Software is a ubiquitous artifact, yet not much has been done to understand its ontological nature. There are a few accounts offered so far about the nature of software. I argue that none of those accounts give a plausible picture of the nature of software. I draw attention to the striking similarities between software and musical works. These similarities motivate to look more closely on the discussions regarding the nature of the musical works. With the lessons (...) drawn from the ontology of musical works I offer a novel account of the nature of software. In this account, software is an abstract artifact. I elaborate the conditions under which software comes into existence; how it persists; how and on which entities its existence depends. (shrink)

Digital artifacts often fail to perform as expected. It has recently been argued that this should not be analyzed as software malfunctioning. Rather, every case that is not the result of hardware failures would be due to design errors. This claim, which hinges on the notion of ‘implementation’, highlights a potential fundamental difference between software and other technical artifacts. It also implies that software engineers have more extensive responsibilities than creators of other artifacts. After reconstructing the argument, (...) we show that it rests on two presuppositions regarding the nature of software and the activities of its creators, which we call ‘complete control’ and ‘self-containedness’. Software is taken to be a self-contained unit through which the software engineer exerts complete control over a machine’s behavior. These two presuppositions as well as the usage of implementation and strong claims regarding responsibility can be found throughout the literature on software engineering. Still, we argue that the presuppositions are untenable in light of current practices. For one thing, software engineers cannot exert complete control because software has become too complex for any technique to reliably locate every fault in it. For another, the creation and running of software are nowadays heavily mediated processes involving many agential activities. As a result, the performance of digital artifacts may vary, often in undesirable ways, without either hardware failures or design errors. This undermines the conclusion that software cannot malfunction, while also revealing the complications in developing a metaphysical account of software that fits contemporary practices. (shrink)

As Software-Defined Networking (SDN) gained traction in 2018, its separation of the control and data planes introduced both architectural flexibility and new security challenges. This research investigates the attack vectors specific to SDN environments—such as controller hijacking, flow rule manipulation, and DoS targeting centralized control. The study evaluates threat detection techniques including flow anomaly analysis, policy validation, and controller redundancy. It also proposes a hybrid intrusion prevention model that combines machine learning with rule-based policies for real-time mitigation. Using a (...) real-world case study of an SDN deployment in a university campus network, this paper analyzes the effectiveness of layered security mechanisms in securing programmable infrastructure. The findings contribute to a more secure deployment strategy for SDN in enterprise and carrier-grade networks. (shrink)

Software piracy is older than the PC and has been the subject of several studies, which have found it to be a widespread phenomenon in general, and among university students in particular. An earlier study by Cohen and Cornwell from a decade ago is replicated, adding questions about downloading music from the Internet. The survey includes responses from 224 students in entry-level courses at two schools, a nondenominational suburban university and a Catholic urban college with similar student profiles. The (...) study found that there has been few if any changes in student opinions regarding the unauthorized duplication of copy- righted materials. Students generally felt that copying commercial software and downloading music from the Internet was acceptable and found that there was no significant correlation between student attitudes and their school’s religious affiliation or lack thereof. Additionally, the study found that a small but significant percentage of respondents considered the other questionable behaviors as ethically acceptable. Finally, the reasons for these attitudes are discussed as well as what colleges can do to correct the situation. (shrink)

Artefacts do not always do what they are supposed to, due to a variety of reasons, including manufacturing problems, poor maintenance, and normal wear-and-tear. Since software is an artefact, it should be subject to malfunctioning in the same sense in which other artefacts can malfunction. Yet, whether software is on a par with other artefacts when it comes to malfunctioning crucially depends on the abstraction used in the analysis. We distinguish between “negative” and “positive” notions of malfunction. A (...) negative malfunction, or dysfunction, occurs when an artefact token either does not or cannot do what it is supposed to. A positive malfunction, or misfunction, occurs when an artefact token may do what is supposed to but, at least occasionally, it also yields some unintended and undesirable effects. We argue that software, understood as type, may misfunction in some limited sense, but cannot dysfunction. Accordingly, one should distinguish software from other technical artefacts, in view of their design that makes dysfunction impossible for the former, while possible for the latter. (shrink)

