Publikace představuje první a jediný zcela dokončený díl pamětí českého Američana, orientalisty a polyglota Aloise Richarda Nykla (1885–1958). Velmi čtivou formou se v nich věnuje svému mládí v Rakousku-Uhersku a pozdější pouti světem, např. ve Švýcarsku, Německu, USA, Mexiku, Egyptě a Japonsku. Po svém návratu do USA v roce 1916 nastoupil dráhu univerzitního profesora a později se stal světově proslulým specialistou na andaluské a srovnávací literatury. V pamětech, napsaných na počátku třicátých let minulého století, se snaží zhodnotit jak svůj život (...) i způsob, kterým nabyl své pozoruhodné jazykové znalosti přímým i teoretickým studiem po celém světě. Edice je doplněna úvodními studiemi, v nichž editor Josef Ženka zpracoval životní osudy autora. Text bohatě ilustrují unikátní fotografické a archivní materiály pocházející z pozůstalosti A. R. Nykla. (shrink)

The set-theoretic multiverse has fundamentally reshaped contemporary founda tions of mathematics by overturning the dogma of a single, absolute universe of sets. While this pluralistic framework has vastly expanded the space of mathemati cal possibility, it has simultaneously exposed a foundational deficiency: the absence of an explicit and principled criterion of identity across universes. The multiverse generates plurality, but it does not, by itself, regulate identity. Building on the Co-Equal Structure Thesis (CEST) and its formal development, this paper introduces (...) the Axiom of Structural Identity (ASI) as a necessary law governing identity within and across set-theoretic universes. ASI grounds identity in the co-equal invariants of cardinality and ordinality, elevating a practice already implicit in contemporary set theory to the level of an explicit axiom. The central claim defended here is that ASI is not an optional philosophical refinement, but a structural requirement for the intelligibility of the multiverse itself. With ASI in place, plurality is preserved without arbitrariness, forcing ex tensions become structurally comparable, and the multiverse is transformed from an unconstrained proliferation of models into a disciplined structural cosmos. (shrink)

This paper introduces the Co-Equal Structure Thesis (CEST), the proposal that the identity of any infinite set S is given by the ordered pair Φ(S) = ⟨card(S), ord(S)⟩. After showing that Φ is definable within standard ZFC and that ZFC + Φ constitutes a conservative definitional extension, the paper argues that cardinality alone is operationally insufficient for distinguishing structurally divergent sets. Ordinal-sensitive operations—such as ordinal multiplication—produce distinct order-types that cardinal equivalence collapses. CEST is offered as a conceptual remedy: (...) a dual-invariant identity criterion integrating structural adequacy with extensional economy. The paper concludes with implications for foundations, suggesting the possibility of an Axiom of Structural Identity (ASI), and outlines potential directions for further logical and philosophical development. (shrink)

»Cest la matiè nerveuse qui a tout créé. Tout est né de la vibration constnate de ses petits filets, de ses noyaux répandus dans la chair et massés dans le cerveau, tout, jusqu'aux plus délicates et immateérielles imaginations, tout, jusqu'à l'inexistence des chimères qui volent à travers l'infini. Ah! comme ils frenissent dans la solitude, ces nerfs fécondes et quelles ondes ils émanent, où jouent avec faciliteé les ijons de la pensée.».

This paper develops the Co-Equal Structure Thesis (CEST) and introduces the Axiom of Structural Identity (ASI) as a non-extensional alternative to classical identity in set theory. Extending ZFC by a definitional operator Φ, the work establishes conservativity results, quotient model constructions, and categorical and topos-theoretic interpretations. The paper positions ASI as a structural foundation principle and outlines a research program addressing Replacement, inner models, and large cardinals. Keywords: Structural identity, Set theory foundations, Cardinality and ordinality, Definitional extension, Quotient models, (...) Category theory, Topos theory, Philosophy of mathematics. (shrink)

