Abstract We propose a covariant field-theoretic model in which physical time is a dynamical scalar field, the Time Wave Field (TWF) , coupling to matter via the stress-energy trace and disformal metric modifications. The measured physical time is: where is the metric proper time. We derive the covariant action, field equations, modified geodesics, and constraints from weak-field gravity, atomic clocks, and interferometric measurements. Microscopic fluctuations of generate quantum decoherence, with a variance reproducing the magnitude and structure of the Diósi–Penrose gravitational (...) decoherence. Spatial gradients of ϕ modify the flow of proper time and induce a disformal correction to the metric, yielding an additional attractive force that perturbatively mimics gravitational time dilation and produces Yukawa-like corrections to Newtonian gravity. Crucially, when applied to cosmology, the dynamical nature of physical time modifies the interpretation of cosmic expansion. Cosmological acceleration emerges from the evolution of temporal flow itself rather than from vacuum energy, while phenomena attributed to dark matter arise from temporal inertia and spatial inhomogeneities in clock rates. Large-scale structure formation, gravitational lensing, and the cosmological arrow of time are reinterpreted as consequences of a single dynamical time field. The model yields testable predictions ranging from sub-millimeter deviations from Newtonian gravity to mass-dependent macroscopic quantum decoherence and time-dependent cosmological signatures. -/- Keywords: Time wave Field, Dynamical Scalar Field, Quantum Decoherence, Gravitational Time Dilation, Dark Matter, Dark Energy -/- . (shrink)

This study integrates the research on corporate political strategy and corporate governance. Using the agency theory perspective, this study examines how corporate governance mechanisms such as institutional ownership, insider ownership, and long-term executive compensation affect a firm’s political strategy approach. This study proposes that an agency problem may occur between owners and managers in regard to firms’ approach to corporate political strategy. Since a relational approach to corporate political strategy, such as establishing a government relations office in Washington, DC, requires (...) significant resource commitments without guaranteeing a favorable policy change, shareholders might be reluctant to approve such an approach. In a sample of 3,417 U.S. manufacturing firms, over 5 years of data, the results show that institutional ownership and insider ownership are negatively associated with firms’ propensity to engage in a relational approach to political strategy. (shrink)

According to Einstein, a universal time does not exist. But what if time is different than what we think of it? Cosmic Microvawe Background Radiation was accepted as a reference for a universal clock and a new time concept has been constructed. According to this new concept, time was tackled as two-dimensional having both a wavelength and a frequency. What our clocks measure is actually a derivation of the frequency of time. A relativistic time dilation actually corresponds to an increase (...) in the wavelength of time. At the point where time wavelength and time frequency is equal, where light is positioned, quantum-world and macro- world are seperated. Gravity was redefined with respect to time and the new two dimensional time fabric of the universe was speculated to be the source of dark energy causing the universe to expand. According to this new point of view quantum realm and macro-world can be better understood. This new time concept provide a basis for our understanding of quantum gravity and provide the long-sought answers to well known problems of it. A prediction of the presented theory is that the universe will expand at various rates at different regions due to the fact that particular surroundings will create different gravities and cause a different gravity- time wavelength effect yielding various time delays for calculating this rate of expansion. (shrink)

The occipitocervical junction is formed by the foramen magnum (FM) and the adjacent anatomical structures of the C1 and C2 vertebrae. The FM is formed anteriorly by the basilar part of occipital bone. Anterolaterally, it borders the occipital condyles and hypoglossal canal as well as the jugular foramen. Posteriorly, the FM is formed by the squamous part of the occipital bone with the internal occipital crest. In the midline, named landmarks at the anterior margin are the basion and, at the (...) posterior margin, the opisthion. Vital anatomic structures are located in the FM or pass through. Among these are the medulla oblongata, meninges, anterior and posterior spinal arteries, vertebral arteries, and spinal roots of the accessory nerve. The FM is firmly anchored to the cervical canal via strong ligamentous support.Pathologies in this area can be of congenital, acquired, traumatic, neoplastic, or infectious origin, with the respective surgical indications and approaches depending on the nature and location of the pathology. If the pathology is occipitoatlantal, the occiput is usually involved in surgery. On the other hand, if the pathology is only at the level of C1-C2, surgery may be limited to these two vertebrae.In this section, we present the surgical management of exemplary congenital cases, and we discuss the complications and what needs to be done to deal with them. (shrink)

Background The ethical principle of justice demands that resources be distributed equally and based on evidence. Guidelines regarding forgoing of CPR are unavailable and there is large variance in the reported rates of attempted CPR in in-hospital cardiac arrest. The main objective of this work was to study whether local culture and physician preferences may affect spur-of-the-moment decisions in unexpected in-hospital cardiac arrest. Methods Cross sectional questionnaire survey conducted among a convenience sample of physicians that likely comprise code team members (...) in their country. The questionnaire included details regarding respondent demographics and training, personal value judgments and preferences as well as professional experience regarding CPR and forgoing of resuscitation. Results Of the 675 questionnaires distributed, 617 were completed and returned. Country of practice and level of knowledge about resuscitation were strongly associated with avoiding CPR performance. Mexican physicians were almost twicemore likely to forgo CPR than their Israeli and Indonesian/Malaysian counterparts [OR1.84, p = 0.038]. Mexican responders also placed greater emphasison personal and patient quality of life. In multivariate analysis, degree of religiosity was most strongly associated with willingness to forgo CPR; orthodox respondents were more than twice more likely to report having forgone CPR for apatient they do not know than secular and observant respondents, regardless of the country of practice [OR 2.12, p = 0.003]. Conclusions In unexpected in-hospital cardiac arrest the decision to perform or withhold CPR may be affected by physician knowledge and local culture as well as personal preferences. Physician CPR training should include information regarding predictors of patient outcome at as well as emphasis on differentiating between patient and personal preferences in an emergency. (shrink)

Philosophers, psychologists, economists and other social scientists continue to debate the nature of human well-being. We argue that this debate centers around five main conceptualizations of well-being: hedonic well-being, life satisfaction, desire fulfillment, eudaimonia, and non-eudaimonic objective-list well-being. Each type of well-being is conceptually different, but are they empirically distinguishable? To address this question, we first developed and validated a measure of desire fulfillment, as no measure existed, and then examined associations between this new measure and several other well-being measures. (...) In addition, we explored associations among all five types of well-being. We found high correlations among all measures of well-being, but generally correlations did not approach unity, even when correcting for unreliability. Furthermore, correlations between well-being and related constructs (e.g., demographics, personality) depended on the type of well-being measured. We conclude that empirical findings based on one type of well-being measure may not generalize to all types of well-being. (shrink)

