Those who deny that general principles are important for moral deliberation have mostly misunderstood how principles work. Principles do not give us algorithms for living. They identify broad requirements we must live up to, but they do not actually tell us what to do. We are left instead to craft responses that honor our general commitments using the materials of the case at hand.

This volume presents a collection of refereed papers reflecting the state of the art in the area of over-constrained systems. Besides 11 revised full papers, selected from the 24 submissions to the OCS workshop held in conjunction with the First International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming, CP '95, held in Marseilles in September 1995, the book includes three comprehensive background papers of central importance for the workshop papers and the whole field. Also included is an introduction (...) by one of the volume editors together with a bibliography listing 243 entries. All in all this is a very useful reference book relevant for all researchers and practitioners interested in hierarchical, partial, and over-constrained systems. (shrink)

The Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR) is the canonical expression of the idea of reality as fundamentally rational or intelligible, such that there is always a sufficient ground or explanation for everything about which such questions can be asked. In this essay, I argue that recent attempts to rehabilitate the PSR, despite their many virtues, have not gone far enough in emphasizing the centrality of this principle within all areas of philosophy - both theoretical and practical. Thus, I hope (...) to show that to fully appreciate the significance of the PSR, we need to attend to the role it plays in reasoning of both a theoretical and a practical sort. As we will see, this point is especially important from a Kantian perspective, where it is practical, and not theoretical reason that is the home of our deepest and most substantive commitment to a version of the PSR. Thus, for a Kantian, to understand the nature of our commitment to the PSR, we need to consider this question first and foremost from a practical perspective - or perhaps ultimately from a point of view that somehow transcends the practical-theoretical distinction itself. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is twofold: In its first part, we work out the key features of constitutivism as presented by Christine Korsgaard. This reconstruction serves to clarify which goals Korsgaard wants to achieve with her account and which of its central claims she has to defend in particular. In the second part, we discuss whether Korsgaard can vindicate constitutivism's most central claim. To do this, we analyse two important arguments - the argument from unavoidability and the argument from (...) the abstract constitutive principle - that have been made in support of constitutivism. We show how both these arguments go amiss and conclude that at least for now, constitutivism's most central claim has not been successfully argued for. (shrink)

Political ideological pluralism, religious diversity are characteristic features of modern Ukrainian society. On the one hand, multiculturalism, socio-political, religious differentiation of the latter appear as important characteristics of its democracy, as a practical expression of freedom, on the other - as a factor that led to the deconsocialization of society, gave rise to "nodal points" of tension, confrontational processes, in particular, in political and religious spheres.

Building on the breakthrough text Philosophy and Engineering: An Emerging Agenda, this book offers 30 chapters covering conceptual and substantive developments in the philosophy of engineering, along with a series of critical reflections by engineering practitioners. The volume demonstrates how reflective engineering can contribute to a better understanding of engineering identity and explores how integrating engineering and philosophy could lead to innovation in engineering methods, design and education. The volume is divided into reflections on practice, principles and process, each (...) of which challenges prevalent assumptions and commitments within engineering and philosophy. The volume explores the ontological and epistemological dimensions of engineering and exposes the falsity of the commonly held belief that the field is simply the application of science knowledge to problem solving. Above all, the perspectives collected here demonstrate the value of a constructive dialogue between engineering and philosophy and show how collaboration between the disciplines casts light on longstanding problems from both sides. The chapters in this volume are from a diverse and international body of authors, including philosophers and engineers, and represent a highly select group of papers originally presented in three different conferences. These are the 2008 Workshop on Philosophy and Engineering held at the Royal Academy of Engineering; the 2009 meeting of the Society for Philosophy and Technology at the University of Twente in the Netherlands; and the Forum on Philosophy, Engineering, and Technology, held in Golden, Colorado at the Colorado School of Mines. (shrink)