This paper establishes the final synthesis of the Co-Equal Structure Thesis (CEST) and the Axiom of Structural Identity (ASI), moving beyond model-relative pluralism toward the concept of the Set-Theoretic Multiverse as a Concrete Universal. We demonstrate that local identity definitions are mathematically insufficient due to path-dependence and the subsequent global instability in forcing chains, a failure that necessi tates a systemic totality. By characterizing Structural Negentropy as an invariance condition on transitions, we show (at the meta-inferential level) that mathematical (...) reason is essentially trans-model. We conclude that the Absolute Idea is realized in the identity of the Objectified Proof (Set) and the Subjectified Structure (Proof-Skeleton). We emphasize that this does not imply that sets are reducible to proofs, but that their actuality is intelligible only through invariant inferential structure. (shrink)

Abstract The foundational landscape of modern set theory, established primarily upon the Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms with the Axiom of Choice (ZFC), operates under a criterion of identity governed by the Axiom of Extensionality. While this ex tensional approach has provided a rigorous framework for mathematics for over a century, it harbors an inherent ”ontological blindness” regarding the struc tural constitution of transfinite objects. This paper marks the final synthesis of the Co-Equal Structure Thesis (CEST), asserting that the identity of an (...) infi nite set is a dual-invariant synthesis of its quantity (cardinality) and its internal form (ordinality). We introduce the Methodological Principle of Operational Integrity (MPOI) to bridge the gap between set-theoretic practice and ontolog ical definition. Through a rigorous examination of the constructible universe L, the limitations of the iterative conception of sets, and the challenges posed by the set-theoretic multiverse, we demonstrate that the Axiom of Structural Identity (ASI) is not merely a definitional extension but a necessary law for the coherence of the transfinite realm. We provide full mathematical proofs for the absoluteness of the Φ function and the preservation of identity under directed colimits, concluding that the transition to a structuralist ontology is mandatory for a disciplined multiverse. (shrink)

The recently proposed Cognitive Experiential Leadership Model (CELM) states that leaders’ preference for rational thinking and behavioral coping will be related to their level of transformational leadership. The CELM was based on research that principally used cross-sectional self-report methods. Study 1 compared both self-ratings and follower-ratings of leadership styles with leaders’ self-rated thinking styles in 160 leader-follower dyads. Study 2 compared both self-ratings and coworker-ratings of leadership styles with leaders’ self-rated thinking styles for 74 leaders rated by 607 coworkers. In (...) both Studies, leaders’ rational thinking, imaginative thinking, and behavioral coping correlated positively with their self-rated transformational leadership. However, only behavioral coping, but not rational thinking, was correlated with follower-rated (FR) transformational leadership in Study 1, and thinking styles were unrelated to other-rated transformational leadership in Study 2. These results partly support and partly challenge the CELM. Practically, this study suggests that leadership may be improved by leaders developing their capacity for behavioral coping. (shrink)

Descartes ne joue pas, dans la pensée de Heidegger, un rôle limité à l'interprétation de l'histoire de la philosophie. Lorsque Sein und Zeit entreprend de déterminer le mode d'être propre et irréductible du Dasein, Heidegger doit entrer en confrontation avec certes Husserl, mais surtout, par-delà la « conscience » husserlienne, avec Descartes lui-même. Car l'ennemi mortel du Dasein, cest l'ego du cogito. Dans quelle mesure cette rivalité n'induit-elle pas aussi une similitude? Die Rolle, die Descartes in dem Denken von (...) Heidegger spielt, darf nicht in dem Feld seiner Deutung der Geschichte der Philosophie eng begrenztwerden. Denn, als Sein und Zeit eine Bestimmung der eigentümlicheigentlichen Seinsweise des Daseins hervorzubringen unternimmt, setzt die « Destruktion der Geschichte der Ontologie » eine Auseinanderstzung nicht nur mit Husserl, sondern auch, über Husserl hinaus, gerade mit Descartes vor. Der Todfeind des Daseins ist das ego, das aus dem cogito stammt. Inwiefern aber diese ständige Gegenüberstellung eine tiefe Nachahmung hinweise ? (shrink)