Bu araştırmanın genel amacı betimsel bir yaklaşımla, üniversite gençliğinin sahip oldukları dindarlık algıları ve düzeylerini tespit etmeye çalışmak ve elde edilen bulguları, psikolojik özellikleri açısından yorumlamaktır. Çalışma giriş, dindarlık, maneviyat gibi temel kavramların ele alındığı birinci bölüm, anket sonucunda elde edilen verilerin hipotezlerle olan ilişkisinin değerlendirildiği ikinci bölüm ve elde edilen bulguların yorumlandığı sonuç bölümü olmak üzere toplam dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmanın evrenini 2011-2012 yıllarında Erciyes Üniversitesi’ne bağlı fakültelerde lisans düzeyinde öğrenim gören öğrenciler oluşturmaktadır. Bu evren içerisinde tesadüfi yöntemle belirlenen (...) 553 öğrenci üzerinde anket uygulanmıştır. Anket, betimleyici ve Likert tarzı sorulardan oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmada bağımsız değişkenler olarak bilim alanı, fakülte, bölüm, sınıf, yaş, cinsiyet, üniversiteye gelmeden önce en uzun süre yaşanılan çevre, mezun olunan lise, annenin ve babanın eğitim durumları ve eğitim esnasında kalınan yer alınmıştır. Veriler analiz edilirken, yüzde, frekans dağılımları, betimsel istatistikler, varyans analizi (tek yönlü ANOVA) ve T- Testleri ve Ki-Kare (x²) teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda cinsiyet, yaş, bilim alanı, fakülte ve bölüm, mezun olunan lise hakkındaki hipotezlerin doğrulandığı diğerlerinin ise reddedildiği ortaya çıkmıştır. (shrink)

Whether, how and when do leaders engage in ethical leadership as a response to status threat? We propose that leaders facing status threat are likely to develop ethical leadership behaviors toward subordinates. Drawing on power dependence theory, we theorize that experiencing status threat augments leaders’ dependence on subordinates who can provide them with status-relevant resources. Dependence on subordinates further motivates leaders to absorb the resource constraints through displaying ethical leadership. However, if leaders are able to obtain alternative resources to cope (...) with status threat, their dependence on subordinates is weakened. We conducted two studies to test the predictions. Using a moderation-of-process design, Study 1 found that when participants experienced status threat, they displayed more ethical leadership behaviors, but particularly so when their reward structure was team- rather than individual-based. Study 2 was a field study using a sample of 104 teams from two Chinese firms listed in the “Top 500 private enterprises in China.” We found that leaders who experienced more status threat were perceived to be more ethical by their subordinates, which was mediated by leaders’ perceptions of dependence on subordinates. The mediated effect was stronger for leaders who were less skilled in networking. Implications for theory on the contextual factors of ethical leadership, dependence, and status threat are discussed. (shrink)

This case study focuses on how divergent cultural norms can impact ethical decisionmaking between a superior and subordinate in a high-pressure workplace. In order to ensure that today’s business students adhere to the highest standards of ethical conduct in an international and multicultural environment, it is imperative they recognize and respond appropriately to different cultural views of ethics. In the accompanying case, Jane, a Chinese national living and working in the United States, encounters multiple ethical dilemmas during her employment at (...) TrustUS. Readers are introduced to important cultural factors that differ between Eastern and Western societies and are asked to apply these concepts to gain insight into how cultural background might influence the ethical decision making of a professional in a managerial accounting context. (shrink)

The Satisfaction With Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985) has been the dominant measure of life satisfaction since its creation more than 30 years ago. We sought to develop an improved measure that includes indirect indicators of life satisfaction (e.g., wishing to change one’s life) to increase the bandwidth of the measure and account for acquiescence bias. In 3 studies, we developed a 6-item measure of life satisfaction, the Riverside Life Satisfaction Scale, and obtained reliability and validity evidence. (...) Importantly, the Riverside Life Satisfaction Scale retained the high internal consistency, test– retest stability, and unidimensionality of the Satisfaction With Life Scale. In addition, the Riverside Life Satisfaction Scale correlated with other well-being measures, Big Five personality traits, values, and demographic information in expected ways. Although the Riverside Life Satisfaction Scale correlated highly with the Satisfaction With Life Scale, we believe it improves the Satisfaction With Life Scale by appropriately increasing construct breadth and reducing the potential for bias. (shrink)

Çalışma, Muhammed b. Mustafa el-Alâî’ye (ö. 1234/1818) nispet edilen Şerḥ-i İrâde-i cüzʾiyye risâlesinin ona aidiyeti üzerine yoğunlaşacaktır. Muhammed b. Mustafa el-Alâî’nin kendisine ait olduğunu söylediği ve ona nispet edilen Şerḥ-i İrâde-i cüzʾiyye risâlesi aslında Dâvûd-i Karsî’nin (ö. 1169/1756) Risâle fi’l-iḫtiyârâti’l-cüzʾiyye ve’l-irâdâti’l-ḳalbiyye adlı risâlesinin kısmen değiştirilmiş bir versiyonudur. Alâî, Karsî’nin risâlesinden ihtiyaç duymadığı bazı bağlam ve konuları çıkararak ve gerekli gördüğü bazı başlıkları da Ebû Saîd el-Hâdimî’nin (ö. 1176/1762) el-Berîḳatu’l-maḥmûdiyye eserinden eklemeler yaparak oluşturduğu Şerḥ-i İrâde-i cüzʾiyye risâlesi, içerik açısından (...) dikkate alındığında intihalin en bariz görüldüğü bir eser niteliğindedir. Osmanlı ilim düşüncesi dikkate alındığında irade ve insan fiilleri konusunda büyük bir literatürün ortaya konulduğu ve bu metinlerin konu hakkında belli bir fikrin yerleşmesinde etkisi olduğu bilinmektedir. Belli bir dönemde telif edilen risâlelerin muhteva olarak sonraki risâle ve eserlerin muhtevasını etkilemiş olması ve bu nedenle kısmî tedâhüllerin olması sıkça karşılaşılan bir durumdur. Fakat başkasına ait bir telif üzerinde tikel bir değişiklik yaparak eseri kendisine nispet etmek ilmî olarak kabul edilemez bir durumdur. Araştırmanın konusu olan Alâî’nin risâlesi de ikinci türden bir risâle hüviyetindedir. Risâlenin tamamına yakın bir bölümü Karsî’nin konu hakkındaki risâlesi kısmen değiştirilerek oluşturulmuş ve Dâvûd-i Karsî’ye herhangi bir atıfta bulunulmamıştır. Bu çalışmada amaçlanan ise Alâî’nin kendisine nispet ettiği bu risâlenin aslında Karsî’ye ait olduğunu karşılaştırmalı tablolar üzerinden ortaya koymaktır. Bu bağlamda hem Karsî hem de Alâî’ye ait her iki metin tablolar üzerinden baştan sona kadar karşılaştırılmış; ortak ve farklı noktalar tespit edilerek gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. Karşılaştırmalar neticesinde risâlenin Karsî’ye aidiyeti kesin şekilde tespit edildiğinden bahsi geçen intihal olgusunun bizzat Alâî tarafından mı, yoksa başka birisi tarafından mı yapıldığı sorusuna dikkat çekilmiştir. Ayrıca Alâî’nin Ebû Saîd el-Hâdimî’den kaynak göstermeden alıntı yaptığı yerler de tespit edilerek metin üzerinde farklı bir renkle gösterilmiştir. Son olarak bütünsel bir bakış imkânı sunması için Alâî’ye ait risâlenin tahkiki de yapılmıştır. Metnin tahkikinde Karsî’nin metninde mevcut olup Alâî’nin metninde olmayan ve anlamı tamamlayan kelimeler ile cümleler köşeli parantez içinde gösterilmiştir. Ayrıca Karsî’nin metninde metin-şerh ayrımı olduğundan Alâî’nin risâlesindeki bu ayrım da tespit edilmiş böylece metin bold ve parantez içinde gösterilirken şerh ise normal yazı stiliyle gösterilmiştir. Çünkü bu metin-şerh ayrımının gösterilmesi, metnin anlaşılması ve bütünlüğü açısından elzem bir durum arz etmektedir. (shrink)