The dominant model for bioethical inquiry taught in medical schools is that of principlism. The heritage of this methodology can be traced to the Enlightenment project of generating a universalizable justification for normative morality arising from within the individual, rational agent. This project has been criticized by Alasdair MacIntyre who suggests that its failure has resulted in a fragmented and incoherent contemporary ethical framework characterized by fundamental intractability in moral debate. This incoherence implicates principlist conceptions of bioethics. Medical ethics as (...) practiced, though, is partially in keeping with teleological alternatives to principlism. Nonetheless, the hegemony of principlism threatens to harm the practice of good medicine whenever it is used to provide justification for the sanction or prohibition of practices, despite not being equipped to grant moral authority to such justifications. An example of this failure and its resulting harm is expressed in the growing obsolescence of living donor liver transplantation. (shrink)

원격의료는 대개 의사와 환자가 떨어져 있는 상태에서 이루어지는 의료 행위 내지 환자와 의사 간의 비대면 의료행위를 지칭하며, 정보통신기술을 매개로 하는 것을 의미한다. 최근 원격의료가 활성화됨에 따라 보건의료 체계는 변화하고 있으며, 그 결과 이로 인해 발생하는 다양한 문제에 대한 신중한 논의가 요청되고 있다. 특히 원격의료 상에서는 컴퓨터를 이용한 의료 정보의 처리가 광범위하게 일어나게 되며, 이에 따라 환자의 의료 정보가 잘못 취급됨으로써 개인 정보 유출 및 사생활 침해 등이 심각한 문제로 떠올랐다. 또한 환자의 치료에 있어 환자와 의사의 신뢰 및 공감 형성이 매우 (...) 중요한 역할을 한다는 점에서 직접적인 대면 관계를 통해 환자에 대한 치료를 도모하지 않고 온라인 장치를 통해 환자와의 관계를 형성하는 원격 의료에서는 전통적인 환자-의사 관계 이상의 신뢰 및 책임감이 요청된다. 이러한 점에서 아리스토텔레스의 프로네시스는 원격의료에서 의료전문직의 실천 원리로서 중요한 의미를 가질 수 있을 것이다. 프로네시스는 훌륭한 행위를 하는 데 필요한 지식으로서의 ‘실천적 지혜’를 의미한다. 따라서 프로네시스는 상황의 특수성 및 개별성에 대한 고려를 바탕으로 보편적인 지식을 활용하여 지금 내가 행동해야 할 행위에 대한 판단을 내리고 지금 이 상황에서 내가 어떻게 행동하는가에 관심을 둔다. 원격의료에서 개별 환자의 다양성과 의료 체계의 복잡성 속에서 의료전문직의 유능함은 과학적인 의학 기술의 습득과 더불어 환자의 상태 및 맥락을 적절하게 해석하는 능력과 여러 가지 대안들 가운데 최선의 치료 행위를 선택하는 통찰력에 달려 있다고 할 수 있을 것이다. 따라서 의료인은 원격의료 시 개별 환자에게 적절한 최선의 치료 행위를 결정하기 위해 구체적인 상황에서 요구하는 특수한 행동 과정을 숙고해야 한다는 점에서 프로네시스는 의료인에게 중요한 실천원리가 된다. (shrink)

이 글은 유교생태담론에 대한 성찰을 바탕으로, 『중용(中庸)』에서 유교생태윤리의 실천원리를 찾아본 것이다. 현재 유교생태담론은 ‘인문주의적 생태주의’ 관점에서 시사점을 넘어 이론을 정립하는 데까지 이르렀지만, 구체적인 실천원리와 방법의 제시에는 이르지 못하고 있다. 최근 생태철학의 쟁점은 극단적 생태주의 입장에서 인간과 자연의 역할에 대해 고심하고 있는데, 과연 어디까지 자연의 본래적 가치를 인정하고 존중해주어야 할지가 문제이다. 필자는 생태와 인간의 조화를 추구하는 적정선과 그 실천원리를 『중용』에서 찾아보았다. 성리학을 집대성한 주희는 『중용』을 통해 형이상학적 틀을 마련하였다. 『중용』을 자세히 분석해보면, 우주만물과 인간을 일체로 보는 조화적 세계관에 근거한 실천원리들이 잘 드러나 (...) 있다. 중용(中庸)이란 단순히 산술적 중간이 아닌, 지나치거나 부족하지 않은 상태이면서 상황을 잘 헤아려 권도(權度)를 행함으로써 지속성을 유지하는 것을 말한다. 또한 서(恕)의 원리는 생명을 지닌 존재들에 대해 공감하고 존중하는 자세를 지니도록 해준다. 인간의 모든 행위와 자연 섭리의 드러남인 은비(隱費)와 그에 대한 외경(畏敬)의 자세는 생태자연에 대한 원리로서 중요한 시사점을 준다. 소기위행(所其位行)과 자이비(自爾卑)는 일상의 작은 데서부터 실천하는 원리이며, 성(誠)과 성지(誠之)는 자연생태의 원리와 인간의 노력을 강조한 것이다. 생태위기는 인간이 초래한 것으로 결국 그 해답도 인간에게서 찾아야 하며, 그것은 인간중심과 생태중심을 벗어난 이 둘의 조화와 균형, 즉 중용의 원리에 있다고 하겠다. (shrink)