The ratio-bias (RB) phenomenon refers to the perceived likelihood of a low-probability event as greater when it is presented in the form of larger (e.g. 10-in-100) rather than smaller (e.g. 1-in-10) numbers. According to cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST), the RB effect in a game of chance in a win condition, in which drawing a red jellybean is rewarded, can be accounted for by two facets of concrete thinking, the greater comprehension (at the intuitive-experiential level) of single numbers than of ratios, (...) and of smaller than of larger numbers. In a lose condition, in which drawing a red jellybean is punished, the assumption of a third facet of concrete thinking, the ''affirmative-representation principle'', is necessary, as many participants reverse their focus of attention from the undesirable red to the desirable white jellybeans. Results supported the CEST explanation of the RB effect by demonstrating a predicted negative linear relation between the magnitude of the RB effect and the magnitude of the probability-ratios in the win condition and a positive linear relation in the lose condition. Support was also found for the associative principle of experiential processing. (shrink)

Leta 1740 se je oče Žiga Škerpin (Sigismundus Skerpin, 1689‒1755) kot predstavnik hrvaške in kranjske province frančiškanskega reda udeležil generalnega kapitlja frančiškanskega reda v Kastilji. Med potjo iz Ljubljane v Valladolid in nazaj, ki je trajala od 24. januarja do 10. septembra, je svoje doživljaje zapisoval. Po vrnitvi je nato dokončal rokopis Diarium oder Kurze beschreibung der Raiß, ki ga hranijo v frančiškanskem samostanu v Kamniku. Besedilo je nemško, le neka­teri odlomki so v latinščini. Škerpin je potoval po Kranjski, Koroški (...) in Tirolski, vzdolž meje med Svetim rimskim cesarstvom in Švicarsko konfederacijo, nato pa po Alzaciji in Burgundiji proti jugu, saj je želel videti čim več Francije. V Franciji se je zadržal tudi na poti domov: iz Valladolida je potoval skozi jugozahodno Francijo ter se za nekaj dni ustavil v Parizu in Versaillesu. Po habsburških dednih deželah je potovanje potekalo brez težav: Škerpin je prenočeval v frančiškanskih in drugih samostanih, prijazno pa so ga sprejele tudi posvetne oblasti. Ko je potoval ob Bodenskem jezeru in Renu, se je pogosto znašel v politično in versko drugačnem okolju, na primer na protestantskih območjih Švicarske konfederacije (npr. v Baslu). Na največje težave je naletel v Franciji, deloma tudi zato, ker ni znal francosko. Redno se je pritoževal nad Francozi in njihovim pomanjkanjem spoštovanja do duhovščine, splošno negostoljubnostjo in visokimi cenami. Kljub temu pa sta ga navdušili urejenost francoskih cerkvenih, državnih in mestnih ustanov, zlasti samostanov, univerz in bolnišnic, ter veličina arhitekturnih in inženirskih dosežkov, kot so ceste, mostovi, utrdbe, vodne črpalke in kanali. V Španiji, kjer je opazil veliko spoštovanje do duhovnikov, zlasti do frančiškanov, se je počutil bolj sprejetega. (shrink)

La Commission de l’éthique de la science et de la technologie peut-elle s’inscrire dans une perspective préventive? C’est pour partie une question piège, pour partie une question fascinante à laquelle il vaut la peine de s’attarder. Prima facie, la création d’une commission d’éthique a forcément une fonction prospective et préventive. Mais cette fonction peut être illusoire pour diverses raisons. Je propose dans ce qui suit une réflexion en trois points : les caractéristiques de la CEST, les attentes de l’État (...) en matière d’éthique, la prévention éthique. (shrink)

L'éducation sociale c’est l’acheminement et la promotion des hommes à l'état parfait à l'aide du development des inclination naturelles jusqu’à l'épanouissement physique, intellectuel et moral de la vie collective. Nous avons tout naturellement dans la raison certains principes naturellement connus tant dans l'ordre du savoir que dans celui de l’agir, principes qui sont une pépinière de forces physiques, intellectuelles et morales, — et nous avons aussi depuis la naissance des inclinations naturelles au bien qui selon la raison; mais nous ne (...) les avons dans leur état consommé. Ces inclinations naturelles servent de base au départ de l’éducation dans l’ordre de la réalisation. En revanche le bien commun sert de base àl’éducation sociale dans l'ordre de l'intention. Ce bien commun consiste dans la culture, c'est à dire, dans l'ensemble des valeurs produites par la collaboration sociale et raisonnable des hommes pour perfectionner les jeunes afin qu’ils puissent bien développer leurs inclinations naturelles selon les exigences de la raison, en subordonnant leurs affaires personelles au bien commun en tant qu'ils sont les membres de la communauté.Mais il ne faut pas oublier que l'homme est un membre hétérogène de la communité et pas homogène. Cest pourquoi „le rapport de l'homme à la communauté politique ne l'atteint pas tout entier, ni dans tout ce qui lui appartient [...] mais l’homme doit ordonner à Dieu tout ce qu'il est, peut ou possède” (S. Th. I-ÎI, q. 21, a. 4 ad 3). (shrink)

