In Turkey, the foundation of modern dietetic started only in 1935 at the IInd Clinic for Internal Medicine at the Medicine Faculty of Istanbul University on behalf of the clinic's director Sen. Prof. Dr. Erich Frank, a well-known expert on diabetes, and his dietician Elisabeth Wolff, both having refuged from the 1933's Germany. Wolff, one of the early leading and example representatives of the dietetic arising new in the world and Europa at that time, presented and taught the new treatment (...) in Turkey where she worked for 32 years. Frank cooperated intensively with her to establish a modern diabetes treatment with uptodate methods in Turkey. It was her, too, who wrote the first scientifically based book of high practical value in Turkey on the dietary treatment of internal diseases. (shrink)

A Turkish patient with AIDS attempted to commit suicide. Turkey is one of the countries where AIDS education in society and for health personnel has started rather late. This article documents what this patient, his sister and his friends, who helped him to survive for a short while, experienced in the hospital environment. This is a real case history and should be considered from various aspects because suicide was attempted by a person with AIDS who was near the terminal stage. (...) The patient’s friends made a remarkable effort to help him to survive. They were unsure about what to do because they had not respected his wishes and they experienced deep alienation because of the extremely negative attitude of the medical staff. (shrink)

Background: Since the increasingly complex structure of health care services brings many ethical problems, it is important to use different instructional technologies in the ethical education of future nurses. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of role play prepared with video support on ethical decision-making and motivation levels of nursing students. Research design: A quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design. Participants and research context: The research was conducted in the Nursing Department of a University located in (...) Istanbul, Turkey between October 15 and November 15, 2024. The sample of the research consisted of 3rd year nursing students. Data were collected using the Descriptive Characteristics Form, the Nursing Dilemma Test, and the Instructional Material Motivation Scale for Single-Use. Ethical considerations: Permission was obtained from Bezmialem Vakif University Non-Interventional Ethical Research Committee and the institution where the study was conducted for the implementation of the research. Written and verbal consent was obtained from all participants in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. Findings: While there was no difference between the students’ Ethical Dilemma Test Principled Thinking pre-test and post-test scores, their Practical Consideration ( p =.005) and motivation levels ( p =.037) post-test scores were found to be higher. There was a weak but significant negative correlation between academic achievement and pre-test teaching material motivation levels (r = −0.375, p =.041). Discussion: The use of different teaching methods and techniques in ethics education in nursing is important for future nurses to find more practical solutions to the ethical problems they will encounter during patient care. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that the use of video-supported role play can be effective in teaching ethics courses in nursing education. (shrink)

As a recent addition to the editorial board for the journal of Philosophy in the Contemporary World, I wanted to revisit a practice from past editions of the journal—interviewing philosophers who engage philosophical practice that reflects the mission of PCW. In this interview, a model for what I hope will continue to be a regular feature, I have a dialogue with the philosopher Burcu Gurkan. Professor Gurkan currently lives and works in Turkey while I live in work in the (...) central US, so what follows is edited from an email exchange.—Taine Duncan. (shrink)

This article examines how algorithmic accountability is translated into action at the municipal level in the United States. Based on a review of task forces, ordinances, and policy toolkits from New York City and Seattle, I demonstrate the ways municipalities and local publics operationalize abstract notions of accountability. Municipal interventions often prioritize revealing computational tools (transparency) and their effects on people (impact assessments). While these two forms of accountability are crucial, they may neglect to examine institutions—and how they change—as they (...) incorporate automated decision systems. I thus propose a political-economic approach that recognizes algorithmic systems as part of municipal institutions and focuses on their role in intensifying data collection and commodification between public agencies and markets. I argue that algorithmic accountability, especially in public agencies, needs to focus on incompetence and asymmetries of power within a network of governments, tech companies, community groups, and technologies. With a mix of transparency, impact assessments, and political economic review, the paper proposes a more comprehensive assessment of automated decision systems through their development, procurement, use, impact, and decommissioning. (shrink)