Aims The study aims to test the Turkish validity and reliability of the Rushton Moral Resilience Scale (RMRS) and examine the effect of moral resilience on moral distress. Background Moral distress is a phenomenon that negatively affects health workers, health institutions, and the person receiving care. In order to eliminate or minimize the negative effects of moral distress, it is necessary to increase the moral resilience of nurses. Moral resilience involves developing systems that support a culture of ethical practice in (...) healthcare and aim to increase an individual’s capacity to cope with moral challenges. Methods A methodological and descriptive-predictive study design was adopted. Sociodemographic Information Form, Measure of Moral Distress – Healthcare Professionals (MMD-HP), and Rushton Moral Resilience Scale were used to collect data from the nurses. A total of 255 clinical nurses were recruited. Ethical considerations Hacettepe University’s non-interventional ethics committee approved the study’s protocol and informed consent was obtained from the participants. Results The original four-factor structure of the scale was tested with confirmatory factor analysis, and the index values were evaluated and found at an acceptable level. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.826. Moral resilience predicted moral distress total, intensity, and frequency levels. A moderate and weak relationship was found in the negative between all sub-dimensions of moral distress and moral resilience. Conclusions The Rushton Moral Resilience Scale Turkish version showed good psychometric properties. Moral resilience has a reducing effect on moral distress. Young nurses who have less experience are at risk because they have lower moral resilience levels, while nurses working in intensive care units are at risk because of their high moral distress levels. A healthy workplace can be created by developing specific approaches to improve moral resilience in reducing the impact of moral distress in the healthcare environment. (shrink)

This paper presents a new approach to theorizing and empirically investigating a phenomenon variously described by sociologists as internalized oppression or symbolic violence. Located at the intersection of internal worlds and external reality, the intrapsychic and the interpersonal and social, this object of inquiry—here termed self-negation—is crucial to many forms of societal domination. The paper explores its inner workings, analytically disaggregating it into an array of psychosocial processes drawn from the psychoanalytic theory of the defenses. Much of the work’s originality (...) consists in showing how these processes operate across multiple systems of domination and drive many and varied outward manifestations of the phenomenon. (shrink)

Many philosophers have claimed that normative error theorists are committed to the claim ‘Error theory is true, but I have no reason to believe it’, which to some appears paradoxical. Case (2019) has claimed that the normative error theorist cannot avoid this paradox. In this paper, we argue that there is no paradox in the first place, that is once we clear up the ambiguity of the word ‘reason’, both on the error theorist’s side and those that claim that there (...) is a self-defeat problem. Upon clarification, we also raise scepticism to what exactly the nature of self-defeat is meant to be. (shrink)

Religion has significantly influenced societies throughout history and across the globe. Family firms—particularly those operating in strongly religious regions—are more likely to be subject to the influence of religion. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which religion affects business activities in family firms. We study how religion impacts business activities through a qualitative study of two Anatolian-based family firms in Turkey. We find that religion provides a dominant meaning system that plays a key role in constituting business activities (...) through three mechanisms: family imports religious practices as business practices; family adheres to religious values as a rationale for business actions; and family religious values define business taboos by avoiding the evil eye. These mechanisms highlight how religion becomes a source of well-understood business practices, how religion defines the nature of rationality that guides business activities, and how religious taboos can delimit the range of potential business activities, respectively. (shrink)

Despite some promising steps in the right direction, organizational analysis has yet to exploit fully the theoretical and empirical possibilities inherent in the writings of Pierre Bourdieu. While certain concepts associated with his thought, such as field and capital, are already widely known in the organizational literature, the specific ways in which these terms are being used provide ample evidence that the full significance of his relational mode of thought has yet to be sufficiently apprehended. Moreover, the almost complete inattention (...) to habitus, the third of Bourdieu’s major concepts, without which the concepts of field and capital (at least as he deployed them) make no sense, further attests to the misappropriation of his ideas and to the lack of appreciation of their potential usefulness. It is our aim in this paper, by contrast, to set forth a more informed and comprehensive account of what a relational – and, in particular, a Bourdieu-inspired – agenda for organizational research might look like. Accordingly, we examine the implications of his theoretical framework for interorganizational relations, as well as for organizations themselves analyzed as fields. The primary advantage of such an approach, we argue, is the central place accorded therein to the social conditions under which inter- and intraorganizational power relations are produced, reproduced, and contested. (shrink)

Many moral realists have employed a strategy for arguing for moral realism by claiming that if epistemic normativity is categorical and that if this epistemic normativity exists, then categorical normativity exists. In this paper, we will discuss that argument, examine a way out, and respond to the objections people have recently raised in the literature. In the end, we conclude that the objections to our way out will do little in the way of motivating those who already do not believe (...) in categorical normativity, thereby severing the power the aforementioned parity argument is designed to possess. (shrink)

The principles underpinning Islam's ethical framework applied to routine clinical scenarios remain insufficiently understood by many clinicians, thereby unfortunately permitting the delivery of culturally insensitive healthcare. This paper summarises the foundations of the Islamic ethical theory, elucidating the principles and methodology employed by the Muslim jurist in deriving rulings in the field of medical ethics. The four-principles approach, as espoused by Beauchamp and Childress, is also interpreted through the prism of Islamic ethical theory. Each of the four principles is investigated (...) in turn, looking in particular at the extent to which each is rooted in the Islamic paradigm. This will provide an important insight into Islamic medical ethics, enabling the clinician to have a better informed discussion with the Muslim patient. It will also allow for a higher degree of concordance in consultations and consequently optimise culturally sensitive healthcare delivery. (shrink)