A very detailed piece of scholarship devoted to showing the fundamental importance and meaning of Aristotle's notion of phronesis in the Nicomachean Ethics and the Politics, which express Aristotle's complete philosophy of human life. The infelicity of style and omnipresence of scholarly paraphernalia obscure the philosophic importance of the analysis unnecessarily. This is especially true in the case where imprecision of language leads Michelakis to treat phronesis as a faculty along with nous praktikos rather than a disposition modifying it. As (...) a result an important section of the second chapter is mystifying, if not completely wrong, issuing in the identification of the subordinate disposition nous with the nous praktikos itself. Michelakis is correct in thinking that an analysis of phronesis is urgently needed to clear up the confusion of interpretations of Aristotle's ethical and political doctrine. This book presents much of the requisite material for that analysis, but not the requisite analysis.--W. G. E. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is threefold. First, I critically examine two dominant Kantian views of practical justification and argue that they cannot provide an appropriate account of the normative force of moral and political principles. Secondly, as the main reason for these unsuccessful attempts, I identify a certain interpretation of Kant's account of practical judgement. Finally, I point to some of the differences between this interpretation and Kant's own claims on practical judgement, in order to (...) suggest an alternative approach; I also note the tension between slogans, like ‘political, not meta – physical’ or ‘we must stay philosophically on the surface’, on the one hand, and, on the other, the appeal this alternative approach must make to some elements of Kant's metaphysics. (shrink)

This essay argues that pre-health humanities programs should focus on intensive research practice for baccalaureate students and provides three guiding principles for implementing it. Although the interdisciplinary nature of health humanities permits baccalaureate students to use research methods from the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities, pre-health humanities coursework tends to force students to adopt only one of many disciplinary identities. Alternatively, an intensive research approach invites students to critically select and combine methods from multiple disciplines to ask and (...) answer questions about health problems more innovatively. Using the authors’ experiences with implementing health humanities baccalaureate research initiatives at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the authors contend that pre-health humanities programs should teach and study multiple disciplinary research methods and their values; examine how health humanities research might transfer across disciplines; and focus on mentoring opportunities for funding, presenting, and publishing research. These recommendations have the potential to create unprecedented research experiences for baccalaureate students as they prepare to enter careers within and beyond the allied health professions. (shrink)

This paper disputes the generalised definition of ‘aesthetic practice’ which leads deconstructive postmodern ‘aestheticians’ to equate aesthetic activities (eg., gardening, hair-braiding) with art-making. Reviving an understanding of Art’s single unifying Principle is a necessary precondition for restoring the meaning of an artistic practice. I describe its ancient origins, its disappearance in modernity, and reconstruct its defining criteria, showing why art cannot be confused with just any ‘cultural practice’ whereby one’s experience of the ‘general aesthetic’ can by merely mimicking Nature elicit (...) familiar empathic responses reflectively. I argue very little real art is being made today, and AI is perfectly suited to making what has replaced it: ‘cultural artefact’. In reconstructing this Principle, I show why artistic practice cannot be predicated merely upon theories of beauty/pleasure; but rather on what Aristotle deemed the ‘higher pleasure’ of making Reason (merging beauty with truth, and freedom with necessity). This overcomes Kant’s reflective aesthetic paradigm that engendered the misguided ‘experientialism’ dominating modern/postmodern “art” - undergirding an ‘artworld’ of mainly anti-Art (in what Bernard Stiegler calls the ‘catastrophe’ of modern aesthetic experience driven by the rise of ‘technicism’). A process for applying the Principle’s criteria is briefly outlined, demonstrating how to distinguish a ‘phenomenological experience’ from ‘ordinary experience’, and thus a genuinely poetic discourse from any other form of speculative discourse. Uncovering the Principle’s origins in Aristotle’s natural science (and his discernment of ‘making’ from ‘acting’ in technê), separating normative from theoretical aesthetics, and unveiling art’s ‘objective’ meaningfulness in any artwork’s phenomenology, reaffirms why art’s relation to the Person (its ‘anthropological phenomenology’) is of primary concern to aesthetes. I conclude with how the purpose of all inquiry into aesthetics is made more meaningful by reviving the Principle of Art, and why this essentially renders theoretical aesthetics redundant. (shrink)