Příspěvek je zamyšlením nad proměnami sebepojetí logiky v závislosti na proměnách obrazu světa a kosmologii. Pro Platóna jde o uspořádání bludných cest v nitru, přičemž vzorem jsou zde dokonalé dráhy planet – mikrokosmos se má uspořádat podle vzoru makrokosmu. Jistým vrcholem tohoto pojetí je Aristotelés, pro něhož je zákon vyloučeného třetího základním principem vůbec a platí tedy nejen pro dokonalý nadměsíční, ale je východiskem i pro zkoumání podměsíčního světa. Proměny sebepojetí logiky v novověku lze chápat i na základě toho, (...) že kosmos je od Descarta chápán především jako res extensa a pro zkoumání takového kosmu se „hodí“ spíše matematika. Na druhé straně zde velmi vlivně působí Kantův kopernikánský obrat, který bychom metaforicky mohli shrnout tak, že dráhy planet se řídí podle drah našeho myšlení. Po zpochybnění kantovské představy o jednotnosti a univerzálnosti racionality je tak ve 20. století legitimována stále se rozrůstají pluralita logických systémů. (shrink)

English summary: This critically edited and translated (French) text sheds light on the debate over unity with the divine in the Greek world of the third and fourth centuries, and contributes to a better understanding of Iamblicus, one of the most important philosophers of late Antiquity. French description: L'ecrit de Jamblique connu aujourd'hui sous le titre De mysteriis est l'un des rares traites consacre a lhistoire de la religion grecque a lepoque de lEmpire (IIIe-IVe siecle). Il aborde trois questions majeures (...) : la classification des divinites, la divination et la theurgie (methode pour sunir a la divinite). Loccasion de ce traite lui a ete fourni par Porphyre, le disciple de Plotin, qui, fidele a son maitre, voulait que lunion a dieu sobtienne par un eveil de lame et la meditation portee a son point le plus eleve. Jamblique de son cote enseignait la theurgie, cest-a-dire une methode pour selever jusqua la divinite par les symboles sacres semes dans le monde par le demiurge, dans lesquels on pouvait trouver la presence de dieu. Porphyre ecrivit a Jamblique une lettre, intitulee Lettre a Anebon, pour soutenir le point de vue plotinien, et Jamblique lui a repondu dans cette Reponse a Porphyre (De mysteriis) dans laquelle il refute les arguments de Porphyre. Pour exposer son point de vue dune maniere acceptable pour Jamblique, Porphyre avait imagine la fiction egyptienne et creant de toutes pieces le nom d Anebon et Jamblique lui a repondu sous le pseudonyme de Maitre Abamon. Si bien que lon doit considerer cet echange de lettres comme un dialogue entre les deux plus grands philosophes de cette epoque, Porphyre et Jamblique. Jamblique qui est actuellement moins bien connu que Porphyre, a ete de son temps un philosophe dune importance capitale puisquil a inspire la derniere ecole philosophique grecque, celle de Proclus et de Damascius, qui ont enseigne a Athenes au Ve et VIe siecles. La publication de ce traite de Jamblique (lun des rares conserves de cet auteur) sera une contribution bienvenue afin de mieux connaitre ce personnage et son importance dans lhistoire de la philosophie grecque. (shrink)