Scholars of utopian studies commonly note the recent surge in dystopian representations in written and visual narratives, reflecting the crisis-ridden dynamics of the contemporary moment. They investigate the meanings and significance of this phenomenon within literary, historical, and cultural frameworks. Patricia McManus's Critical Theory and Dystopia is one such notable contribution to the field, with its insightful comparisons among a selection of twentieth- and twenty-first-century dystopias. Her main concern is the form of dystopia, which, she explains, contains utopia as its (...) "sedimented content" (1), as well as figurations of "things which are not even named by the dystopian texts themselves but the absence... Read More. (shrink)

This issue's Critical Forum takes its point of departure from two paradigm shifts. The first one has already occurred in utopian studies, as attested by the increasingly evident interest in non-Western conceptions of utopianism and representations of speculative fiction. Scholars of utopian studies such as Lyman Tower Sargent and Jacqueline Dutton have been writing on utopias from other cultural traditions. The 2013 special issue of Utopian Studies (vol. 24, no. 1), which was introduced by Sargent and Dutton, included articles that (...) reflected Iranian, Chinese, and Korean narratives and perspectives. During the first decade of the twenty-first century, monographs1 and journal special issues2 began examining literary... Read More. (shrink)

This article attempts a critical conversation between Kafka's _Der Prozess_ (posthumously published in 1925, translated into English as _The Trial_ in 1937) and two novels from the Mediterranean Basin. The Turkish author Bilge Karasu's _Gece_ (1985, translated into English as _Night_ by Güneli Gün in 1994) responds to the national conflicts intensified by the military coup in Türkiye (Turkey) in the 1980s with its dark portrayal of political conspiracies and unhinged violence. Almost thirty years later, Aziz conveys a similar sense (...) of social chaos and political disillusionment: her novel _Al-Ṭābūr_ (2013, translated into English as _The Queue_ Elisabeth Jaquette in 2016) addresses the aftermath of the 2011 Egypt uprising. In addition to the social critique that shapes the dystopian allegories of the novels, Kayı_ş_cı Akkoyun examines the discursive conflicts and gaps through which Kafka, Karasu, and Aziz expose the constructed nature of oppressive structures and the arbitrariness of authority. She argues that the disjointed dystopian narratives of Kafka, Karasu, and Aziz not only portray the horrors witnessed at a particular place and time but also share a common utopian vision that extends to the future through the authors' imaginative struggle against totalizing forces of uneven modernization. (shrink)