Aims This study aims to examine the mediating effect of moral distress on the relationship between moral resilience and the intention to leave. Background Moral distress is a phenomenon that negatively impacts healthcare workers, healthcare institutions, and recipients. To eliminate or minimize the negative effects of moral distress, it is necessary to increase the moral resilience of nurses. Moral resilience is important in protecting against the negative effects of moral distress, such as burnout and turnover intention. In this direction, it (...) is necessary to increase the moral resilience of nurses to reduce negative situations such as turnover intention in nurses. Methods It is a descriptive–predictive study. Sociodemographic Information Form, Measure of Moral Distress – Healthcare Professionals, and Rushton Moral Resilience Scale were used to collect data from the nurses. A total of 220 clinical nurses were recruited. Ethical considerations Approval was obtained from the university’s non-interventional ethics committee, and informed consent was obtained from the participants. Results The study found a total moral distress score of 6.39 ± 0.3.12 and moral resilience score of 2.69 ± 0.48. A moderate and weak negative correlation was found between moral distress and moral resilience. Moral distress has a moderating effect on the intention to leave nursing (β = −0.158, p =.010) and the intention to leave the current position (β = −0.174, p =.000). Individual’s moral resilience directly affects the intention to leave. The presence of moral distress eliminates the direct effect of moral resilience and affects the intention to leave together with moral resilience. Conclusions Moral resilience leads to decreased intention to leave, and moral distress mediates this situation. An increase in moral distress decreases moral resilience and increases intention to leave. It can be assumed that if moral distress is not controlled, increasing moral resilience will not affect the intention to leave the job. (shrink)

In this study, it is tried to put forth some explanations on the definition of vitality referring to the historical definition of biology that can be considered as thestudy of life. In accordance with the explanations, the necessity of revision and distinction of some terms in the contemporary biology is also mentioned. The first among which is the updating of the term known as homeostasis into homeokinesis. For this reason, a number of propositions are emphasized in order to clarify the (...) distinction of meaning. The following three questions were repeated in the process and structure of the article: 1) What is vitality? 2) Does it have any degrees or grades? 3) If so, what is the basic-vitality? In the search for an answer to these questions, different topics of biology are cited as references. At the same time, by claiming that vitality is an emergent process, it is proposed to follow the emergentist view, rather than the reductionist view on the statements of biological facts and phenomena. As a result, the cell level in the hierarchy of the biological organization is discussed first and a threefold-vitality view emergent in the levels of cell, organ and organism is put forth. Consciousness and memory are immanent in every level of the proposed threefold-vitality. -/- Keywords: Life, Cell, Homeokinesis, Consciousness. (shrink)

“Tahrif” kelimesi Arapça kökenli bir kelime olup orijinal bir metni veya bir fikri kastedilen anlamı taşımayacak şekilde değiştirmek anlamına gelir. Yazılı edebiyatın birçok alanında olduğu gibi dinî eserlerde de bazı tahriflerin yapıldığı bilinmektedir. Bu çalışma Ali el-Kārî’nin Şerḥu’l-Fıḳhi’l-ekber’inde Hz. Peygamber’in annesi ve babasının âhiretteki durumunu ele alan kısımlarda yapıldığı düşünülen bir tahrifi konu edinmektedir. Hz. Peygamber’in anne ve babasının âhiretteki durumlarının ne olduğu konusu İslâmî literatürde tartışılan önemli bir konudur. İslâm âlimlerinin çoğu Hz. Peygamber’e saygısızlık olacağını ve onu inciteceğini düşünerek (...) onun anne ve babasının cennetlik olduğunu söylemiştir. Bununla beraber Ali el-Kārî (ö. 1014/1605) gibi bazı âlimler daha gerçekçi olduğunu düşünerek onların küfür üzere öldüklerini belirtmişlerdir. Hayatının sonuna kadar bu görüşünden dönmeyen Ali el-Kārî, Hanefîler tarafından çok eleştirilmiştir. Onun bu konudaki görüşlerini dile getirdiği eserleri üzerinde yapılan çalışmalarda Ebû Hanîfe’nin (ö. 150/767) el-Fıḳhü’l-ekber isimli risâlesinin üzerine Ali el-Kārî’nin yazdığı şerh olan Şerḥu’l-Fıḳhi’l-ekber isimli kitabının nüshalarında birtakım farklılıkların olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bununla beraber eserin metninde yapılan bu değişiklikler hakkında kapsamlı bir araştırmaya girilmemiştir. Bu çalışma Ali el-Kārî’nin Şerḥu’l-Fıḳhi’l-ekber isimli eserinde söz konusu edilen değişiklikleri/tahrifâtı tarihî süreç içinde ortaya çıkarmayı ve bunun muhtemel sebebini tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Hz. Peygamber’in anne ve babasının âhiretteki durumu, Ebû Hanîfe’nin bu konuya dair görüşleri, konuyu ele alması bakımından el-Fıḳhü’l-ekber’in farklı nüshaları hakkındaki tartışmalar araştırmamızın konusuna dâhil değildir. Çalışmamızda Ali el-Kārî’nin bu eserinin Hz. Peygamber’in anne ve babasının durumunu ele alan kısımların yazma nüshalarda, Osmanlı dönemi matbaa baskılarında, modern dönem matbaa baskılarında ve eserin tercümelerinde nasıl ele alındığı araştırılmıştır. Böylece tarihî süreç içinde konunun eserin farklı nüsha ve baskılarında yapılan tahrifler tespit edilmiştir. Tahrif hakkında daha kapsamlı tespitler yapabilmek için müellifin ilmî perspektifini, eserinin özelliklerini de değerlendirmek gerekir. Ali el-Kārî’nin şerhine konu olan eserin yazarının Hanefîliğin kurucusu Ebû Hanîfe olması önemlidir. Ali el-Kārî ise yaşadığı dönemde Hanbelîliğin yaygın olduğu Hicaz bölgesinde Hanefîliğin önemli bir temsilcisidir. Kaynaklar Ali el-Kārî’nin Hanefîliği savunmak için hiç çekinmeden diğer mezhep kurucularını eleştiren önder bir Hanefî olduğunu nakletmektedir. Buna göre eserin ortaya çıkmasında etkili olan her iki âlimin de Hanefîlik için önder isimler olduğu tespitini yapmak gerekir. Şerḥu’l-Fıḳhi’l-ekber isimli eser ise bu iki önemli kişinin yani Ebû Hanîfe ve Ali el-Kārî’nin fikirlerinin kesişim noktasını teşkil etmesi bakımından önemlidir. Diğer taraftan eserleri yayına hazırlayan muhakkiklerin ilmî perspektifleri de tahrif hakkında önemli ipuçları barındırabilecektir. Bu çalışmanın bulgularının temsil gücü yüksek isim ve eserlerdeki tartışmalı konuları ele alırken tahkikli nüshalarda da tahrif olasılığının dikkate alınması gerektiğine dair bir perspektif kazandırmasını hedefliyoruz. (shrink)