Knowledge aims to fit the world, and action to change it. In this collection of essays, Onora O'Neill explores the relationship between these concepts and shows that principles are not enough for ethical thought or action: we also need to understand how practical judgement identifies ways of enacting them and of changing the way things are. Both ethical and technical judgement are supported, she contends, by bringing to bear multiple considerations, ranging from ethical principles to real-world constraints, (...) and while we will never find practical algorithms - let alone ethical algorithms - that resolve moral and political issues, good practical judgement can bring abstract principles to bear in situations that call for action. Her essays thus challenge claims that all inquiry must use either the empirical methods of scientific inquiry or the interpretive methods of the humanities. They will appeal to a range of readers in moral and political philosophy. (shrink)

The Practical Turn in Political Theory sounds like the monograph political theorists have been waiting for – a monograph that identifies ‘practices’ as a uniting theme that runs through several recently influential debates on non-ideal theory, practice dependence, realism and pragmatist theories of legitimacy and democracy, and then discusses the promise and limits of this uniting theme for the future of political theory. However, The Practical Turn is driven by selective portrayals, omissions and misrepresentation, and hence is not (...) a good source to turn to for understanding the debates it surveys or whether they manifest a ‘practical turn in political theory’ or not; rather, it serves as a warning of how struggles over power can influence and even structure seemingly the most purely intentioned of practices. (shrink)

본 논문은 船山 王夫之(1619∼1692)의 『讀四書大全說-中庸』에 대한 분석을 통해, 유학의 수양공부의 구체적인 내용과 방법, 그리고 그 실천적 성격을 규명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 중용 전체를 관통하는 실천철학의 핵심은 存養과 省察의 수양공부이며, 그것은 ‘戒愼恐懼’와 ‘愼獨’이라는 개념으로 압축된다. ‘戒愼恐懼’은 보이지 않고 들리지 않는 상태(不睹不聞)에서 경계하고 삼가며 두려워하는 존양의 공부이며, ‘愼獨’은 숨은 것과 은미한 것을 홀로 보는 성찰의 공부이다. 여기에서 ‘不睹不聞’은 곧 天理와 人欲이 교차하는 지점이며, 戒愼恐懼는 곧 인욕을 제거하고 천리를 보존하는 노력의 과정이다. 이러한 존양의 과정이 전제되어 있어야만 사물과 접촉하는 순간 남들이 보지도 듣지도 못하는 (...) 곳에서도 숨은 것과 은미한 것을 홀로 보고 들을 수 있는 愼獨의 수양공부가 가능하다. 船山은 실천적 下學의 측면에서 두 개념의 중요성을 간파하고, 두 개념의 차별성과 상호 관련성에 주목하여 중용의 실천적 수양공부에 대해 해석하였다. 특히 그는 존양 공부에 무게의 중심을 두고, 존양과 성찰의 관계를 집중적으로 연구하였다. 즉 戒愼恐懼의 존양 공부가 愼獨을 가능하게 하는 필수 조건임을 일관되게 주장하고, 수양공부의 과정에서 그것이 지니는 의미를 명확하게 제시하였다. 나아가 존양성찰에 담긴 실천적 성격을 최대한 부각시킴으로써 중용의 수양공부를 유학의 핵심적인 수양론으로 정립시켰다. (shrink)

