Abstract

Although gardens are typically appreciated as peaceful spaces of apolitical serenity, this essay highlights how they can provide new sites and sensibilities that complicate our understanding of politics. First it compares imperial gardens in China, Thailand, and Russia to examine how they heterotopically construct social order and world order. Here heterotopia not only integrates a diverse assemblage of materials from Europe and Asia, but also plays with different ideologies, experiences, and concepts. The paper then considers how these aesthetic conventions and practical techniques explain ideology and excite affect at two national war memorials: the Nanjing Massacre Memorial in China and the Yasukuni Shrine in Japan. Here garden-building is theory-building: by producing new sites and sensibilities, it creatively shapes our understanding of politics, social order, and world order.