Kur’ân kelimeleri, sözlük anlamlarının yanı sıra taşıdıkları anlam vecihleri arasında tercihi mümkün kılan metin içi bağlam ile nüzul sebepleri, nüzul ortamı gibi metin dışı bağlam unsurları dikkate alınarak incelenmektedir. Bağlamın göz ardı edilmesi, zaman zaman metnin işaret etmediği anlamların âyetin tefsirinde merkezi bir hal almasına ya da asıl vurgulanan mesajın gözden kaçmasına sebep olabilmektedir. Söz konusu bağlam-anlam ilişkisinin Kur’ân kelimeleri üzerinden incelenebileceği dikkate değer bir örnek s-f-h (س ف ه) kökü ve bu kökten türeyen kelimelerdir. Bahsedilen lafızların anlam alanı tefsir (...) literatüründe farklı te’vîllere konu olmuş, bu te’vîllerin bir kısmına Muhammed İzzet Derveze bazı eleştiriler yöneltmiştir. Bu itibarla, tefsirlerde s-f-h köküne yüklenen anlamları, Derveze’nin özellikle Bakara sûresinin 13. âyetinin tefsirinde dile getirdiği eleştirilerden hareketle ele almak, söz konusu te’vîlleri mukayeseli biçimde değerlendirme imkânı sunmaktadır. Derveze bu âyette geçen “süfehâ”nın kapsamına bazı müfessirler tarafından kadınların dahil edilmesini eleştirmekte, mezkûr te’vîlin bağlam dışı, zorlama olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Söz konusu iddiayı merkeze alarak bu makalede s-f-h kökünün ve müştaklarının Kur’ân’da hangi manalarda kullanıldığının sözlük anlamları ile iç ve dış bağlam dikkate alınarak belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Klasik ve çağdaş tefsir literatüründe lafzın anlam alanının sınırlarının ne ölçüde genişletildiği veya daraltıldığı incelenmekte böylece hem sözlük anlamının hem de bağlamın Derveze’nin eleştirdiği gibi gerçekten ihmal edilip edilmediği tartışılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada Derveze’nin eleştirisinin tefsir literatüründe bir karşılığının olup olmadığı varsa hangi oranda olduğu da ortaya koyulmaktadır. Araştırmada semantik analiz ve bağlam analizi yöntemlerine başvurulmuştur. Bu inceleme sonucunda kelimenin Kur’ân’da inanç, ahlak ve mali bağlamlarda kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Müfessirler genel olarak kelimeyi, inanç ve ahlakî bakımdan düşüncesizce ve cahilce davranmayı ifade eden bir anlam odağında yorumlamışlardır. Bakara 2/130, 2/142, En‘âm 6/140, A‘râf 7/66-67, 7/155, Cin 72/4 gibi âyetlerde sefeh, çoğunlukla cehalet, hatalı düşünce, inanç açısından sapkınlık ve ahlak dışı davranışları ifade eden sözlük anlamları ve bağlamında kazandığı anlamlar çerçevesinde kullanılmıştır. Bu kullanımlarda sefihlik olumsuz bir davranış olarak örneklendirilmiş, fiilin muhataplarına karşı bir eleştiri ve kınama kastedilmiştir. Diğer yandan Derveze’nin bağlam dışı anlam yüklemeye dair eleştirilerinin yoğunlaştığı Bakara 2/13, Bakara 2/282 ve Nisâ 4/5 âyetlerinin tefsirinde kelimenin sözlük anlamlarının yanında sefihin, kadınlara ve çocuklara hamledildiği te’vîllere de yer verilmiştir. Bahsi geçen te’vîlleri destekleyecek şekilde rivayetler nakledilmiştir. Ancak kaynaklar tarandığında Derveze’nin özellikle Bakara 2/13 âyetinin tefsirindeki eleştirisine konu olan bu te’vîl şeklinin çok baskın ve hâkim bir çizgi olmadığı, aksine sınırlı bir çerçevede dile getirildiği görülmüştür. Nitekim Bakara 2/13 özelinde müfessirler genellikle doğrudan süfehâ kelimesini kadınlara hamletmekten ziyade, lafza dair Nisâ 4/5 âyeti bağlamında süfehânın “kadın ve çocuklar” olduğuna ilişkin rivayetleri aktarmışlardır. Bu gibi örneklerde kelimeye sözlük anlamının dışında kadın anlamının yüklenmesi, Derveze’nin eleştirel bir söylem geliştirmesine zemin hazırlamıştır. Nitekim bahsi geçen söylemi destekleyecek şekilde sefihliğin, Kur’ân’ın iç bütünlüğünde cinsiyet veya yaşla ilişkilendirilmeden doğrudan umumî olarak akıl, dinî ve ahlakî tavır, rüşd ve temyiz kabiliyetiyle ilişkili kullanıldığı açıktır. Derveze de Bakara 2/13, Bakara 2/282 ve Nisâ 4/5 gibi âyetlerde kelimenin anlamına ilişkin yaptığı izahlarda sefihliğin kapsamının kadınlara tahsis edilemeyeceği yaklaşımını vurgulamıştır. Çalışmanın, s-f-h kökünün Kur’ân’daki kullanımlarını semantik ve bağlam merkezli bir yöntemle ele alması, Derveze’nin eleştirisini esas alarak söz konusu eleştirinin isabetli yönlerini ve eleştirel tavrında ne ölçüde haklı olduğunu tespit etmesi açısından literatüre katkı sağlaması beklenmektedir. (shrink)

_Design Dispersed_ pursues the complex and heterogeneous connections between migration and design in the 20th and 21st centuries. The edited volume gathers contributions by international researchers and curators on the question of how design practices and (historical) objects articulate, respond to and critically reflect on migration, flight and displacement: Besides a collage which highlights the aesthetic effects resulting from the networking, overlapping and mixing of forms, another strand of the book looks at the political and social dimensions of design. How (...) are design objects material modes of a critical inquiry on movements of people and things? What role do object trajectories play in the émigré movements of the 1930s and 1940s? Other texts follow the question of how migrants and refugees form their experience and political fight for acceptance into design and architectural productions. A final essay contributes to wordings and projections – what vocabulary do we need in order to adequately think and write about a design dispersed? (shrink)