One of the most fundamental questions in general jurisprudence concerns what makes it the case that the law has the content that it does. It is the job of theories of legal content to provide answers. This article offers a novel positivist theory of legal content. According to the theory it calls “principled positivism,” legal practices ground legal principles, and legal principles determine legal rules. This two-level account of the determination of legal content differs from Hart’s celebrated theory (...) in two essential respects: in relaxing Hart’s requirement that fundamental legal notions depend on judicial consensus; and in assigning weighted contributory legal norms—“principles”—an essential role in the determination of legal rights, duties, powers, and permissions. Drawing on concrete examples from American statutory and constitutional law, the article shows how the version of positivism that it introduces and defends betters Hart’s in meeting the most formidable challenges to positivism that Dworkin marshaled. The article also explains why the revisions it advances matter, legally as well as philosophically. (shrink)

Bioethics seems preoccupied with establishing, debating, promoting and sometimes debunking principles. While these tasks trade on the status of the word ‘principle’ in our ordinary language, scant attention is paid to the way principles operate in language. In this paper, we explore how principles relate to rules and practices so as to better understand their logic. We argue that principles gain their sense and power from the practices which give them sense. While general principles can (...) be, and are, establishable in abstraction from specific practices, as they are in principlist bioethics, such principles are impotent as moral guides to action. We show that the purchase any principle has as a moral guide to action emerges from its indexical properties as a principle which has sense in a specific practice. The meaning of any principle is internal to the practice and context in which it is invoked and, therefore, principles are not kinds of master rule which dictate moral judgement in new contexts but rather chameleon-like rules which change with the contexture in which they are invoked. (shrink)

The principles of the functioning of the phenomenon of religion in contemporary post-secular society are considered. An analysis of the relationship between the social and the religious, as well as the triad of being-society-religion, has been carried out, which allows for a significant actualization of the conceptual apparatus of religious ontology – an element that is exceptionally important for philosophical anthropology in determining the place of the human as a spiritual being within the religious contexts of the modern globalized (...) world. It shows how the matrix of religion is changing in the era of digital technologies, responding to changes in sociocultural environments. Under the influence of globalization, the implementation of existing social practices requires the introduction of a whole range of new ideas, strategies, and tactics, as well as the introduction of a new model of religious communication that is acceptable in a post-secular society. Religion is relatively autonomous from other spheres of sociocultural life, as well as functional in terms of self-regulation and self-control. In the digital age, religion also acts as a virtual information space in which, through the introduction of cyber technologies, information is encoded and decoded and transmitted using technical means. The religious sphere reproduces various aspects of the religious world, which can be represented in numerous versions as: an “imprint,” a “copy,” an “imitation”; a spiritual layer in which the deepest human experiences and emotions echo polyphonically; a theologically grounded and modeled virtual picture of the religious world. Religion is what a person can perceive at a given moment in time, given their religious experience, knowledge, and faith, or what they imagine it to be. It is reasonable to assume that modern religious communication is one of the components of social practices. Religious communication acts as: a way of paving the way for establishing new religious relations; a condition for the coexistence of communicators in the sphere of religious functioning and the establishment of links between them; a model of religious communication; a means of transmitting religious information; a specific form of interaction between religious subjects, which is carried out in religious language, including sign systems. Religious communication is realized in the forms of conversation, dialogue, and the process of transmitting and exchanging religious information, which structures the activities of religious organizations and gives them new meaning, influencing people's religious consciousness. Digital technologies contribute to the constant renewal of religious communications, changing the functioning of religion. Religious communication can take the form of a set of verbal and nonverbal means of religious communication used in modern social practices when exchanging information and performing religious rituals, using all possible technical means of communication. (shrink)

abstract This article briefly examines Onora O'Neill's account of the relation between normative principles and practical ethical problems with an eye to suggesting that philosophers of practical ethics have reason to adopt fairly high moral ambitions to be edifying and instructive both as educators and as advisors on public policy debates.

