This final chapter is a call for research on sustained, desired change to scholars and for professionals who wish to be a better consumer of such research. It proposes a set of possible research questions that need to be addressed and a review of the key topics and examples discussed in each chapter of this book. These include the need for longitudinal studies; the further exploration of speed, velocity, and periodicity of change; and the challenge of having a clear outcome (...) or using mediator variables when studying change. Statistical methods of analysis should take into account multiple measures of the dependent variable and multiple sources of assessment, and careful calculation of change scores to avoid unintended effects. Within each chapter of this book are hundreds of possible research questions at all levels of change begging to be asked. For all that humans are doing to damage the environment and one other, they also have a distinctive ability to innovate, adapt, and care. It is hoped that this chapter and the entire book can help those on that quest. (shrink)

Allergies are ubiquitous and their impact on singers may be significant. Given their schedule of frequent traveling and performing under varied circumstances, singers are at particular risk. This chapter describes what allergies are and how they may impair the voice. It also offers an approach to management, including diagnosis, prevention, and management of inhalant allergies and the symptoms they cause.

This chapter questions the prospects of religious freedom, arguing that the differences between and within societies may be fruitfully considered in terms of the future of religious freedom and possibilities of free expression of one’s religious and nonreligious views. Religious freedom tests the core principles of liberal democracy, the autonomy of public institutions and sustainable development goals. The chapter delves into mechanisms of social implementation of the principles of religious freedoms with an example taken from a public school setting by (...) considering the recent ruling of the Coppoli case in Italy. While establishing a norm of no mandatory posting of the religious symbol of the crucifix in public school classrooms, this case shows how incorporation of normative principles goes hand in hand with the promotion of cultural awareness and spiritual sensibilities, emphasizing the importance of one’s identity and inclusion within institutional settings. (shrink)

The διακριτικὴ τέχνη (the art of separating or discriminating), from which the sixth definition of theSophiststarts (226b1–231b9), is puzzling.Prima faciethe art of separating does not fit the initial division of art between ποιητικὴ τέχνη (production) and κτητικὴ τέχνη (acquisition) at 219a8–c9. Therefore, scholars generally agree that, although mutually exclusive, ποιητική and κτητική are not exhaustive and leave room for a third species of art, διακριτικὴ τέχνη, on a par with ποιητική and κτητική. However, I argue that textual evidence suggests otherwise.

À la fin des années 1990, plusieurs tendances convergentes en économie, psychologie et neuroscience ont préparé le terrain pour la naissance d’un nouveau champ scientifique qualifié de « neuroéconomie ». Comme pour toute discipline émergente – pensons par exemple à l’économie mathématique, l’économétrie ou l’économie expérimentale en d’autres temps – la neuroéconomie est plutôt controversée en économie. Elle soulève un grand nombre de questions d’ordre empirique, méthodologique et philosophiques donnant lieu à des débats et controverses que l’article identifie et discute (...) à travers trois questions majeures relatives aux connaissances produites : Sont-elles fiables? Sont-elles scientifiquement légitimes? Sont-elles utiles pour les économistes? Sans prétendre à l’exhaustivité, ce cadre analytique permet de comprendre l’essence des principales critiques adressées à la neuroéconomie. Dans le même temps, l’article éclaire la nature des réponses susceptibles d’être apportées à ces critiques au vu des progrès conceptuels et empiriques qu’a connus ce champ de recherche depuis son émergence et à la lumière du tournant apparu dans l’agenda de la neuroéconomie au cours de la dernière décennie. JEL Codes : A12, B41, C51, C81, C9, D03, D87. (shrink)

By the late 1990s, several converging trends in economics, psychology, and neuroscience had set the stage for the birth of a new scientific field known as “neuroeconomics”. Without the availability of an extensive variety of experimental designs for dealing with individual and social decision-making provided by experimental economics and psychology, many neuroeconomics studies could not have been developed. At the same time, without the significant progress made in neuroscience for grasping and understanding brain functioning, neuroeconomics would have never seen the (...) light of day. The paper is an overview of the main significant advances in the knowledge of brain functioning by neuroscience that have contributed to the emergence of neuroeconomics and its rise over the past two decades. These advances are grouped over three non-independent topics referred to as the “emo-rational” brain, “social” brain, and “computational” brain. For each topic, it emphasizes findings considered as critical to the birth and development of neuroeconomics while highlighting some of prominent questions about which knowledge should be improved by future research. In parallel, it shows that the boundaries between neuroeconomics and several recent sub-fields of cognitive neuroscience, such as affective, social, and more generally, decision neuroscience, are rather porous. (shrink)

Public good contributions have been an interest for many experimental economists, since evidence has shown that people do not always behave rationally and inefficient equilibria are not always realized. This research compares a public good game run in both China and Germany with three treatments in which the social distance factor varies. The outcome shows that under a condition of high social distance, Chinese and German behavior differs with German subjects contributing more to the public good. As social distance decreases, (...) both samples converge to insignificantly different averages of contribution. It is also found that people’s contribution is positively correlated with their guess and level of anonymity: the more their identity is exposed, the more they give and the more they believe the other is giving. (shrink)