Abstract

This chapter examines sīrah literature, encompassing Islamic and non-Islamic scholarship, tracing its development from its inception to the present day. Sīrah, detailing the life and biography of Prophet Muhammad, has been a focal point of study since the Prophet’s passing. Approaches to sīrah have evolved significantly in Muslim and non-Muslim contexts, shaping global perceptions of the Prophet and Islam. Muslim scholars have focused on precise biographical details, exploring the reasons behind events in the Prophet’s life, his leadership and his role as a model for everyday life. In contrast, non-Muslim authors have approached sīrah from different perspectives, ranging from extremely critical, even to the point of ridicule and slander, to more authentic and genuine interpretations. Access to the main sources, particularly Arabic texts, has shaped these perspectives, alongside interactions with Muslims, scientific advancements and globalisation. This chapter provides a chronological analysis of major sīrah works by Muslims and non-Muslims since the seventh century, tracing the evolution of sīrah literature and documenting the factors influencing various approaches over the centuries. This analysis offers foundational understanding and context for appreciating modern approaches to Prophet Muhammad and his life as a central figure in Islamic tradition.