In an era when the public and shareholders increasingly demand greater accountability from institutions for racial injustice and slavery, scholarship on corporate reparations is more and more essential. This article argues that corporations have played a significant role in the cultural dehumanization of Blackness and therefore have a particular responsibility to make repair. Cultural dehumanization refers to embedding anti-Blackness into US culture in service of capitalist profit accumulation, which has resulted in status and material inequalities between Blacks and whites that (...) have persisted from slavery to the present. More specifically, the article argues corporations have a moral duty to offer reparations to Black Americans regardless of any redress offered by other perpetrators of anti-Blackness. It appeals to tort law in providing a moral justification for corporate reparations to Black Americans. (shrink)

We aim to show how collective emotions can be incorporated into the study of episodes of political contention. In a critical vein, we systematically explore the weaknesses in extant models of collective action, showing what has been lost through a neglect or faulty conceptualization of collective emotional configurations. We structure this discussion in terms of a review of several “pernicious postulates” in the literature, assumptions that have been held, we argue, by classical social-movement theorists and by social-structural and cultural critics (...) alike. In a reconstructive vein, however, we also lay out the foundations of a more satisfactory theoretical framework. We take each succeeding critique of a pernicious postulate as the occasion for more positive theory-building. Drawing upon the work of the classical American pragmatists–especially Peirce, Dewey, and Mead–as well as aspects of Bourdieu's sociology, we construct, step by step, the foundations of a more adequate theorization of social movements and collective action. Accordingly, the negative and positive threads of our discussion are woven closely together: the dismantling of pernicious postulates and the development of a more useful analytical strategy. (shrink)

The concept of life remains a central enigma for both biology and philosophy, defying conclusive definition due to its ontological richness and epistemological fluidity. This article advances the view that life does not residein any singular molecule or isolated metabolic activity but rather becomes intelligible at the level of the cell, where materiality, organization, and meaning converge. Drawing upon theoretical biology, complexity theory, and the philosophy of individuation (most notably the work of Stuart Kauffman and Gilbert Simondon), the study argues (...) that the cell is not merelya structural unit, but the minimal ontological layer at which vitality emerges. Crucially, the analysis introduces two novel conceptual tools: autognosis (self-knowing) and vital consciousness. These notions articulate the cell's capacity to establish a boundary between self and non-self through semi-permeable membrane processes, and to respond to environmental conditions via informational resonance rooted in historical embeddedness. The cell is thus understood as an epistemic entity—one that processes internal and external signalsto sustain homeokinetic coherence and existential continuity. The temporal mode of life is approached through the dual lens of periodicity and historicity. Rather than being measured by external instruments, time in living systems unfolds through cycles, asymmetries, and irreversible trajectories. Life, in this sense, is not merely extended in time but composed by time. Heterogeneity—both compositional and functional—is identified as a definitive mark of the living, with the cell functioningas a dynamic nexus of differentiated components. Ultimately, the study contends that life must be understood as a mode of being that becomes manifest at the cellular level through processes of self-production, pattern regulation, and situated awareness. In this framework, the cell is not a building block, but a living modality—an emergent locus where matter begins to signify and sustain itself within the unfolding narrative of life. (shrink)

The reception of the translations of Aristotelian and pseudo-Aristotelian works at the University of Paris in the thirteenth century promoted a new understanding of the sciences as specialized fields of knowledge. The huge amount of translations required a new organization of knowledge, which included novel subjects and categories. Among these there is a very special case, namely the pseudo-Aristotelian De plantis, translated from Arabic into Latin and then back into Greek to be re-translated into Latin again. De plantis was included (...) in the new curriculum in Ripoll 109, and constituted the main source for botanical studies until the sixteenth century. Throughout this paper we will explore the reception and impact of De plantis in both the Arabic and the Latin traditions. We aim to show its foundational role in the development of botany as a theoretical discipline within the natural sciences. (shrink)

Mustafa Dikec reveals the aesthetic premises that underlie Hannah Arendt, Jean-Luc Nancy and Jacques Ranciere's political thinking, and demonstrates how their politics depend on the construction and apprehension of worlds through spatial forms and distributions. Exploring these dimensions of the political, he argues that politics is about how perceive and relate to the world. Space is a form of appearance and a mode of actuality, and the disruption of such forms and modes is the sublime element in politics.

Background Moral distress in nursing students has drawn attention due to its ethical and emotional impact during clinical training. Even without decision-making authority, students face ethically challenging situations that may cause psychological and professional strain. Aim This study aimed to explore the causes, effects, coping mechanisms, and predictors of moral distress among senior nursing students, integrating both quantitative and qualitative evidence. Research design A convergent parallel mixed methods design was used, combining a predictive correlational quantitative phase with a descriptive phenomenological (...) qualitative phase. Both strands were analyzed separately and integrated through joint displays. Participants and research context The study was conducted with 200 senior nursing students from four public and two private universities in the capital city. Additionally, 25 students participated in in-depth interviews. Results Quantitative analysis revealed that higher moral distress was predicted by studying at public universities, taking only mandatory ethics courses, lower preparedness for caregiving and managerial roles, lack of self-confidence in resolving ethical issues, and limited legal knowledge. Qualitative findings identified causes such as ethical violations, team conflicts, institutional and systemic inadequacies, and challenges linked to student status. Effects included sadness, anger, guilt, and questioning professional commitment. Coping strategies involved seeking support, moral disengagement, or demonstrating moral courage. Students recommended improved applied ethics training, better managerial support, and systemic reforms. Ethical considerations Ethical approval was obtained from the relevant university ethics committee (GO 23/221). Informed consent was received electronically and verbally before data collection. Conclusion Senior nursing students experience moral distress at moderate-to-high levels, mainly due to systemic and educational inadequacies and limited authority in clinical practice. Strengthening ethics education, preparing students for professional roles, fostering legal literacy, and creating supportive environments are crucial to reducing moral distress and enhancing moral resilience. (shrink)

