church to the indigenous coworkers may have contributed to a large extent in ensuring religious tolerance among followers of the two religions. Today, Ewe-Ghanaian popular Christianity has shifted from its apologetic stance to a more liberal stance and employs indigenous religious and cultural categories in theologising.Contribution: Matthew’s rendition of the invocation of the Lord’s Prayer in the context of Ewe-Ghanaian cosmology is the focus of this article. The article forms part of the researcher’s contribution to the academic knowledge on the Lord’s Prayer and inspires the use of mother tongue biblical hermeneutics in the development of theological materials for the Ewe-Ghanaian Christian communities in Ghana and Togo. (shrink)

When 47-year-old Simba Abalo, an unemployed retired soldier in Lomé, Togo, found out that he had AIDS in September 2007, he was unable to receive government-supplied antiretroviral drugs: “CAMEG [the state’s central medicines purchasing organization],” he said, “told me they were not taking any new cases for six months because they had run out of drugs.Stocks of antiretrovirals had become depleted after the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria suspended part of its grant to Togo in (...) 2006 and failed to approve a new grant request in 2007, reportedly because of oversight irregularities. “Even if they had the drugs,” said Abalo, “I could not have paid more than US$4 a month since I had just lost my job as a security guard earning US$70 a month.”. (shrink)

_The study investigates the relationship between healthcare spending and economic growth in six selected Sub-Saharan African countries: Nigeria, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Cameroon, and Ethiopia. The study employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model as an estimation technique to analyse the panel data which spans from 2000 to 2020. The research examines both the short- and long-run impacts of healthcare spending, population growth, and life expectancy on real GDP (a proxy for economic growth). Based on the ARDL panel results, it (...) is stated that, in the short run, both healthcare spending and life expectancy exert a significant negative impact on real GDP. However, in the long run, real GDP is positively and significantly influenced by all the regressors, highlighting the crucial role of healthcare investment in driving economic development. Additionally, the Granger causality test reveals a bidirectional relationship between real GDP and per capita health spending, suggesting that enhancements in healthcare can stimulate economic growth, and economic growth, in turn, can lead to increased healthcare investments. The study strongly recommends that policymakers in these countries adhere to the Abuja Declaration by allocating 15% of their national budgets to the healthcare sector to bolster economic outcomes. These findings emphasize the critical importance of sustained healthcare investment as a catalyst for long-term economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa._. (shrink)

In this work, we treat the interpretation of tense in adjunct clauses in English and Russian (relative clauses, before/after/when-clauses) with a future matrix verb. The main findings of our paper are the following: 1. English has a simultaneous reading in Present adjuncts embedded under will. Russian Present adjuncts under budet or the synthetic perfective future can only have a deictic interpretation. This follows from our SOT parameter. 2. The syntax of Russian temporal adjunct clauses (do/posle togo kak…) shows overt (...) parts that had to be stipulated for English as covert in earlier papers. We present a neat and straightforward analysis of Russian temporal adjuncts. Contrary to Russian, English has Present under Future in before-clauses. It would be nice to relate this feature to the SOT parameter, but the construction seems to be an idiosyncrasy in the domain of subordinate tense. (shrink)

Dispositif non pas d’exposition mais de communication, la « Konkomba Memory Box » est présentée simultanément dans une localité konkomba, à Nawaré au Togo, et au Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum à Cologne, dans le cadre de l’exposition « Resist – Die Kunst des Widerstands (L’art de la résistance) », du 6 novembre 2020 au 14 avril 2021. Ce cadre muséal hors-les-murs n’est pas simplement le réceptacle des informations collectées au cours d’une enquête sur l’actualité du passé colonial, et notamment de sa (...) violence, mais il est aussi l’outil d’une exploration, dont la forme est élaborée, appropriée, discutée et recomposée par l’ensemble des participants, et surtout, par ceux qui aujourd’hui, font leur ce récit. L’affaire des « pouces coupés » illustre bien cette démarche. Il s’agit du débat sur la restitution d’un membre fantôme, celui du pouce de la main droite des archers konkomba dont les descendants actuels affirment qu’il a été amputé par les milices coloniales allemandes (Von Massow) puis françaises (Massu). (shrink)