Building upon the recently proposed metric of Machine Decision-Making Ability (MDMA), this paper introduces Software Layer Abstraction (SLA) as a multiplier that extends a machine’s apparent intelligence beyond the raw capabilities of its hardware. SLA quantifies how software layers—through reuse, caching, and prediction—amplify decision-making capacity. Tracing the progression from mechanical systems to electrical and quantum technologies, we argue that while hardware MDMA defines a system’s physical baseline, SLA explains why modern systems often appear to exceed hardware limits. Case (...) studies include stored programs, predictive execution, and Large Language Models (LLMs), which distill years of high-MDMA training into portable predictive engines that run on modest devices. We outline five stages of abstraction—Binding, Notation, Escape, Dominion, and Singularity—and highlight the emerging threshold where software begins to design hardware autonomously. SLA is positioned as a complement to MDMA, clarifying the “illusion of spirit” and the risks of runaway abstraction. (shrink)

. Computational chemistry grew in a new era of “desktop modeling,” which coincided with a growing demand for modeling software, especially from the pharmaceutical industry. Parameterization of models in computational chemistry is an arduous enterprise, and we argue that this activity leads, in this specific context, to tensions among scientists regarding the epistemic opacity transparency of parameterized methods and the software implementing them. We relate one flame war from the Computational Chemistry mailing List in order to assess in (...) detail the relationships between modeling methods, parameterization, software and the various forms of their enclosure or disclosure. Our claim is that parameterization issues are an important and often neglected source of epistemic opacity and that this opacity is entangled in methods and software alike. Models and software must be addressed together to understand the epistemological tensions at stake. (shrink)

The integration of information resources in the life sciences is one of the most challenging problems facing bioinformatics today. We describe how Language and Computing nv, originally a developer of ontology-based natural language understanding systems for the healthcare domain, is developing a framework for the integration of structured data with unstructured information contained in natural language texts. L&C’s LinkSuite™ combines the flexibility of a modular software architecture with an ontology based on rigorous philosophical and logical principles that is designed (...) to comprehend the basic formal relationships that structure both reality and the ways humans perceive and communicate about reality. (shrink)

Software is not merely a functional artifact; it encodes human knowledge in the form of invariants, architectural constraints, and historically grounded design decisions. As software evolves-through human modification, automated refactoring, or increasingly through generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) code agents-its functionality may be preserved while the epistemic justification embedded in its structure is gradually eroded. This paper develops the concept of Code Structure Evolution (CSE) to analyze this phenomenon. CSE refers to the transformation of structural relations over time and (...) the associated risk of what I call epistemic drift: the degradation of justificatory continuity across structural change, whether or not this degradation is immediately reflected in invariant violation, traceability loss, structural incoherence, or functional failure. The paper defends a general thesis-that epistemic drift is a latent condition of any evolving software artifact-and examines one contemporary case in which this condition becomes acute and empirically visible: legacy-code modification by a GenAI code agent. An illustrative probe suggests that such modifications can preserve functional and structural indicators while leaving substantial justificatory residue unpreserved. I argue that this dissociation reveals a neglected philosophical problem: the nature of software as a repository of justified understanding and the conditions under which that justification can persist across structural change. CSE thus offers a framework for analyzing the epistemic fragility of evolving technical artifacts. GenAI does not create this fragility; it makes it harder to ignore. (shrink)

Complex software systems often exhibit emergent behaviours that are not explicitly programmed into individual components. These behaviours arise from interactions among modules, processes, and constraint structures operating within a shared computational environment. This paper interprets emergent behaviour through the admissibility framework of the Paton System. Within this interpretation, emergent phenomena arise when interacting components collectively explore admissible regions of system state space defined by governing constraints. The resulting behaviours appear novel at the system level despite being generated through locally (...) valid operations. This structural perspective clarifies why large-scale software systems display unexpected patterns, stability regimes, and cascading failure modes. (shrink)

Software, like technical artifacts, is discussed and evaluated in terms of its functions. According to intentionalist function theories, the function we ascribe to an object should reflect the intended effect on its environment as fixed by its designer. In this paper, I demonstrate how we develop an intentionalist understanding of the functions of software, despite recent arguments to the contrary. For this, I analyze software design and use from an action-theoretical perspective, a methodology previously used to develop (...) the ICE theory of technical functions. I explain why the arguments raised against intentionalist function theories are no cause for abandoning them in the context of software. Next, I introduce an ICE-like alternative for understanding function ascriptions to software. This identifies what I call configured effectuation mechanisms as function bearers. Finally, I show how my intentionalist function theory enables the uniform evaluation of software by designers and users. (shrink)

in Oct-14-1998 ordinance INDESP-IO4 established the federal software certification and verification requirements for gaming machines in Brazil. The authors present the rationale behind these criteria, whose basic principles can find applications in several other software authentication applications.

