Abstract

Egypt’s economic history reveals a complex development journey, characterized by significant transformations. Historically, economic reform policies have often been experimental, influenced by political factors, domestic instability, and regional dynamics rather than being guided by a coherent ideology. Weak institutional adaptation, and exclusive and extractive institutions, have led to unsustainable reforms, and the blurred state–business dynamic has weakened the development of a healthy, competitive market-led system until the very recently introduced reforms toward a more market-led model. Historically, political dominance and regime stability have overshadowed economic reforms, leading to skewed outcomes that favor powerful groups over broader efficiency. Geopolitical influences and post-colonial legacies shaped economic policies during the 1950s through the 1980s. These dependencies have led to increased external vulnerabilities and diminished Egypt’s ability to remain resilient in the face of escalating and more frequent shocks. Through digging deeper into the political economy and root causes of Egypt’s current developmental challenges, the analysis reiterates the urgent need to revisit Egypt’s development model, advocating for an organic approach to economic reform that acknowledges the deep-rooted problems. It advocates for a stronger commitment to institutional reforms, limiting political dominance and empowering the role of the legislature, all while reducing reliance on external forces and promoting an autonomous model of sustainable development.