From the mid-1960s through much of the 1980s, Durkheim's contributions to historical-comparative sociology were decidedly marginalized; the title of one of Charles Tilly's essays, "Useless Durkheim," conveys this prevailing sensibility with perfect clarity. Here, by contrast, I draw upon writings from Durkheim's later "religious" period to show how Durkheim has special relevance today for debates in the historical-comparative field. I examine how his substantive writings shed light on current discussions regarding civil society; how his analytical insights help to show how (...) action within civil society as well as other historical contexts is channelled by cultural, social-structural, and social-psychological configurations (plus transformative human agency); and how his ontological commitment to a "relational social realism" contributes to ongoing attempts to rethink the foundations of historical-comparative investigation. (shrink)

The sense of agency is the subjective feeling of control over one's own actions and the associated outcomes. Here, we asked whether and to what extent the reasons behind our choices (operationalized by value differences, expected utility, and counterfactual option sets) drive our sense of agency. We simultaneously tested these three dimensions during a novel value-based decision-making task while recording explicit (self-reported) and implicit (brain signals) measures of agency. Our results show that choices that are more reasonable also come with (...) a stronger sense of agency: humans report higher levels of control over the outcomes of their actions if (1) they were able to choose between different option values compared to randomly picking between options of identical value, (2) their choices maximizes utility (compared to otherwise) and yields higher than expected utility, and (3) they realize that they have not missed out on hidden opportunities. EEG results showed supporting evidence for factors (1) and (3): We found a higher P300 amplitude for picking than choosing and a higher Late-Positive Component when participants realized they had missed out on possible but hidden opportunities. Together, these results suggest that human agency is not only driven by the goal-directedness of our actions but also by their perceived rationality. (shrink)

The debate on the possibility of attaining metaphysical knowledge by the method of reasoning began with the ancient Greek philosophers and continues to this day. This article aims to examine how Râzî argues for the possibility of attaining metaphysical knowledge through the method of reasoning. He first argues that existence has two parts, the sensed and the thought, in order to demonstrate that metaphysical knowledge can be obtained through the method of reasoning. Then he tries to prove that existence is (...) not limited to the material. After presenting evidence for the existence of things other than the sensible in existence that can be perceived with the intellect, he tries to discuss our devices to relate to this sphere of existence in a comparative manner. In this comparison, two possible devices for attaining metaphysical knowledge emerge: the theoretical intellect and the purified soul. After revealing the positive and negative aspects of both in this comparison, he argues that the most reliable device is the theoretical intellect and the technique is the method of reasoning Râzî gives various answers to those who object to the possibility of obtaining metaphysical knowledge through the method of reasoning. Râzî tries to put forward the grounds on which the groups who object to the method of reasoning are based. He then evaluates their justifications in terms of accuracy and consistency. Thus, he tests both the relevance of each group's objection to the subject and its consistency with the group's other beliefs. He then presents the justifications for his own opinion on the method of reasoning and the consistency of this method with his other beliefs. Following this method, Râzî first divides those who object to the method of reasoning into two categories according to whether or not they accept a metaphysical sphere of existence. According to this division, those who object to the method because they do not accept a metaphysical sphere of existence are the Sophists, Sumeniyya, Mujasimah, Dhahriyya, and Hashawiyya. Although this group does not accept a metaphysical sphere of existence, they are divided into two classes: those who believe in God and those who do not. According to Râzî, the group that accepts the metaphysical sphere of existence but objects to the method of reasoning is the Talimiyya. They claim that metaphysical knowledge can only be attained through the teaching of an innocent instructor, not by the method of reasoning. The different approaches of these groups are the reason why Râzî sometimes emphasizes accuracy, sometimes consistency, and sometimes proving the metaphysical domain of existence in his answers to those who object to the method of reasoning. (shrink)

Every emerging technology has its pros and cons; health-conscious users pay more importance to healthy and environment-friendly technologies. Based on the UTAUT2 model, we proposed a comprehensive novel model to study the factors influencing consumers’ decision-making to adopt the technology. Compared to prior studies that focused on linear models to investigate consumers’ technology adoption intentions and use behavior. This study used a Structural Equation Modeling-fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis approach to account for the complexity of customers’ decision-making processes in adopting (...) new technology. We collected valid responses from 830 consumers, analyzed them, and evaluated them using a deep learning SEM-fsQCA technique to capture symmetric and asymmetric relations between variables. We have extensively incorporated a health-consciousness attitude as a predictor and mediator to understand better the decision-making toward technology adoption, specifically 5G technology. All the factors tested in our model are statistically significant except the economic factors. Health-consciousness attitude and behavioral intention found significant predictors and valid mediators in the process of 5G technology adoption. FsQCA provided six configurations to achieve high 5G adoption. The findings have significant practical ramifications for telecom corporations, advertisers, government officials, and key policymakers. Additionally, the study added substantial theoretical literature to technology adoption, particularly the adoption of 5G technology. (shrink)

Biology –in its simplest definition– is a natural science that studies the living things. Philosophy of Biology, on the other hand, is the whole of conceptual analysis, synthesis and deductions that filters the scientific information being produced by biology, especially those of ‘life’ and ‘evolution’. In this study, the importance of the philosophy-science view of the famous philosopher Teoman Duralı, who passed away a year ago, will be mentioned in terms of contemporary biology and philosophy of biology. In doing this, (...) first of all, the historical relationship between the philosophy of biology and the philosophy of science will be revealed. Then having in consideration of the scope of the philosophy of biology, its relationship to the pure biology and to the history of biology will be mentioned. Then, Duralı’s philosophy-science view will be examined in terms of meaning and cause-effect relationships, thus both his contribution to the philosophy of biology literature in Turkish and his position will be pointed out. In conclusion, the use of the term biophilosophy, which concerns and connects two separate-but-adjoint flowing rivers ‘the philosophy’ and ‘the biology’, will be mentioned by pointing out why ‘biology for philosophy’ and why ‘philosophy for biology’ are important reciprocally. Finally, a declaration consisting a list of ten proposed items will be put forth. (shrink)

The term biodiversity, also known as the diversity of life, is often used to mean the diversity of the living beings in the biosphere. By diversity of the living beings, it is meant mostly living things as individuals. In addition, it is possible to discuss the diversity of species, ecosystems, and hereditary characteristics. In this study, answers were sought to questions such as ‘Is biodiversity a value, can it be measured, what does it mean for our country and the world, (...) what is the lack or lack of biodiversity’. Thus, it was emphasized that biodiversity should be accepted as a value per se. In direct connection with biodiversity, it has been argued that ecosystems should be protected through a combination of intervening and non-intervening methods. In addition, by referring to the nature - culture dichotomy, nature's being the source of culture is underlined. It was mentioned that ecosystems should be protected in order to protect the number of species, and for this reason, intensive consumption of biosphere resources should be prevented. It has been argued that the point of distinction in conservation studies should be determined as ens viva, the concept of being alive. As a result, a proposal consisting of nine items has been put forth in order that it should be considered while drawing a possible roadmap. (shrink)

