The legal industry is characterized by the presence of dense and complex documents, which necessitate automatic processing methods to manage and analyse large volumes of data. Traditional methods for extracting legal information depend heavily on substantial quantities of annotated data during the training phase. However, a question arises on how to extract information effectively in contexts that do not favour the utilization of annotated data. This study investigates the application of Large Language Models (LLMs) as a transformative solution for the (...) extraction of legal terms, presenting a novel approach to overcome the constraints associated with the need for extensive annotated datasets. Our research delved into methods such as prompt-engineering and fine-tuning to enhance their performance. We evaluated and compared, to a rule-based and BERT systems, the performance of four LLMs: GPT-4, Miqu-1-70b, Mixtral-8x7b, and Mistral-7b, within the scope of limited annotated data availability. We implemented and assessed our methodologies using Luxembourg’s traffic regulations as a case study. Our findings underscore the capacity of LLMs to successfully deal with legal terms extraction, emphasizing the benefits of one-shot and zero-shot learning capabilities in reducing reliance on annotated data by reaching 0.690 F1 Score. Moreover, our study sheds light on the optimal practices for employing LLMs in the processing of legal information, offering insights into the challenges and limitations, including issues related to terms boundary extraction. (shrink)

‘廟’字는 西周時代의 金文에서 처음 보이기 시작한다. 宗廟가 군신 간의 ‘朝의 의례’가 주로 이루어지는 곳이라는 점을 표현하기 위해 廟의 造字 과정에서 ‘朝’자가 활용되었는데, 그 과정에서 朝자 ‘月’ 부분의 형태에 변형이 생겼다. 朝와 廟 金文의 ‘月’ 부분은 모두 개울물 형상을 나타내고 있다. 廟자에서의 개울물 형태의 ‘月’은 周代와 그 이전 대의 대형 건축물에 설계된 排水道를 표현하고자 한 것으로 보인다. 西周時期 宮廟遺跡地로 陝西省 扶風縣의 雲塘과 齊鎭을 들 수 있으며, 春秋時期의 것으로는 陝西省 鳳翔縣 馬家莊 1호와 馬家莊 3호 유적지를 논할 수 있다. 그것들 대부분 堂廂分離式의 品자 (...) 형태를 보이는 건축군들로 구성되어 있다. 독특하게 보이는 마가장 3호 유적지는 남북으로 길게 자리 잡은 터에 다섯 부분으로 구획되어 있는데, 이 역시 두 組의 品자형 건축군이다. 한편 위의 경우처럼 가까운 거리에 한 組 이상의 대형 건축군들이 존재하는 것은, 당시 다수의 廟를 소유할 수 있는 규정에 의한 것으로 보인다. 아울러 ‘天子七廟·諸侯五廟···’ 등의 소유 廟數가 규정대로 지켜졌는지는 회의적이며, 그 배열 역시 태조 묘를 중심으로 昭·穆의 나란한 정렬이 아닌 산발적 배치로 봐야 할 것이다. 周代의 종묘는 治朝의 공간으로서, 각종 종교적·정치적·외교적인 의례가 이행되던 곳이었다. 秦代 이후 제사 의례와 정치·외교 의례의 분리가 진행되면서, 宗廟는 先君의 제사 의례를 이행하는 장소로만 불리게 되었고, 정치적·외교적 기능 및 거주공간으로서는 ‘(황)궁’이라는 새로운 명칭을 부여하였다. 宮은 원래 일반적인 ‘집’의 의미로 사용된 용어였지만, 시황제 이후로는 ‘최고통치자의 집’으로만 쓸 수 있게 되었다. (shrink)

