Incognito standardized patients for studying healthcare stigma: partial deception and other ethical challenges

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BMC Medical Ethics 27 (1):51 (2026)
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Abstract

This paper examines the ethical considerations of using the incognito clinic visits by standardized patients (SP) in order to measure enacted stigma in healthcare settings. It reviews traditional SP methods, introduces the new method, and discusses its potential harms and benefits.

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10.1186/s12910-026-01397-4

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