In the dynamic landscape of modern software development, the integration of Quality Assurance (QA) with advanced analytics and metrics is redefining the paradigms of software quality engineering. This paper delves into the strategic role of QA metrics and analytics in enabling data driven decisions, which foster a proactive and predictive approach to quality management. Traditional QA processes, often plagued by subjective assessments and reactive defect handling, are being replaced by evidence-based frameworks that utilize cutting-edge technologies such as machine (...) learning (ML), artificial intelligence (AI), and real-time dashboards. Key performance indicators (KPIs) like Defect Removal Efficiency (DRE), Mean Time to Repair (MTTR), and automation coverage provide a granular understanding of the development pipeline. Predictive analytics models, integrated within CI/CD pipelines, leverage historical defect trends and code complexity metrics to forecast potential failure points, optimize resource allocation, and reduce time-to-market. Furthermore, prescriptive analytics equips QA teams with actionable insights, recommending remediation paths and improving decision-making agility. This paper underscores the transformative potential of QA analytics in driving efficiency and reliability across software ecosystems. It also highlights challenges, such as overcoming data silos, ensuring cross-platform compatibility, and addressing skill gaps in QA teams. The study presents a comprehensive metrics framework, explores state-of-the-art tools and methodologies, and includes a case study demonstrating a 40% reduction in production defects using advanced analytics. Finally, the paper proposes future directions, including ethical QA analytics, real-time quality dashboards, and deeper integration with DevSecOps workflows. By adopting these innovations, organizations can align QA objectives with business goals, achieving enhanced customer satisfaction, minimized defect leakage, and optimized development cycles. This shift represents not merely an enhancement of existing practices but a fundamental evolution of the QA discipline, positioning it as a critical driver of technological and organizational excellence. (shrink)

În prezent, datele sunt generate peste tot, precum YouTube, Tumblr, Reddit, Facebook, WhatsApp FacebookNS, Twitter, Instagram, Gmail, LinkedIn și Academia. Înțelegerea acestor date este foarte importantă, deoarece aceasta este o entitate crucială și foarte importantă a unei organizații, națiuni și instituții. Analiza și vizualizările seturilor de date pot oferi noi tendințe în afaceri, politică, sau intelligence, pot preveni bolile și pot modela pentru a prognoza paradigmele viitoare și a combate criminalitatea, și așa mai departe. În acest moment, cel mai utilizat (...) instrument pentru descoperirea, analiza și vizualizarea datelor, este Tableau. Tableau este unul dintre cele mai rapide instrumente de business intelligence. Este rapid de implementat, ușor de învățat și foarte util pentru un utilizator. (shrink)

Program behaviour prediction is essential for confirming program attributes and guaranteeing system dependability. The interleaving of execution pathways caused by features like concurrency and resource restrictions makes it especially difficult to understand the behaviour of large software systems. As a result, it might be quite difficult to predict how such software would behave. We provide a Software Behaviour Prediction (SBP) model that fully captures and precisely forecasts software behaviour to overcome this difficulty. The SBP model increases (...) the precision and effectiveness of recognising target states or software behaviours by utilising the machine learning ideas of Multi-label Classification (MLC) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks. In addition, we present a threshold determination technique intended to increase MLC task accuracy. In real-world applications, our SBP model can comprehensively and iteratively forecast the states in subsequent execution path moments, doing away with the requirement to analyse the software's starting state. This feature makes it possible for our method to forecast software behaviour more accurately and effectively than the baseline models. The outcomes of the experiment show how well the SBP model predicts several simultaneous behaviours in intricate software systems. Furthermore, the SBP model outperforms the baseline approaches in terms of resource efficiency. These results demonstrate the SBP model's applicability and potential influence in real-world situations, providing encouraging paths for strengthening software design methodologies and boosting system dependability. (shrink)

Hacker communities of the 1970s and 1980s developed a quite characteristic work ethos. Its norms are explored and shown to be quite similar to those which Robert Merton suggested govern academic life: communism, universalism, disinterestedness, and organized scepticism. In the 1990s the Internet multiplied the scale of these communities, allowing them to create successful software programs like Linux and Apache. After renaming themselves the `open source software' movement, with an emphasis on software quality, they succeeded in gaining (...) corporate interest. As one of the main results, their `open' practices have entered industrial software production. The resulting clash of cultures, between the more academic CUDOS norms and their corporate counterparts, is discussed and assessed. In all, the article shows that software practices are a fascinating seedbed for the genesis of work ethics of various kinds, depending on their societal context. (shrink)