"Ich werde am Du; Ich werdend spreche ich Du!" ist Grundmotiv dialogischen Lernens, das sich durch konkretes Vertrauen und echte persönliche Verantwortung realisiert. Als geistiges Prinzip findet es auch Resonanz im (dialogischen) Denken. Wie und was das wiederum bewirkt, zeigt die vorliegende Bilanz von Cornelia Muth, Professorin für Erziehungswissenschaft, über ihre Dialogische Pädagogik der letzten 10 Jahre. Das Material ordnet sie einerseits chronologisch, andererseits beginnt sie mit dem aktuellen Geschehen: (Ihre) StudentInnen des Fachbereiches Sozialwesen der Fachhochschule Bielefeld schreiben über Erfahrungen (...) mit der und durch die Dialogphilosophie Martin Bubers. Zuerst erzählen Sabine Peter und Susanna Matt-Windel gemeinsam, wie sich 2003 der Buber-Lesekreis jenseits des regulären Seminarangebotes gründet und entwickelt. Koffi Abah Edem charakterisiert Verläufe von Dialoggruppen und zieht eine Verbindung zum gesellschaftspolitischen Leben in Togo. Jan Großwinkelmann spiegelt die hermeneutische Seite dialogischen Denkens wider. Yvonne Kahlert zeigt die tiefe Wirkung von authentischen Begegnungen. Schließlich durchdenken Susanna Matt-Windel und Sabine Peter ihre individuellen Berufserfahrungen auf dem Weg zur dialogischen Pädagogin in der Sozialen Arbeit. Daran schließt sich eine biblio-biographische Rückschau auf dialogische Publikationen der Herausgeberin an. Die Dialogpädagogin kommt zu dem so verblüffenden wie paradoxen Ergebnis, dass allein das Vorenthalten bzw. Rückbiegen des Ich den Weg zum Du und damit zum Lernen von Vertrauen und Verantwortung niederhält. Diese Erkenntnisse sind Ernte vielfältiger Lebenserfahrungen der Autorin. Sie zeigen sich in den hier zum ersten Mal veröffentlichten Beiträgen - zum Frauenfußball, - zu interkulturellem Lernen, - zur Medienpädagogik, - zu neuen familialen Lebensformen und - zur dialogischen Evaluation. Am Ende des Bandes finden sich mehrere kleine dialogische Meditationen über Freiheit, Weltordnung und Präsenz, die die spirituelle Weite des Dialogischen hinweisen. (shrink)

Diphtheria is an acute toxin-mediated superficial infection of the respiratory tract or skin caused by the aerobic gram-positive bacillus Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The epidemiology of infection and clinical manifestations of the disease vary in different parts of the world. Historical accounts of diphtheria epidemics have been described in many parts of the world since antiquity. Developed in the late 19th century, the diphtheria antitoxin played a pivotal role in the history of public health and vaccinology prior to the advent of the (...) diphtheria-tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine. One of the most significant demonstrations of the importance of DAT was its use in the 1925 diphtheria epidemic of Nome, Alaska. Coordinated emergency delivery of this life-saving antitoxin by dog-sled relay in the harshest of conditions has left a profound legacy in the annals of vaccinology and public health. Lead dogs Balto and Togo, and the dog-led antitoxin run of 1925 represent a dynamic illustration of the contribution made by non-human species towards mass immunization in the history of vaccinology. This unique example of cooperative interspecies fellowship and collaboration highlights the importance of the human-animal bond in the one-health initiative. (shrink)