This paper is about the methodology of doing practical ethics. There is a variety of methods employed in ethics. One of them is the principle-based approach, which has an established place in ethical reasoning. In everyday life, we often judge the rightness and wrongness of actions by their conformity to principles, and the appeal to principles plays a significant role in practical ethics, too. In this paper, I try to provide a better understanding of the nature (...) of principle-based reasoning. To accomplish this, I show in the first section that these principles can be applied to cases in a meaningful and sufficiently precise way. The second section discusses the question how relevant applying principles is to the resolution of ethical issues. This depends on their nature. I argue that the principles under consideration in this paper should be interpreted as presumptive principles and I conclude that although they cannot be expected to bear the weight of definitely resolving ethical problems, these principles can nevertheless play a considerable role in ethical research. (shrink)

The question of what role social and political practices should play in the justification of normative principles has received renewed attention in post-millennium political philosophy. Several current debates express dissatisfaction with the methodology adopted in mainstream political theory, taking the form of a criticism of so-called ‘ideal theory’ from ‘non-ideal’ theory, of ‘practice-independent’ theory from ‘practice-dependent’ theory, and of ‘political moralism’ from ‘political realism’. While the problem of action-guidance lies at the heart of these concerns, the critics also share (...) a number of methodological assumptions. Above all, their methodology is practice-dependent in the sense that an existing practice is assumed to put substantial limitations on the appropriate normative principles for regulating it. In other words, we cannot formulate and justify an appropriate principle without first understanding the practice this principle is supposed to govern. The aim of this paper is to map out and analyze the common denominators of these debates with regard to methodological commitments. We will investigate how this practice-dependent method may be understood and motivated. In particular, we point to challenges that must be met in order for the position to remain both distinct and attractive. (shrink)

This article draws on Alasdair MacIntyre’s influential theory of practice and employs it as a framework to analyze community organizing, focusing on the organizing tradition of Saul Alinsky. As a practice in MacIntyre’s sense, it argues, community organizing constitutes a teleological form of social activity that is oriented toward distinctive kinds of “internal goods” and that functions to develop new capacities within its practitioners to recognize, desire, and attain those goods, relying on standards of excellence, characteristic institutions, and its own (...) “tradition” of practice. Such a MacIntyrean analysis of organizing foregrounds its ethical character as a practice and tradition of practice, informed by larger moral-cultural traditions. It also shows how organizing embodies, in practice, the core principles of the Catholic social tradition. Thus, it enables a clearer articulation of the conceptual and historical relationship between community organizing and the Catholic social tradition, and lays a theoretical foundation for further dialogue. (shrink)

In the history of philosophy, philosophers have defined philosophy based on their own perspectives. This situation shows that it is a difficult and meaningless endeavor to put forward an understanding of philosophy that has clear boundaries and is accepted by everyone. However, despite these differences in definitions, there are some common points. Perhaps the most important of these common points is that philosophy is a stance, a positioning activity in the face of truth. In this positioning, William James tried to (...) find the moderate path between the currents of rationalism and empiricism and took a stance based on concrete differences in life. Like the empiricists, he tried to keep people's relations with facts alive, but at the same time, he did not exclude religion by adopting a rationalist attitude. However, James argued that abstract concepts cannot have meaning unless they find their counterpart in life. According to James, a life based only on abstract principles would not be qualified. In this study, I will try reconciling William James’ attitude towards abstract principles with practical life. (shrink)

Masek’s recent paper offers a disciplined challenge to the dead donor rule (DDR).1 Unlike critics who rely on consequentialism or deny donors’ moral status, Masek works within non-consequentialist ethics to mount a consistency argument: the principles used to justify the DDR—do-no-harm, do-not-kill and double effect—would, if applied consistently, also prohibit kidney donation, fetal surgery, domino liver transplants and lethal palliation. Since those practices are widely accepted, these principles cannot bear the weight placed on them. The argument is largely (...) successful against its targets. The fictional cases are philosophically effective, particularly the replacement liver case, in which the DDR requires replacing a dying patient’s liver solely to avoid technical violation of the rule—serving no medical, existential or relational good for anyone. I grant that DDR proponents can no longer rest comfortably on any single principle Masek examines without confronting the contradictions he identifies. But the argument proves less than it appears, because it targets the wrong level of justification. Masek’s logical engine is straightforward: if physicians may knowingly cause death to relieve suffering (lethal palliation), and if there is no morally relevant difference between that and causing death to fulfil a patient’s autonomous wish to donate a vital organ, then the DDR is unjustified. The suppressed premise is that all morally relevant …. (shrink)

