Abstract

Soul, Faith, and Religion: A Philosophical Analysis This paper seeks to clarify the conceptual boundaries and inherent tensions among "soul," "faith," and "religion" from a philosophical perspective. By surveying classical and contemporary philosophy and employing phenomenology and critical theory, it advances the following core theses: First, the "soul" is not an independent, immortal substance but a symbolic projection of human sensible consciousness in the face of finitude and death. Second, "faith" is fundamentally an expression of individual spiritual freedom and inner conviction, while "religion" is its institutionalized and power-laden social form. Third, boundary experiences such as "out-of-body" episodes do not prove the independent existence of the soul but rather reveal the self-dramatization of sensible consciousness when rational functions are attenuated. The theoretical contribution of this paper lies in offering an alternative framework for the "hard problem" of philosophy of mind while deepening the critical understanding of religion as a form of social power. Keywords: Soul; Consciousness; Faith; Religion; Phenomenology; Critical Philosophy