In this article, I will discuss how neoliberalism affects subjects and what friendship looks like in the neoliberal world we live in. I will show that one of the most important consequences of neoliberal intervention on the subject is the severe damage to the bonds of friendship. In the neoliberal world, we live constantly in a competitive environment dominated by temporary relationships. Friendships seem to be valuable only to gain advantages and to be ahead of others. Those who have more (...) influential ‘friends’ are more likely to get what they want. The concept of friendship, then, has to do with a meaning that involves calculating what one must contribute to obtain. In this article, I will try to explore how neoliberalism invests in the subject and how friendship is treated in the neoliberal world. I will ask how ‘true friendship’ can help us improve our lives by turning to the ways in which friendship shows up in the social relations in which we live. (shrink)

Avrupa Fetva Meclisi, çoğu Batı’da ikame eden hem şerî delilleri hem de vâkıayı bilen kıymetli âlimleri bünyesinde toplamış ilmi bir müessesedir. 1997 yılında Yûsuf el-Karadâvî’nin (1926-2022) başkanlığında kurulmuştur. Bu tarihten itibaren özellikle de Batı’da yaşayan müslümanları ilgilendiren ve müslüman ülkelerde gözlemlenen problemlerden ciddi manada farklılaşan önemli fıkhî meseleleri gündemine taşımış, ürettiği çözümlerle hem oradan yaşayan hem de benzer problemlerle yüzleşen Müslümanlar için referans niteliğinde karar ve fetvalara imza atarak, kendisine başvurulan ilmi bir merci haline gelmiştir. Kuruluşundan günümüze Meclis’in yapısını konu (...) edinen ve genel ya da aile hukuku veya muamelat gibi, özel bazı meseleler bağlamında izlediği fetva yöntemine ilişkin farklı dillerde bazıları akademik tarzda pek çok çalışma yapılmıştır. Meclis, 2023 yılında İstanbul’da icra ettiği toplantısını bu tarihe kadar yaptığı çalışmalar ve kendisine yöneltilen tenkitlere hasretmiş, toplantıda Meclis’i farklı yönleriyle değerlendiren çok sayıda bildiri sunulmuştur. Bu çalışma da aynı gayeye hizmet etmek maksadıyla Meclis’in fetvalarını neşrederken izlediği metodu, fıkıh ve fetva usulü kuralları bağlamında eleştirel bir bakış açısıyla değerlendirmek üzere kaleme alınmıştır. Değerlendirme, fetvanın muteber sayılabilmesi için müftüde aranan ilmi ehliyet ve adalet şartlarıyla sınırlandırılmıştır. Bu bağlamda öncelikle fıkıh meclislerinin fıkıh ilmine yaptığı katkıdan bahseden bir giriş yapılmış, ardından Meclisle ilgili tanıtıcı kısa bir malumat verilerek, “ekalliyyât fıkhı” olarak da bilinen alanda doldurduğu boşluk başta olmak üzere, diğer fıkıh meclislerinden olumlu yönde ayrıldığı hususiyetlerine değinilmiştir. Fetvanın kabul edilmesi için gerekli şartlar meşhur usul kitaplarıyla iktifa edilerek tahlil edilerek aktarılmış, Meclis’in neşrettiği fetva ve kararların bu kurallara uygunluğu tartışılarak, diğer fıkıh meclisleriyle mukayese imkânı oluşturabilmek için onlar tarafından neşredilmiş karar ve fetvalara da yer verilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda Meclisin, karar ve fetvaların kimler tarafından alındığını ilan etmemek suretiyle kriter olarak belirlenen fetva usulü kurallarına riâyet etmediği anlaşılmış, diğer fıkıh meclislerinin de çoğunlukla aynı problemle malul olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Çalışma, tespit edilen problemlerin çözümü için bazı tavsiyelerin de yer aldığı bir sonuçla tamamlanmıştır. Çalışmanın, ulaştığı sonuçlarla fetva müesseselerinin bu faaliyeti icra ederken fetva usulü çerçevesinde hareket etmelerine rehberlik edecek ölçüler ortaya koymak suretiyle alana katkı sağlaması umulmaktadır. Bunun yanında, hangi isimle anılırsa anılsın kurumsal olarak fetva neşreden müesseselerin, özelde ise Avrupa Fetva Meclisi’nin kararlarıyla amel eden ya da karar ve fetvalarını esas alarak fetva veren veya çalışmalarında istifade eden araştırmacı ve müftülerde farkındalık oluşturması ümit edilmektedir. (shrink)

The recent revival of the theme of hospitality in the humanities and social sciences reflects a shared concern with issues of belonging, identity and placement that arises out of the experience of globalized social life. In this context, migration — or spatial dislocation and relocation — is often equated with demands for hospitality. There is a need to engage more carefully with the ‘proximities’ that prompt acts of hospitality and inhospitality; to attend more closely to their spatial and temporal dimensions. (...) Is the stranger or the Other primarily one who is recognisably ‘out of place’? Or is there more to being estranged than moving from one territory to another? This brings us to the question of human finitude, and to the possibility of encounters with others that do not simply only occur in time or space, but are themselves generative of new times and spaces. (shrink)

Bu çalışma, transhümanizm ve posthümanizm bağlamında insan doğasının geleceğine ilişkin tartışmaları, insanın yalnızca biyolojik değil aynı zamanda metafizik bir varlık olduğu kabulünden hareketle varoluşsal bir perspektiften incelemektedir. Günümüzde hızla gelişen teknolojik imkânlar, insanın ontolojik statüsü ve sınırları üzerine yürütülen tartışmalara farklı bir boyut kazandırarak insanın doğası, kimliği, benliği ve anlamı konusunda yeni soru ve sorunlar ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu çerçevede çalışmada, transhümanizmin insanın biyolojik ve zihinsel sınırlarının teknoloji aracılığıyla aşılabileceği yönündeki yaklaşımı ile posthümanizmin insan-merkezci ontolojiye yönelik eleştirileri birlikte ele alınmaktadır. Bu (...) doğrultuda biyoteknoloji, yapay zekâ ve genetik mühendisliği alanlarında yaşanan gelişmelerin, insan doğasının sabit ve değişmez bir öz olduğu yönündeki anlayışı nasıl dönüştürmek istediği analiz edilmektedir. Ancak bu dönüşüm değerlendirilirken insanın yalnızca maddi bir varlık olarak ele alınamayacağı, aynı zamanda aşkın ve metafizik boyutlara sahip olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Özellikle insanın fiziksel ve bilişsel kapasitesini artırmaya yönelik müdahaleler, onun anlam arayan, değer üreten ve sorumluluk taşıyan bir “Ben” olarak yeniden düşünülmesini gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda “beşer” ile “insan” arasındaki ayrım dikkate alınarak, teknolojik müdahalelerin yalnızca beşerî yapıyı değil, insanî ve metafizik nitelikleri de dönüştürme potansiyeli taşıdığı ortaya konulmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, insan doğasının dinamik bir yapı olduğu kabul edilmekle birlikte, onun metafizik yönünün göz ardı edilmemesi gerektiği ve insanın geleceğine ilişkin tartışmaların sorumluluk, adalet ve özgürlük gibi temel değerler çerçevesinde ele alınmasının zorunlu olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Buna ilaveten bu yaklaşım, insanın yalnızca teknik olarak geliştirilebilir bir nesne değil, aynı zamanda anlam, bilinç ve değer ufkuna sahip bir özne olduğunu ortaya koymakta, böylece geleceğe yönelik etik değerlendirmelerin indirgemeci paradigmalardan kaçınarak, insanın tüm varoluşsal boyutlarını kapsayan daha derinlikli bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla ele alınmasını gerekli kılmaktadır. (shrink)