This book presents a history of the correspondence principle from a new perspective. The author provides a unique exploration of the relation between the practice of theory and conceptual development in physics. In the process, he argues for a new understanding of the history of the old quantum theory and the emergence of quantum mechanics. The analysis looks at how the correspondence principle was disseminated and how the principle was applied as a research tool during the 1920s. It provides new (...) insights into the interaction between theoretical tools and scientific problems and shows that the use of this theoretical tool changed the tool itself in a process of transformation through implementation. This process, the author claims, was responsible for the conceptual development of the correspondence principle. This monograph connects to the vast literature in the history of science, which analyzed theoretical practices as based on tacit knowledge, skills, and calculation techniques. It contributes to the historical understanding of quantum physics and the emergence of quantum mechanics. Studying how physicists used a set of tools to solve problems, the author spells out the ‟skillful guessing” that went into the making of quantum theoretical arguments and argues that the integration and implementation of technical resources was a central driving force for the conceptual and theoretical transformation in the old quantum theory. (shrink)

The principles and practices of research peer review are described. While the principles are fundamentally generic and apply to peer review across the full spectrum of performing institutions as well as to manuscript/proposal/program peer review, the focus of this paper is peer review of proposed and ongoing programs in federal agencies. The paper describes desireable characteristics and important intangible factors in successful peer review. Also presented is a heuristic protocol for the conduct of successful peer review research evaluations (...) and impact assessments. Problems with peer review are then outlined, followed by examples of peer review of proposed and existing programs in selected federal agencies. Some peer review variants, such as the Science Court, are described, and then research requirements to improve peer review are discussed. (shrink)

In recent years, several political theorists have argued that reasonable principles of justice are practice-dependent. In this paper it is suggested that we can distinguish between at least two main models for doing practice-dependent theorizing about justice, interpretivism and constructivism, and that they can be understood as based in two different conceptions of practices. It is then argued that the reliance on the notion of participants that characterizes interpretivism disables this approach from adequately addressing certain matters of justice and (...) that a better way of developing the idea of practice-dependence can be found in a constructivism that starts from the Rawlsian idea of overlapping consensus, but which shifts the focus of that approach from societies to a more open-ended category of domains, and which understands the parties to a possible overlapping consensus as stakeholders in a certain set of interconnected practices. (shrink)

Jules Coleman, one of the world's most influential philosophers of law, here expounds his recent views on a range of important issues in legal theory. Coleman offers for the first time an explicit account of the pragmatist method that has long informed his work, and takes on the views of highly respected contemporaries such as Ronald Dworkin and Joseph Raz.

Modern digital technologies—from web-based services to Artificial Intelligence (AI) solutions—increasingly affect the daily lives of billions of people. Such innovation brings huge opportunities, but also concerns about design, development, and deployment of digital technologies. This article identifies and discusses five clusters of risk in the international debate about digital ethics: ethics shopping; ethics bluewashing; ethics lobbying; ethics dumping; and ethics shirking.

An invaluable textbook for aspiring and practicing managers who want to create a 21st century business that is ethical and sustainable Principles of Management: Practicing Ethics, Sustainability, Responsibility is a book that places humanity, positivity and the world instead of profit at the center of its understanding of management principles. This new and fully revised edition maintains the intention of the first edition to re-think the idea of management in the face of the crises of the modern world. (...) It has been updated with three brand new chapters on communicating, innovating and leading. This accessible and engaging textbook will help students become responsible and ethical managers ready for the 21st century workplace, armed with essential workplace skills. This textbook also includes coverage of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which are central to business education and practice today. Key Features Fully revised and updated with the latest developments in professional management Exclusive interviews with management pioneers and professionals All new case studies which include Lego, Patagonia, and Greta Thunberg Worksheets and exercises which make for an active learning experience. (shrink)