As a scientific, materialist worldview becomes increasingly difficult to repudiate, and as philosophers increasingly uncover and articulate the conceptual nature of morality and distinctively moral normativity, the threat of moral anti-realism becomes more and more real. This perspective is argued in Chapter One. Chapter Two discusses how laws and bioethical trends that pertain to the clinical management of patients in a vegetative coma differ from country to country and continue to give rise to unresolved legal debates and scientific controversy. Chapter (...) Three covers how caregivers in palliative care must be supported to better understand patients hopes and needs, making them comfortable to decide when or how much they want to eat. Chapter Four synthesises findings from four empirical studies conducted in Western Africa (Togo) on topics related to the autonomy (end of life decision-making among terminally-ill patients), benevolence and non-malevolence (breaking bad news to elderly patients and their families), and justice (informal payments to physicians, criminal prosecution in cases of HIV transmission) principles of bioethics. Finally, Chapter Five argues that expert members in Ethics committees have an unfair upper-hand, with their decisions trumping other debates in committee deliberations. Qualitative research is brought to bear which illustrates this and which also notes how expertise dilutes the training given to newly appointed ethics committee members. (shrink)

As a scientific, materialist worldview becomes increasingly difficult to repudiate, and as philosophers increasingly uncover and articulate the conceptual nature of morality and distinctively moral normativity, the threat of moral anti-realism becomes more and more real. This perspective is argued in Chapter One. Chapter Two discusses how laws and bioethical trends that pertain to the clinical management of patients in a vegetative coma differ from country to country and continue to give rise to unresolved legal debates and scientific controversy. Chapter (...) Three covers how caregivers in palliative care must be supported to better understand patients hopes and needs, making them comfortable to decide when or how much they want to eat. Chapter Four synthesises findings from four empirical studies conducted in Western Africa (Togo) on topics related to the autonomy (end of life decision-making among terminally-ill patients), benevolence and non-malevolence (breaking bad news to elderly patients and their families), and justice (informal payments to physicians, criminal prosecution in cases of HIV transmission) principles of bioethics. Finally, Chapter Five argues that expert members in Ethics committees have an unfair upper-hand, with their decisions trumping other debates in committee deliberations. Qualitative research is brought to bear which illustrates this and which also notes how expertise dilutes the training given to newly appointed ethics committee members. (shrink)

This book is an in-depth study of how Austro-Hungarian rule over Bosnia and Hercegovina and the German Kaiserreich’s rule in Tanzania, Togo, and Cameroon in respect to its Muslim subjects shows continuities and ruptures with the Nazi Reich’s incorporation of Muslims in its polity as well as contemporary Islam policies or Islampolitik in postwar Austria and Germany. It studies the institutionalization of Muslim representative bodies and Islamic education from the late 1870s until the early 2020s. The book introduces the (...) theory of the coloniality of Islam policies or Islampolitik, which describes how the state regulates and governs its Muslim population. It presents the argument that the experience and knowledge in governing Muslim populations acquired by colonial governors during the Age of Empire (1875–1914) by the Austro-Hungarian monarchy and the German Kaiserreich fundamentally informed Islampolitik during the Nazi regime and in postwar Europe. The coloniality of Islampolitik is a form of racialized politics, as it aims to regulate and govern a racialized version of Islam and Muslims. (shrink)

The famous serum run of 1925 has focused upon Balto, Togo, and the Norwegian mushers Gunnar Kaasen and Leonard Seppala. The mushers who ran most of the legs were actually descended from Alaskan Natives, including George and Edgar Nollner and Charlie Evans. Thanks to the Fairbanks Library archivists who sent me the interview with Charlie Evans and Edgar Nollner. This short fiction won one of the inaugural McGovern Center Writing Awards.

This paper describes the conception and constitution of the International Ecological Corpus of French (Corpus International Écologique de la Langue Française CIEL-F). This corpus has been gathered and set up in a data bank in order to make available to the scientific community interactional data collected in ordinary, professional and institutional contexts. The aim is to make possible and promote comparative analysis of spoken French. Data were recorded in Algeria, the French Antillean islands, Belgium, Burkina Faso, Cameroun, Canada, Congo, Ivory (...) Cost, Egypt, France, India, La Réunion, Maurice, Senegal, Switzerland and Togo. In the first part of the article, we present the issues and challenges of such a corpus. In the second part of the article, we offer an example of exploitation of the data bank. More particularly, we study some usages of the form là, which can be used as a locative deictic but also in more metaphorical way as well as a fully grammaticalized discourse particle. The analysis shows the way different usages are distributed in various communicative areas and proposes some thoughts about possibilities and limitations of comparative analyses of French as it is talked across the world. (shrink)