Considerable evidence supports the sequential two-system model of moral judgement, as proposed by Greene and others. We tested whether judgement speed and/or personal/impersonal moral dilemmas can predict the kind of moral judgements subjects make for each dilemma, and whether personal dilemmas create difficulty in moral judgements. Our results showed that neither personal/impersonal conditions nor spontaneous/thoughtful-reflection conditions were reliable predictors of utilitarian or deontological moral judgements. Yet, we found support for an alternative view, in which, when the two types of responses (...) are in conflict; the resolution of this conflict depends on both the subject and the dilemma. While thinking about this conflict, subjects sometimes change their minds in both directions, as suggested by the data from a mouse-tracking task. (shrink)

This study evaluated the impact of transferring the thirteen‑year tetanus-diphtheria booster from schools to Family Health Centers on vaccination coverage after 1 July 2020. In a two‑component descriptive cross‑sectional design conducted in the central districts of Şanlıurfa Province, annual non‑vaccination from 2018 to 2022 was tracked using administrative records; in addition, reasons for non‑vaccination were classified through face‑to‑face interviews with family physicians and on‑screen verification in nineteen Family Medicine Units selected by two‑stage stratified sampling. The primary outcome was non‑vaccination for (...) the tetanus-diphtheria dose at age thirteen. In the research group, non‑vaccination was 23.5% in 2018, 27.2% in 2019, 22.2% in 2020 (annual total), 13.2% in 2021 and 12.3% in 2022; within 2020, rates were 32.4% before July and 11.9% after July. The absolute pre‑ versus post‑policy difference was 14.4% points and the relative risk was 0.47; the three districts likewise showed consistent declines in 2021-2022 compared with 2018-2019. Leading reasons for non‑vaccination were failure to attend after expressing intent (49.1%), outright refusal (20.9%), migration‑related mobility (13.5%), and doses administered elsewhere that were not visible in the records (8.6%). Relocating delivery to Family Health Centers strengthened access and follow‑up and was associated with improved coverage; yet intention-behaviour gaps, mobility and data fragmentation still limit attainment of the national threshold. A hybrid model combining school‑based visits with targeted completion at Family Health Centers may provide a pragmatic, low‑cost route to reach remaining groups. (shrink)

Do basic human values facilitate prosocial behaviour on a global scale? This study, for the first time, analyzes the effect of values on prosocial behaviour in the context of public support for foreign development assistance. Support for foreign development assistance is a prosocial act intended to benefit the less fortunate in developing nations. Despite a plethora of evidence showing the effect of personal values on prosocial behaviour, the literature has neglected the value origins of support for development assistance. I argue (...) that personal values play a crucial role in shaping individuals’ support for foreign development assistance. Using data from nationally representative samples covering 11 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, I show that self-transcendence and openness to change values, as defined by Schwartz’ theory of values, are reliable predictors of support for foreign development assistance. By linking human values to foreign development aid, this study expands the purview of values research to the domain of global governance and opens up new avenues of interdisciplinary inquiry that apply theories of values to different dimensions of world affairs. (shrink)

Learner models are used to support the implementation of personalization features in Adaptive Instructional Systems (AISs; e.g., adaptive sequencing of activities, adaptive feedback), which are important aspects of Intelligent Adaptive Systems. With the increased computational power, more advanced methodologies, and more available data, learner models include a variety of Artificial Intelligence techniques. These techniques have different levels of complexity, which influence interpretability and explainability of learner models. Interpretable and explainable learner models can facilitate appropriate use of the learner modeling information (...) in AISs, their adoption, and scalability. This chapter elaborates on the definitions of interpretability and explainability, describes interpretability and explainability levels of different models, elaborates on the levels of explainability to produce needed information for teachers and learners, and discusses implications and future work in this aera. (shrink)