Summary Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy, in the broader sense of the term, has developed in various forms on both sides of the Atlantic since the 1920s. Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy, in the narrower sense of the term, came into being in the second half of the 1970s in German-speaking countries. In Austria, it is a state-approved, independent scientific psychotherapy method since 1995, and an integrative psychotherapeutic approach based on the Gestalt theory of the Berlin School. With reference to this comprehensive, consistent, scientific (...) theory, this article presents the basic concepts of therapeutic practice in the field of Gestalt psychotherapy. Starting from the overarching whole to the parts, the paper first examines the concept of therapeutic relationship and therapeutic attitude, and then describes the basic principles of the practical design of the therapeutic process. (shrink)

The first issue of Business Ethics Quarterly was launched in 1991. At that time there were few general principles that could serve as guidelines for global business. However, since 1991 a plethora of such principles have been developed to serve as guidelines and evaluative mechanisms for global corporate responsibilities. But operationalizing these principles in practice has been a challenge for most transnational corporations and even for smaller, more local enterprises. This is because, in some cases, the (...) class='Hi'>principles ask too much of companies. In other cases, the principles are ambiguous. And in still other cases,the principles, written by and large from a Western, rights-based perspective, cannot be operationalized in some cultural or religious settings. In this paper I will outline a series of dilemmas multinational enterprises face in the global market place, even when they sincerely sign on to one or another set of principles. These problems are not insurmountable, but in the imperfect world of commerce, require that our expectations of corporate responsibilities be satisficing rather than absolutist. (shrink)

This article explores the principles of interaction that shape grammatical practices of conversational speech cross-linguistically. Seven such principles are explored, and the grammatical practices they give rise to are illustrated. The role of these principles in shaping non-linguistic behavior is also touched on.

This article focuses on the main contemplative principles of the ‘Heart Essence’ (sNying thig), a Tibetan Buddhist tradition that is characterized by a vision of non-duality and primordial wholeness. Due to this vision, which asserts an original reality that is not divided into perceiving subject and perceived object, the ‘Heart Essence’ advocates a contemplative practice that undermines the usual intuitions of temporality and enclosed selfhood. Hence, unlike the common principles of intentional praxis, such as deliberate concentration and gradual (...) purification, the ‘Heart Essence’ affirms four contemplative principles of non-objectiveness, openness, spontaneity and singleness. As these principles transcend intentionality, temporality, and multiplicity, they are seen to directly disclose the nature of primordial awareness, in which the meanings of knowing and being are radically transformed. Therefore, the article will also consider the role of these non-dual contemplative principles in deeply changing our understanding of being and knowing alike. (shrink)

We believe in the urgency of anti-racist research approaches to expose and disrupt the pervasiveness of white supremacy in statistical approaches, especially within the field of Special Education. Therefore, we propose that extend QuantCrit to reimagine the use of advanced statistical applications. We apply these principles to special education research, specifically a national study of ECLS-K data and Delaware study of K–12 data, involving the segregation of students with disabilities and resegregation of Students of Color. Combined, these examples demonstrate (...) how statistical approaches can be adapted for anti-racist inquiry when QuantCrit is applied. We conclude with implications. (shrink)

As with argumentation in the theoretical realm, addressing claims about what is the case or what to believe, argumentation in the practical realm—including both practical reasoning toward intention and reasoning that includes claims to know-how—can also be interpreted and evaluated more or less charitably. When evaluating arguments about intentions and know-how, however, implementing the principle of charity raises unique considerations, such as how charitably one should be regarding claims about an ability to decide or execute the actions decided (...) upon. In these cases, too much charity or trust may lead to the acceptance of an intention, or trust in an ability, that cannot be completed. While too little charity may unjustly restrict another person from deciding or acting. This paper attempts to map the ability for extant conceptions of the principle of charity, most often applied in the theoretical realm, to apply to practical examples involving practical reasoning and know-how. I argue that when the lack of charity in considering ability stems from a systematic identity prejudice, we start to see the emergence of practical epistemic injustice, which carries harms both novel and recognized in the extant epistemic injustice literature and conclude that a charitable principle of credibility might be better because it can include theoretical argumentation while also accounting for arguments in the practical realm. (shrink)