Software patents are commonly criticised for being fuzzy, context-sensitive, and often granted for trivial inventions. More often than not, these shortcomings are said to be caused by the abstract nature of software - with little further analysis offered. Drawing on Plato’s Parmenides, this paper will argue (1) that the reason why software patents seem to be elusive is that patent law suggests to think about algorithms as paradigmatic examples and (2) that Plato’s distinction between two modes of (...) predication and the role of competence in his account of knowledge are helpful not only for conceptualising knowledge of algorithms, but also for understanding the limits of software patent regimes. (shrink)

Deploying applications across multiple cloud regions boosts availability, disaster recovery, and user experience but raises complexities including data synchronization, network optimization, security, and cost management. This research examines the responsibilities of software developers in designing and overseeing multi-region cloud-based applications. The main goal is to identify and examine the essential factors and most effective methods that developers should adhere to when constructing reliable, expandable, and high-performance cloud-based applications, approaches to tackle these complexities, such as Infrastructure as Code (IaC) for (...) automating resource allocation, Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) for streamlined software updates, and global load balancing for efficient traffic management. The importance of artificial intelligence, automation, and edge computing in streamlining cloud operations is also emphasized. By implementing these strategies, companies can establish cloud applications that are scalable, secure, and highly effective, and run smoothly in various geographic locations. (shrink)

Many undergraduates, philosophy majors included, read philosophical texts similar to the way they read stories. One method for teaching students how to discern the argumentative structure of a philosophy text is through argument diagrams (text boxes used to represent claims with arrows and lines used to represent connections between these claims). This paper provides criteria for an ideal argument diagramming software and then reviews the strengths and weaknesses of such software currently available, e.g. Araucaria, Argutect, Athena Standard, Inspiration, (...) and Reason!Able. (shrink)

Conceptual modeling of a portion of the world is a necessary prerequisite to set the stage and define software system boundaries. In this context, one of the challenges is to provide a unified framework to create a comprehensive representation of the targeted domain. According to many researchers, conceptual model (CM) development is a hard task, and system requirements are difficult to collect, causing many miscommunication problems. Accordingly, CMs require more than modeling ability alone: they first require an understanding of (...) the targeted domain that the model attempts to represent. Accordingly, a preconceptual modeling (pre-CM) stage is intended to address ontological issues before typical CM development is initiated. It involves defining a portion of reality when entities and processes are differentiated and integrated as unified wholes. This pre-CM phase forms the focus of research in this paper. The purpose is not show how to model; rather, it is to demonstrate how to establish a metaphysical basis of the involved portion of reality. To demonstrate such a venture, we employ the so-called thinging machine (TM) modeling that has been proposed as a high-level CM. A TM model integrates staticity and dynamism grounded in a fundamental construct called a thimac (things/machine). It involves two modes of reality, existence (events) and subsistence (regions: roughly, specifications of things and processes). Currently, the dominant approach in CM has evolved to limit its scope of application to develop ontological categorization (types of things). In contrast, advocates of TM modeling have pursued a broader metaphysical study of the nature of the domain’s things and processes beyond categorization. In the TM approach, pre-CM metaphysics is viewed as a part and parcel of CM itself. The general research problem is how to map TM constructs to what is out there in the targeted domain. Discussions involve the nature of thimacs (things and processes) and subsistence and existence as they are superimposed over each other in reality. Specifically, we make two claims, (i) the perceptibility of regions as a phenomenon and (ii) the distinctiveness of existence as a construct for events. The results contribute to further the understanding of TM modeling in addition to introducing some metaphysical insights. (shrink)

The study was conducted to compare manual and computerized software techniques of data management and analysis in educational research. Specifically, the study investigated whether there was a significant difference in the results of Pearson correlation, independent t-test and ANOVA obtained from using manual and computerized software technique of data analyses. Three null hypotheses were formulated accordingly to guide the study. The study adopted a quasi-experimental research design where several data were generated by the researchers and analyzed using manual (...) and computerized software techniques. The data were generated to suit the required data of each statistical method of analysis. CASIO fx-991ES PLUS NATURAL DISPLAY scientific calculator and statistical tables were used for manual analysis; while data analysis tool pack of Microsoft Excel version 2013 were used for computerized software analysis. The results of the analysis revealed that both manual and computerized software techniques yielded the same results for Pearson correlation, independent t-test and ANOVA. It was concluded that though both manual and computerized techniques are reliable and dependable, computerized technique is faster and efficient in managing and analyzing data than manual technique. It was recommended, among other things, that any of the techniques should be used without fear when computing Pearson, independent t-test and one-way ANOVA as it is the same results that will be gotten. (shrink)