ABSTRACT This article discusses the Celtic myths, figures, and central themes of Tomm Moore’s animated movie Song of the Sea, from a transmodern feminist perspective. While the movie offers a vivid portrayal of the dichotomy between the tranquil Irish countryside and the turbulent city of Dublin, its main theme revolves around a rural family’s lament for the loss of the mother who is a modern-day personification of the Celtic selkie. This curious female figure embodies contradictory characteristics: she is semi-human and (...) at the same time a mother and a wife who, in struggling with her in-between state, leaves her family and returns to her mythical roots. By focusing on several of the Celtic mythical figures and central themes of maternal loss, motherhood, gender relations, and family reconciliation, I attempt to show that the movie’s transmodern echoes and concerns suggest that alternative family formations and changed gender roles are possible in Irish society and in the world more generally. (shrink)

This chapter examines military building activity in the region in the light of Ottoman sources preserved in the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archive in Istanbul and memoirs written by the senior bureaucrats of the Empire. It aims to assess whether the military building programme of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries continued in later periods in the same spirit as in the earlier time of conquests and expansion, or if the empire only supported repairs of existing strongholds. The issue was noted by (...) numerous Ottoman writers as early as the Koçi Bey Risalesi in the seventeenth century. This chapter examines four frontier areas of the Ottoman Empire: the Hapsburg borderland in Croatia; the frontier between Montenegro and southern Herzegovina; the fortress line on the banks of the Danube in Wallachia; and the Danube Delta region near the Black Sea. (shrink)

Background: Moral distress is a major problem in nursing profession. Researchers identified that the stronger the ethical basis of the organization, the less moral distress is reported. However, different ethical climates may have different impacts on moral distress. Moreover, conceptualization of moral distress and ethical climate as well as their relationship may change according to the cultural context. Objectives: The main aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between different types of ethical climate as described in Victor and (...) Cullen’s framework, and moral distress intensity among nurses in Turkish healthcare settings. Research design: An online survey was administrated to collect data. Questionnaires included moral distress and ethical climate scales in addition to demographic questions. Participants and research context: Data were collected from registered nurses in Turkey. In all, 201 of 279 nurses completed questionnaires, resulting in a response rate of 72%. Ethical considerations: Ethical approval was obtained from the university to which the authors were affiliated, after a detailed investigation of the content and data collection method. Findings: Factor analyses showed that moral distress had three dimensions, namely, organizational constraints, misinformed and over-treated patients, and lack of time and resources, while ethical climate had four types, namely, rules, well-being of stakeholders, individualism, and organizational interests. Positive correlations were identified between certain types of ethical climate (rules, individualism, or organizational interests) and moral distress intensity. Discussion: Factor distribution of the scales shows some commonalities with the findings of previous research. However, context-specific dimensions and types were also detected. No particular ethical climate type was found to have a negative correlation with moral distress. Conclusion: Recommendations were made for reducing the negative impact of ethical climate on moral distress. These include solving the nursing-shortage problem, increasing autonomy, and improving physical conditions. (shrink)

In four experiments, we asked subjects for judgements about scenarios that pit utilitarian outcomes against deontological moral rules, for example, saving more lives vs. a rule against active killing. We measured trait emotions of anger, disgust, sympathy and empathy, asked about the same emotions after each scenario. We found that utilitarian responding to the scenarios, and higher scores on a utilitarianism scale, were correlated negatively with disgust, positively with anger, positively with specific sympathy and state sympathy, and less so with (...) general sympathy or empathy. In a fifth experiment, we asked about anger and sympathy for specific outcomes, and we found that these are consistently predictive of utilitarian responding. (shrink)

Functional near infrared spectroscopy has been gaining increasing interest as a practical mobile functional brain imaging technology for understanding the neural correlates of social cognition and emotional processing in the human prefrontal cortex. Considering the cognitive complexity of human-robot interactions, the aim of this study was to explore the neural correlates of emotional processing of congruent and incongruent pairs of human and robot audio-visual stimuli in the human PFC with fNIRS methodology. Hemodynamic responses from the PFC region of 29 subjects (...) were recorded with fNIRS during an experimental paradigm which consisted of auditory and visual presentation of human and robot stimuli. Distinct neural responses to human and robot stimuli were detected at the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex regions. Presentation of robot voice elicited significantly less hemodynamic response than presentation of human voice in a left OFC channel. Meanwhile, processing of human faces elicited significantly higher hemodynamic activity when compared to processing of robot faces in two left DLPFC channels and a left OFC channel. Significant correlation between the hemodynamic and behavioral responses for the face-voice mismatch effect was found in the left OFC. Our results highlight the potential of fNIRS for unraveling the neural processing of human and robot audio-visual stimuli, which might enable optimization of social robot designs and contribute to elucidation of the neural processing of human and robot stimuli in the PFC in naturalistic conditions. (shrink)