Background Moral distress is a phenomenon that all nurses experience at different levels and contexts. The level of moral distress can be affected by individual values and the local culture. The sources of the values shape the level of moral distress experienced and the nurses’ decisions. Aim The present scoping review was conducted to examine the situations that cause moral distress in ICU nurses in different countries. Results A scoping review methodology was adopted for the study, in line with the (...) approach of Arksey, and O'Malley Literature was searched within PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO indexed keywords such as “moral distress”, “Critical Care Nurse”, and “Moral Distress Scale-Revised”. Of the 617 identified citations, 12 articles matched the inclusion criteria. Conclusion The moral distress experienced in countries and regions with similar cultures and geographies was parallel. The situations that cause the most moral distress are futile-care to prolong death, unnecessary tests and treatments, and working with incompetent healthcare personnel. (shrink)

The attempt in this article is to reflect on the notion of hospitality, building on Derrida's engagement with the notion. In doing so, I visit some of the debates on cosmopolitanism, a term which, I believe, is sometimes used overenthusiastically, neglecting the negative implications it might carry. Besides, I observe the same uncritical stance towards the reception of Kant's notion of `universal hospitality', developed in his famous piece on `Perpetual Peace', a text that has been at the core of the (...) recent debates on cosmopolitanism. I revisit Kant's text to discuss the implications of his project. I distinguish between `the other' and `the stranger', and try to develop a politics and ethics of hospitality due to the stranger. I conclude with some implications of `not being home'. (shrink)

Premodern Muslim juristic discussions on religious innovation (bidʿa) frequently invoke a distinction between religion and its other: the irreligious and/or non-religious secular. This demarcation disrupts accounts of the unavailability of the secular beyond the precincts of the modern West, even as the imperfect translation of premodern Islamic non-religion as secular discloses the ethnocentric provincialism of the master categories of European thought that continue to facilitate European colonialism. An alternative, premodern, Islamic account of the secular is found in the thought of (...) Ibn Taymiyya (d. 728/1328), al-Shāṭibī (d. 790/1388) and their intergenerational interlocutors who summon an opaque and shifting, yet real, boundary between religion and the irreligious and/or non-religious secular, which they posit as distinct, oppositional, yet also co-constitutive terms. The distinctions between religion and the secular, for these scholars, arise out of their (i) purposive account of divine law, (ii) compartmentalization of religious ‘worship’ from secular ‘custom’, and (iii) creation of distinct orders of religious and secular spatio-temporality. (shrink)

Normative error theorists maintain the view that normative judgements ascribe normative properties, but these normative properties don’t exist. Many philosophers have tried objecting to this view, like Case (Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 98(1), 92–104, 2019) arguing that it faces self-defeat. Others, like Streumer (Journal of Philosophy, 110(4), 194–212, 2013), have argued that it can’t even be believed because beliefs (in the full, rational sense) possess certain normative requirements. So, there is no self-defeating ‘belief’ in normative error theory. Recently, Taccolini (European (...) Journal of Analytic Philosophy, 20(1), 131-154, 2024) has accepted that Streumer’s response to self-defeat might work, and builds a stronger self-defeat argument. The argument attempts to illustrate that one cannot defend the normative error theory, regardless of whether they believe it or not. In response, we illustrate various plausible interpretations of ‘defense’ that are consistent with error theory, thereby diffusing the modal objection that one can’t defend error theory. (shrink)

Le document présenté ici est le texte intégral d’un discours prononcé par Mustafa Ceriä, grand mufti de Bosnie-Herzégovine, à la mosquée de Zagreb le 24 février 2006.Cette Déclaration précède et annonce la Déclaration de Topkapi, prononcée à Istanbul par M. Ceriä en juillet de la même année. La..

The reflections that follow are written by Roisin Winston, Zoe Carletide, Naomi McLeod and Bahar Mustafa. These four young women outline their experience of feminism and in so doing suggest ways in which the Next Generation are thinking about ‘feminism’ and its relevance to their modern day lives. Topics discussed include sexuality, cultural differences, sex education, rape, and how the face of feminism is changing or needs to change. Thoughts range from a belief that the word ‘feminism’ has too (...) many negative connotations and thus it seems the term, and therefore the movement, is restricted by the glass ceiling which it aims to fight. Another view is that ‘Feminism,’ like any movement, will remain as relevant as it always has been until no person of any gender is coerced or compelled to act, think, feel or endure anything which has reductive gender inequality at its core. (shrink)

In this study, the tahrîj method, which is used in answering contemporary Fiqh issues throughout the history of Fiqh, will be described and some sample fatwas given by the High Board of Religious Affairs based on this method will be analysed. Tahrîj is firstly to define the procedural and legal principles on which the singular views of a madhhab imam is based on, and then to determine the verdict of the issues in which an opinion from that imam is not (...) conveyed, according to the rules reached. Firstly the High Board of Religious Affairs will be introduced briefly highlighting issues such the effort put forward by the Board in the answering current fiqh issues, its contributions to the unity of fatwa and that it is a continuation of the Islamic Meşîhat-ı İslamiyye in the Ottoman Empire. Tahrîj, will be defined and its types, history, and its role in the development of fiqh and in solving current fiqh issues will be explained. Among the issues resolved by the High Board of Religious Affairs by applying the Tahrîj method or by making use of this method; commercial insurance, organ transplantation, gold-based lease certificate and the effect of injection/vaccine on fasting will be analysed. Given these exemplary fatwas, it will be tried to show that the method of Tahrîj is important today as it was in the past, both in terms of maintaining the consistency of fiqh and its contribution to the development of fiqh. (shrink)