Abstract

This chapter first discusses a tension in Fodor's treatment of special sciences. It argues that, on Fodor's account, special science counterfactuals are necessitated by fundamental physical laws and facts. So, if there are metaphysically independent special science laws then they can only overdetermine counterfactuals, which is puzzling. Next the lawfulness of special science regularities is considered. After examining Boltzmann's reconciliation of laws of thermodynamics with fundamental dynamical laws, the chapter proposes that the lawfulness of such regularities is grounded in the dynamical laws plus a probabilistic constraint on the initial conditions of the universe. It shows that physics misses no nomological/explanatory structure that the special sciences supply. This reductionist account denies the existence of metaphysically independent special science laws, but it does not entail that special science properties are identical to properties of fundamental physics and it allows for the multiple realisability of special science laws.