YOU CANNOT SUCCUMB TO CHOLERA, unless the sewage system breaks down—likewise deaths from violence vanish, as long as emotional support networks are working properly. Gut hygiene eliminates the one, societal hygiene the other. Cholera was an inexorable plague—until Germ Theory was accepted and implemented. Violence too, will persist—until we agree and accept its equivalent in Societal Theory. The scientific method, especially Quantum Physics, sabotages philosophy—it cannot cope with the living fact that the elephant in the room is alive. Quantum Mechanics (...) describes itself as being (1) more incomprehensible, (2) weirder, and (3) more uncertain than anything we’ve met before. But that’s chickenfeed, compared to what you find in clinical medicine, which though portrayed as being intrinsically woolly and subjective, wilfully aims to enhance life, whatever that might be. This paper re-examines violence, its causes and cure, by first clarifying two entities—willpower and consciousness. These two defy our human reasoning far more succinctly than “Entanglement”, “Decoherence”, “Superposition”, or anything else that Quantum Mechanics can throw at us. What’s the point of being ever so scientific, if your next politician takes no notice? What could be (1) more incomprehensible than squandering our bounty preparing to fight a world war, against ourselves, all over again? What’s (2) weirder than applauding trillionaires? Or (3) more uncertain than not knowing whether we have already melted our only two polar ice-caps, or not? Curing violence, which this paper explores, requires willpower to be placed centre stage. Objective scientific evidence is readily available to do this, but it requires you to step outside your science lab, into your nearest self-respecting hospital. There you’ll find an EMG, an Electro-Myo-Gram. Fit one to your arm, and while resting, little happens. However, once you actively will your fist to clench, then the thing starts rattling away, 19 to the dozen. Whether your electrons disport themselves as waves or particles or both, is immaterial—if they do not do what you wilfully command them to, it’s not Quantum Theory that’s at fault—it’ll be your brachial plexus. This is nothing short of action being initiated by willpower, and taking place in an everyday, non-subjective, observable way, that you’d think was obvious to all. Too often however, willpower is dismissed as being so unscientific, that it does not merit serious scientific consideration. Yet without it, violence will remain incurable. As for consciousness—it’s the most intriguing entity in the entire cosmos, but unhappily it is afflicted by blindspots, which alone allows violence to spread, like any other global contagion. The paper has seven sections—(1) House Rules Corrupt Scientists. (2) The “Disbelief” House Rule. (3) The “Revenge” House Rule. (4) Non-fake-News. (5) Curing Fears. (6) Cementing Certainties. (7) Conclusion. Appendix—a lived experience, eloquently described. In the 1890s, “Germ Theory” struggled to gain credence—today we would not be without it. Can we propagate “Societal Theory” to cope equally successfully with violence—in time? (shrink)

White matter tracts are known to be susceptible to injury following concussion. The objective of this study was to determine whether contact play in sport could alter white matter metabolite levels in female varsity athletes independent of changes induced by long-term exercise. Metabolite levels were measured by single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the prefrontal white matter at the beginning and end of season in contact and non-contact varsity athletes. Sedentary women were scanned once, at a time equivalent to (...) the Off-Season time point. Metabolite levels in non-contact athletes did not change over a season of play, or differ from age matched sedentary women except that non-contact athletes had a slightly lower myo-inositol level. The contact athletes had lower levels of myo-inositol and glutamate, and higher levels of glutamine compared to both sedentary women and non-contact athletes. Lower levels of myo-inositol in non-contact athletes compared to sedentary women indicates long-term exercise may alter glial cell profiles in these athletes. The metabolite differences observed between contact and non-contact athletes suggest that non-contact athletes should not be used as controls in studies of concussion in high-impact sports because repetitive impacts from physical contact can alter white matter metabolite level profiles. It is imperative to use athletes engaged in the same contact sport as controls to ensure a matched metabolite profile at baseline. (shrink)

