Licensing and sensitivity in polarity items: From downward entailment to (non)veridicality

Abstract

Polarity phenomena in language are pervasive and quite diverse. A quite familiar polarity item (PI) is any. Any a PI because it exhibits limited distribution: it is ungrammatical in positive sentences, but becomes fine with negation, in questions, with modal verbs, and in the scope of downward entailing quantifiers like few.

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Citations of this work

Counterfactuals.Willow Starr & Alex Kocurek - 2025 - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Positive polarity - negative polarity.Anna Szabolcsi - 2004 - Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 22 (2):409-452..
Licensing strong NPIs.Jon R. Gajewski - 2011 - Natural Language Semantics 19 (2):109-148.
Domains of Polarity Items.Vincent Homer - 2021 - Journal of Semantics 38 (1):1-48.

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References found in this work

Semantics in generative grammar.Irene Heim & Angelika Kratzer - 1998 - Malden, MA: Blackwell. Edited by Angelika Kratzer.
Syntax and semantics of questions.Lauri Karttunen - 1977 - Linguistics and Philosophy 1 (1):3--44.
Questions.Jeroen Groenendijk & Martin Stokhof - 1997 - In J. F. A. K. Van Benthem, Johan van Benthem & Alice G. B. Ter Meulen, Handbook of Logic and Language. Elsevier. pp. 1059–1131.

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