A growing number of applications of automated reasoning exhibitsthe necessity of flexible deduction systems. A deduction system should beable to execute inference rules which are appropriate to the given problem.One way to achieve this behavior is the integration of different calculi. Thisled to so called hybrid reasoning [22, 1, 10, 20] which means the integrationof a general purpose foreground reasoner with a specialized background reasoner. A typical task of a background reasoner is to perform special purposeinference rules according to a (...) built-in theory. The aim of this paper is togo a step further, i.e. to treat the background reasoner as a hybrid systemitself. The paper formulates sufficient criteria for the construction of complete calculi which enable reasoning under hybrid theories combined fromsub-theories. For this purpose we use a generic approach described in [20].This more detailed view on built-in theories is not covered by the knowngeneral approaches [1, 3, 6, 20] for building in theories into theorem provers.The approach is demonstrated by its application to the target calculi of thealgebraic translation [9] of multi-modal and extended multi-modal [7] logicto first-order logic. (shrink)

Ces textes sont ceux d'un artiste engagé dans la société et d'un critique affirmé. Ils abordent des thématiques fondamentales: le rapport de l'artiste avec son sujet de travail, la lecture explicative de textes littéraires et le dialogue avec les auteurs, le questionnement sur les fondements des manifestations culturelles en société. Mais ils évoquent aussi des aspects plus régionaux, avec un entretien sur un rite de société, l'explication de quelques fondamentaux de la musique en Afrique, un historique des arts visuels en (...) Côte d'Ivoire et au Togo. Ils ne pouvaient se clore que par l'analyse des corrélations entre fonds et formes, pour trouver et déterminer des évidences plastiques. (shrink)

This article seeks to reconstruct the phrase τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον in the light of an African predicament with the Ewe-Ghanaian context in focus. The article posits that the various interpretations of the phrase throughout the epochs of Christianity have arisen as a result of the ambiguity associated with ἐπιούσιος and the quest to make the Lord’s Prayer in general relevant to the life situation of the recipient communities. Although the Lord’s Prayer is still regarded as a prayer par (...) excellence in the Ewe-Ghanaian Christian community, its central theme in popular Ewe-Ghanaian spirituality has been demonological instead of eschatological. The demonological interpretation is premised on the primal Ewe belief that successful spiritual warfare against the evil forces believed to be militating against one’s destiny in life can restore one’s fortunes and lead to the blessing of material prosperity. Thus, the phrase τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον in popular Ewe-Ghanaian Christian spirituality is a call on God to ‘grant us the blessing of material prosperity, good health and longevity’. The demonological approach towards material prosperity, however, is discontinuous with the evangelisation approach, which was introduced into Ewe-Ghanaian spirituality through missionary activities in the mid-19th century. The missionaries identified the cardinal Ewe-Ghanaian predicament – poverty of the mind and spirit – and addressed them holistically through the message of the Gospel and the establishment of schools, hospitals, and agriculture to guarantee food security. This holistic approach to alleviating the poverty of the spirit and mind laid the foundation for the socio-economic development of their Ewe-Ghanaian Christian converts and the communities in which they practise their faith.Contribution: This article forms part of the researcher’s contribution to the academic knowledge on the Lord’s Prayer and inspires the use of Mother Tongue Biblical hermeneutics in the development of theological materials for the Ewe-Ghanaian Christian communities in Ghana, Togo, and Benin. (shrink)

This chapter gives an introduction to the history of the German Kaiserreich’s colonial activities from the 1980s to 1918 in German East Africa (today’s Tanzania) and German West Africa (parts of today’s Cameroon and Togo), where many Muslims lived. The most important colonial institutions and political figures of the German colonial empire are introduced. The phase of occupation, the reaction of the native Muslim population, their resistance, and their absorption into the new political structure are discussed. Two policy fields (...) are specifically analyzed: the Kaiserreich’s restructuring and introduction of Islamic religious bureaucracy (a form of religious institution-building that prioritized loyalty to the new colonial governors), and subsequently the institutionalization of Islamic religious education to educate new loyal and subservient Muslim subjects. (shrink)