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate ethical problems caused by teachers accepting gifts in schools. The viewpoints of teachers, administrators, and parents who were involved in the process of gift giving at schools in Turkey were recorded. To facilitate a deeper investigation of ethical problems caused by gift culture in schools, qualitative research methods were used in the study. Data collected through interviews with the participants were analyzed using content analysis techniques largely based on inductive reasoning. The (...) results of the study revealed that gifts affected teachers’ objectivity and prevented them from treating students equally. (shrink)

A two-systems model of moral judgment proposed by Joshua Greene holds that deontological moral judgments (those based on simple rules concerning action) are often primary and intuitive, and these intuitive judgments must be overridden by reflection in order to yield utilitarian (consequence-based) responses. For example, one dilemma asks whether it is right to push a man onto a track in order to stop a trolley that is heading for five others. Those who favor pushing, the utilitarian response, usually take longer (...) to respond than those who oppose pushing. Greene's model assumes an asymmetry between the processes leading to different responses. We consider an alternative model based on the assumption of symmetric conflict between two response tendencies. By this model, moral dilemmas differ in the "difficulty" of giving a utilitarian response and subjects differ in the "ability" (tendency) to give such responses. (We could just as easily define ability in terms of deontological responses, as the model treats the responses symmetrically.) We thus make an analogy between moral dilemmas and tests of cognitive ability, and we apply the Rasch model, developed for the latter, to estimate the ability-difficulty difference for each dilemma for each subject. We apply this approach to five data sets collected for other purposes by three of the co-authors. Response time (RT), including yes and no responses, is longest when difficulty and ability match, because the subject is indifferent between the two responses, which also have the same RT at this point. When we consider yes/no responses, RT is longest when the model predicts that the response is improbable. Subjects with low ability take longer on the "easier" dilemmas, and vice versa. (shrink)

The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into daily life has created ethical challenges, highlighting the need for responsible use. This methodological study developed the AI Ethical Awareness Scale to measure individuals’ awareness levels. Data were collected from 616 AI users, and analyses confirmed a three-factor, nine-item structure: Transparency, Integrity, and Awareness. The scale demonstrated strong reliability and validity, explaining 74.8% of the variance. Developed within the Turkish cultural context, it is a valid and reliable tool to assess AI ethical (...) awareness. The AIEAS can be used to assess the effectiveness of ethics education programs or inform policy recommendations regarding responsible AI use. It also holds potential for adaptation across different cultural settings to support cross-cultural research. (shrink)

In the ancient Greek world, the concept of 'miasma,' which becomes permanent and has the potential to grow over time due to evil acts such as murder committed in the city, is a concept frequently referred to in many classical tragedies. To the extent that miasma has a bad connotation due to its nature and is a situation that occurs due to evil actions, it can be considered together with the philosophical problem of evil. In this study, we aim to (...) examine the concept of miasma by focusing on the characters in La Jauría, one of the most prominent films of recent South American cinema, rather than a purely conceptual analysis of the concept. Filmed in the jungles of Colombia and directed by Colombian director Andrés Ramírez Pulido, the 2022 film La Jauría is a psychological drama that focuses on the lives of young people involved in crime. The tragic story of Eliu, the protagonist of the film, which takes place mainly in a prison specially designed to rehabilitate inmates, seems to us to be a very suitable focal point for examining the concepts of miasma, catharsis, and ecstasy, which are frequently referred to in ancient Greek tragedy. To do so, we will first address the various contexts in which miasma has been used historically, considering the flow of events in the movie La Jauría. Then, we will look at the relationship of the concept of miasma with the problem of evil. Finally, we will discuss the possibilities of the concept of purification, which is seen as a kind of antidote to miasma. (shrink)