Les tentatives récentes et contemporaines pour construire une philosophie de la valeur ont abouti à des visions insuffisantes et partielles. Pour réussir une solide philosophie des valeurs il faut renouveler les conceptions de Yesprit, de la réalité et de la valeur. L’esprit est une activité éminemment évaluatrice et tous ses actes sont des jugements de \aleur ou des traductions pratiques de jugements de valeur. La réalité a été définie tantôt ce que nous percevons avec les sens, tantôt quelque chose de (...) spirituel. Il faut la proclamer l’expression de l’Être, catégorie suprême du réel, et reconnaître que la réalité se révèle dans nos jugements comme validité, cest-à-dire comme affirmation réelle et valable de l’Être.Il s’ensuit que si la réalité se manifeste comme expression de Y Être et si l’on connaît et juge cette expression comme validité, les rapports entre la validité et la réalité nous montrent une identité entre valeur et réel. En effet, tout ce qui est réel est aussi valeur, tout ce qui est valeur est aussi réel ; d’où l’on conclut que la philosophie de la valeur se réduit essentiellement à un monisme ontologique. (shrink)

"Small treasuries" (xiaojinku) are off-book accounts found in many large enterprises in China for the purpose of rewarding managers and their subordinates, building up guanxi (personal networks), and even financing the business operations of their danwei (work units). We analyze CESTs with reference to their antecedents, constructs, and consequences. Our analysis indicates that while CESTs can, in some cases, help organizations deal with immediate financial problems, they have negative impacts on organizational performance in relation to the moral hazard of managers, (...) as well as the allocation of organizational resources, in respect of sustainability of strategic advantages and growth, and mismanagement of organizations. Because of the involutionary behavior of managers in Chinese enterprises, we propose that it will require not only organizational controls, but also a fundamental change in these managers' ideology for solving the problems of CESTs. (shrink)

Abstract This paper develops a structural analysis of proofs in ZFC that distinguishes between their inferential identity and their ordinal modes of justification across models of set theory. While forcing extensions preserve the validity of proofs, they disperse the ordinal grounds on which those proofs can be justified. I introduce the notion of a proof skeleton, isolating the inferential core of a proof from its semantic parameters, and prove that this skeleton is invariant under forcing. I then define the ordinal (...) support spectrum of a proof and measure its dispersion via an entropic invariant. My main technical result establishes an upper bound on this entropy in terms of the proof-theoretic complexity of the proof itself. These results show that the set-theoretic multiverse is neither chaotic nor ar bitrary: dispersion is real but controlled. The multiverse supports a form of dis tributed rationality in which proofs retain their identity while acquiring a modal profile that cannot be expressed within low-entropy universes such as L. (shrink)

While our previous papers on the Axiom of Structural Identity (ASI) and Entropic Dispersion established a robust philosophical and meta-mathematical framework for navigating the set-theoretic multiverse, the strict formalization of these concepts necessitates precise model-theoretic boundaries. The conceptual architecture of the Methodological Principle of Operational Integrity (MPOI) fundamentally protects the system from arbitrary set formations; however, within the rigorous confines of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory (ZFC), we must explicitly restrict the domains of our operators to prevent proper class undefinedness and syntactical (...) distortions in non-standard models. This addendum translates the philosophical safeguards of our previous framework into strict mathematical boundary conditions, bridging structural negentropy with Boolean-valued algebras and transitive absoluteness. (shrink)

Current Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, including Large Language Models (LLMs) and neuro-symbolic Automated Theorem Provers (ATPs), face severe limitations regarding semantic preservation and out-of-distribution reasoning. When attempting to transfer inferential logic across heterogeneous mathematical domains, these systems frequently suffer from "semantic hallucinations" and catastrophic forgetting. This vulnerability stems from an underlying axiomatic blindness: neural architectures process mathematical structures purely extensionally (as quantitative weights), ignoring their intrinsic ordinal structures. Drawing upon recent advancements in set-theoretic multiverse theory, this paper proposes a novel (...) framework for machine learning architectures: Skeleton-Aware Artificial Intelligence. By integrating the Axiom of Structural Identity (ASI) and the Methodological Principle of Operational Integrity (MPOI), we formalize mathematical objects as dual-invariant tensors ⟨Card, Ord⟩. Furthermore, we replace traditional heuristic loss functions with a Boolean-valued Entropic Dispersion metric. This ensures that the structural negentropy of a proof skeleton is mathematically bounded, penalizing syntactical mutations during cross-domain transfers. The result is a mathematically rigorous inference engine capable of extracting Hegel’s "Concrete Universal" across shifting axiomatic models without generating set-theoretic paradoxes. (shrink)