Abnormalities of the basal ganglia are frequently seen in HIV-infected (HIV+) children despite antiretroviral treatment (ART) initiation during childhood. Assessment of metabolites associated with neuronal integrity or with glial proliferation can present a sensitive description of metabolic events underlying basal ganglia structural changes. We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy to examine differences in creatine, choline, N -acetylaspartate (NAA), glutamate, and myo-inositol between HIV+ children and HIV-unexposed controls, as well as between HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) children and HIV-unexposed controls at age 7 and (...) at age 9. No differences in metabolites relative to the HIV-unexposed control group were found at age 7. However, at 9 years, both HIV+ and HEU had lower NAA and glutamate than unexposed control children. HEU children also had lower creatine and choline than control children. At age 7, lower CD4/CD8 ratio at enrollment was associated with lower choline levels. At age 9 lower CD4/CD8 at enrollment was associated with lower myo-inositol. Low NAA and glutamate at age 9, but not 7, suggest that basal ganglia neurons may be particularly affected by perinatal HIV/ART and that neuronal damage may be ongoing despite early ART and viral suppression. Reduced basal ganglia metabolite levels in HEU children suggest an effect of HIV exposure on childhood brain development that merits further investigation using neuroimaging and neurocognitive testing. (shrink)

Skin is one of the most thoroughly studied epithelia and can be used as a model for transcriptional control of epithelial differentiation. In particular, the stages of epidermal development and differentiation from a simple epithelium are well characterized. Temporal gene expression during development can be used to assign roles for transcription factors in epidermal differentiation. Approaches to understanding transcriptional regulation in epidermis include extensive promoter analysis and expression studies, in some cases coupled to functional studies. This work has not produced (...) any consensus about the importance of any particular factor or class of factors in epidermal specification. There is, as yet, nothing similar to the myo D family of tissue‐specific and cell‐type determining factors in epidermis. These studies, however, have revealed much about control of the differentiation process in epidermis. Most recently, there has been a suggestion that epithelial transcription can be influenced directly by the status of the adhesion complexes at the cell surface, providing a direct link between one of the distinguishing features of the epithelial state and gene transcription. (shrink)

Repetitive practice is one of the most important factors in improving the performance of motor skills. This paper focuses on the analysis and classification of forearm gestures in the context of violin playing. We recorded five experts and three students performing eight traditional classical violin bow-strokes: martelé, staccato, detaché, ricochet, legato, trémolo, collé, and col legno. To record inertial motion information, we utilized the Myo sensor, which reports a multidimensional time-series signal. We synchronized inertial motion recordings with audio data to (...) extract the spatiotemporal dynamics of each gesture. Applying state-of-the-art deep neural networks, we implemented and compared different architectures where convolutional neural networks models demonstrated recognition rates of 97.147%, 3DMultiHeaded_CNN models showed rates of 98.553%, and rates of 99.234% were demonstrated by CNN_LSTM models. The collected data contained sufficient information to distinguish the bowing techniques studied, and deep learning methods were capable of learning the movement patterns that distinguish these techniques. Each of the learning algorithms investigated produced high classification accuracies which supported the feasibility of training classifiers. The resulting classifiers may provide the foundation of a digital assistant to enhance musicians' time spent practicing alone, providing real-time feedback on the accuracy and consistency of their musical gestures in performance. (shrink)

Current report assessed measurement reproducibility and reliability of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) at 3 Tesla in left and right posterior insular, pregenual and anterior midcingulate subdivisions. 10 healthy male volunteers aged 20 to 30 years were tested on four different days, of which 9 were included in the data analysis. Intra- and inter-subject variability of myo-Inositol (mI), Creatine (Cre), Glutamate (glu), total-Choline (tCho), total-N-acetylaspartate (tNAA) and combined Glutamine-Glutamate (Glx) were calculated considering the influence of movement parameters, age, daytime of measurements (...) and tissue composition. Overall mean intra-subject variability revealed small mean coefficients of variation (CV) across the four regions: 5.3% in aMCC, 6.6% in pgACC, 7.3% in pIL and 8.2% in pIR. For all neurochemicals combined, mean inter-subject variability demonstrated mean CVs of 9.05% (aMCC), 8.84% (pgACC), 10.00% (pIL) and 10.55% (pIR). Head movement, tissue composition and day time revealed no significant explanatory variance contribution suggesting a negligible influence on data. A strong correlation between Cramer-Rao Lower Bounds (CRLB; a measure of fitting errors) and the mean intra-subject CV (r=0.799, p<0.001) outlined the importance of low CRLB in order to obtain robust and finally meaningful 1H-MRS measures. The present findings confirm 1H-MRS as a reliable tool to measure brain neurochemistry in small subregions of the human brain. (shrink)