Nurses are exposed to bullying for various reasons. It has been argued that the reason for bullying can be political, meaning that the behavior occurs to serve the self-interests of the perpetrators. This study aims to identify how nurses perceive the relevance of individual and political reasons for bullying behaviors. In February 2009 a survey was conducted with nurses working in a research and training hospital located in Turkey. The results showed that the aim of influencing promotion, task assignments, performance (...) appraisal, recruitment, dismissal, allocation of equipment and operational means, together with allocation of personal benefits and organizational structure decisions, were perceived as potential political reasons for bullying by nurses. Moreover, the reasons for the various bullying behaviors were perceived as relevant to individual characteristics, namely, the perpetrators’ need for power, and their psychological and private life problems. (shrink)

In heterogeneous markets, one of the many consumer groups is that of green product buyers. With rising ethical values, the green market is assuming its place in a general growth trend. Given this, it is important to determine the profile of green product buyers. This study aims to find out whether there are sub-markets for green product buyers, based on their personal values and consumption values, and to determine a detailed profile for these buyers. Both personal values and consumption values (...) are basic factors guiding consumer behaviour and affecting consumption preferences. The data was collected, through surveys in Turkey, from green consumers who were members of the TEMA (the Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion, for Reforestation and the Protection of Natural Habitats) council. The result of our clustering analysis indicates that green product buyers could be segmented into subgroups according to their personal values and consumption values. (shrink)

This paper aims to examine the impact of national cultural values on the relation between auditing and reporting standards and ethical behaviours of firms. Based on a regression analysis using data regarding 54 countries between the years 2007 and 2012, we found that the impact of the perceived strength of auditing and reporting standards on the perceived ethical behaviours of firms is accentuated when a society is characterized by low power distance and in-group collectivism, and high institutional collectivism, future orientation (...) and uncertainty avoidance. Empirically, the study addresses a gap in the literature by highlighting the influence of national culture on the effectiveness of legal settings and regulations on ethical behaviours. (shrink)

M.Ö. 2000 yıllarında Anadolu’ya gelen Hint-Avrupa kökenli Hititler M.Ö. 1650’de Kızılırmak Havzası’nda yer alan Hattuşa (Boğazköy) merkezli bir devlet kurmuşlardır. Orta Anadolu’da kurulan bu devlet ilerleyen süreçte büyük bir imparatorluk haline gelmiştir. Farklı etnik kökenlere sahip toplulukları bünyesinde barındıran Hititler kendilerini “Bin Tanrılı Halk” olarak adlandırmışlardır. Fethettikleri bölgelerin tanrılarını kendi tanrılarının arasına dâhil eden Hititler geniş bir tanrılar topluluğuna sahip olmuştur. Bu tanrıların arasında Hatti, Luvi, Pala, Sümer, Hurri, Asur, Babil ve Eski Hint kökenli tanrılar yer almaktadır. Boğazköy’de gerçekleştirilen kazılarda (...) pek çok tapınak yapısının ortaya çıkarılması Hititlerin tanrılarına verdikleri önemi göstermektedir. Bu makalede kendisine kaynaklık eden arkeolojik ve filolojik verilerden yola çıkılarak bir devlet dini olan Hitit dini, Hitit dininin genel özellikleri, Hitit panteonunda yer alan tanrılar, bu tanrılar için yapılmış olan tapınaklar, tanrılar adına yapılan bayram törenleri, tanrıların ve insanların konumu, büyü ritüelleri, fal ve kehanet uygulamaları, dualar ve mitolojik hikâyeler çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. (shrink)

The Hittites who were origin of Indo-European and came to Anatolia occupied the region of Halys in central Anatolian around 1650 BC building Hattusa as a capital city. Expanding their territories into an empire they founded one of the most powerful states in their times and world. Including different ethnic groups Hittites called themselves by the expression of “1000 Gods of Hatti”. Incorporating several local gods existed in the lands they conquered they have had a lot of gods or divines. (...) Among these gods are gods of Hatti, Luwi, Pala, Sumer, Hurri, Assyro- Babilonian and ancient Indian. Many temples discovered in the Hattusa excavations are an important clue for their paying great respect to the gods. In this article benefiting from the evidences of archaeological and philological sources Hittite beliefs as a state religion and general aspects of this religion, gods in the pantheon, temples built for these gods, festivals devoted to these gods, the place of gods and humans, magic rituals, oracles, omens, prayers and mythological stories will be evaluated. (shrink)