현대산업사회는 인간의 지능을 탑재한 인공지능이라 명명되는 A.I(Artificial Intelligence) 와 통신기술의 획기적인 변화를 가져온 ICBM으로 대표된다. ICBM은 정보기술(Information Technology)과 통신기술(Communication Technology)을 합친 ICT의 합성어로서 정보 기술과 통신기술의 일대 전환을 가져온 기술이다. 또한 이 ICBM은 사물인터넷을 뜻하는 IOT와 우리 일상생활에서 시간과 장소에 구애 없이 인터넷을 통해 정보를 얻을 수 있는 클라우드(Cloud) 장치와 대용량의 정보를 다루고 분석하는 빅데이터(Big Data) 기능이 포함된다. 또한 이동 가능한 통신기 모바일(Mobile)을 뜻하기도 하고, 여기에 생명공학 기 술과 소립자를 다루는 나노 기술이 포함되기도 한다. 이이의 철학은 ‘리기지묘(理氣之妙)’ ․ ‘리통기국(理通氣局)’ ․ (...) ‘기발리승(氣發理 乘)’이라는 세 가지 개념으로 요약될 수 있다. 이이에게 리는 단지 기능적 규칙이 아 니라, 우주의 근본 이치이자 인간의 도덕적 지향을 내포한 규범이다. 인간이 도덕적 으로 행동할 수 있는 이유는, 그 마음에 발동되는 기(정서, 욕망, 판단 등)에 규범적 리가 항상 함께 타고 있기 때문이다. 반면 AI는 기의 발동에 해당하는 기계적 계산과 처리를 수행할 수 있지만, 거기에 탑재된 리는 규범이라기보다 지시이며 의미라기보 다 절차이다. 이 점에서 AI는 이이가 말하는 ‘기발리승’의 구조를 기술적으로는 모방 할 수 있어도 존재론적으로는 동일할 수 없다. 포스트휴먼 사회에서 인간은 자신을 ‘기계적 기’의 덩어리로 환원하거나 재조립하는 실험을 거듭하고 있다. 사이보그는 뇌와 신체의 기능을 보완․강화하며 디지털화된 자아는 물질성을 벗어난 데이터의 흐름으로 구성된다. 미래에는 인간과 기계사이의 지능의 구분은 무의미해질지도 모 른다. 그렇게 된다면 인간과 기계의 주도권을 누가 가지느냐가 심각하게 대두된다. 인공지능이 갖는 현실에서 이이의 ‘기발리승’의 이론을 적용한다면, 변화하는 속도에 작동하는 것은 기의 작용으로 파악하고 현실에서 인공지능의 기계를 천지의 조화 차 원에서 제어하여 설계에서부터 위험성을 제거할 수 있다. 인공지능이 물질에서 비롯 된 것이기에 물질적인 성격을 갖는다고 보지만 거기에는 고도의 지적인 인공생명이 내재되어 있기 때문이다. (shrink)

The Transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) family of secreted proteins regulates a variety of key events in normal development and physiology. In mammals, this family, represented by 33 ligands, including TGF‐β, activins, nodal, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), regulate biological processes as diverse as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, metabolism, homeostasis, immune response, wound repair, and endocrine functions. In Drosophila, only 7 members of this family are present, with 4 TGF‐β/BMP and 3 TGF‐β/activin ligands. Studies in (...) the fly have illustrated the role of TGF‐β/BMP ligands during embryogenesis and organ patterning, while the TGF‐β/activin ligands have been implicated in the control of wing growth and neuronal functions. In this review, we focus on the emerging roles of Drosophila TGF‐β/activins in inter‐organ communication via long‐distance regulation, especially in systemic lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis, and discuss findings relevant to metabolic diseases in humans. -/- . (shrink)