In the last two decades, software process modeling has been an area of interest within both academia and industry. Software process modeling aims at defining and representing software processes in the form of models. A software process model represents the medium that allows better understanding, management and control of the software process. Software process metamodeling rather, provides standard metamodels which enable the defining of customized software process models for a specific project in hand (...) by instantiation. Several software process modeling/meta-modeling languages have been introduced to formalize software process models. Nonetheless, none of them has managed to introduce a compatible yet precise language to include all necessary concepts and information for software process modeling. This paper presents Software Process Meta-Modeling and Notation (SP2MN); a meta-modeling language that provides simple and expressive graphical notations for the aim of software process modeling. SP2MN has been evaluated based upon the well-known ISPW-6 process example, a standard benchmark problem for software process modeling. SP2MN has proved that it presents a valid and expressive software process modeling language. (shrink)

Against the backdrop of the rapid development of generative artificial intelligence, traditional software engineering is undergoing a profound transformation from "function-driven" to "generative-driven." Software is no longer statically written by developers, but dynamically generated and continuously evolved by generative AI under the combined influence of user needs, contextual environment, and data resources. To address this trend, this paper proposes a new theoretical model—GAISF (Generative AI-based Intelligent Software Fusion Framework). This framework constructs a closed-loop system of "requirements understanding—code (...) generation—runtime feedback—adaptive evolution," and introduces a software generation intensity function and an adaptive evolution mechanism to describe the dynamic behavior of software systems in the generative AI era. Through a reconstruction analysis of the traditional software engineering paradigm, this paper further explores the application value of GAISF in intelligent application development, enterprise software systems, and adaptive service systems. Research shows that this framework can significantly improve software development efficiency, system adaptability, and continuous evolution capabilities, providing a new theoretical foundation for future software engineering. (shrink)

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into software development has transformed traditional methodologies, making development cycles more efficient and reducing manual intervention. AI-driven tools and techniques enhance various stages of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC), from requirement analysis to deployment and maintenance. This paper explores the role of AI in automating software engineering tasks, discusses the impact of intelligent automation on efficiency, and presents real-world applications and future research directions.

Computational reproducibility possesses its own dynamics and narratives of crisis. Alongside the difficulties of computing as an ubiquitous yet complex scientific activity, computational reproducibility suffers from a naive expectancy of total reproducibility and a moral imperative to embrace the principles of free software as a non-negotiable epistemic virtue. We argue that the epistemic issues at stake in actual practices of computational reproducibility are best unveiled by focusing on software as a pivotal concept, one that is surprisingly often overlooked (...) in accounts of reproducibility issues. Software is not only about designing and coding but also about maintaining, supporting, distributing, licensing, and governance; it is not only about developers but also about users. We focus on openness debates among computational chemists involved in molecular modeling software packages as empirical grounding for our argument. We then identify and analyse four epistemic characteristics as key to the role of software in computational reproducibility. (shrink)

Software design patterns have become integral to modern software engineering, offering reusable solutions to common design challenges. These patterns simplify development, promote scalability, and improve system maintainability by providing established frameworks for solving recurring problems. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent advancements in software design patterns, covering research published between 2018 and 2024. It examines the classification of design patterns into creational, structural, and behavioral categories, highlighting their applications in emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (...) (AI)-based systems, microservice architectures, and container orchestration frameworks. The review explores practical implementations, evaluates the effectiveness of patterns in improving performance and reliability, and identifies challenges such as pattern misuse, detection difficulties, and anti-pattern occurrences. The study also investigates ethical considerations in design pattern adoption and discusses recent trends like AI-assisted pattern detection tools and security-driven patterns. Findings emphasize the transformative role of design patterns in addressing modern software development needs while underscoring gaps in automation and ethical design practices. This paper concludes with suggestions for future research directions, including improved frameworks for reusability, automated pattern recognition systems, and ethical design frameworks to address contemporary challenges in software engineering. (shrink)

Interactions between an intelligent software agent and a human user are ubiquitous in everyday situations such as access to information, entertainment, and purchases. In such interactions, the ISA mediates the user’s access to the content, or controls some other aspect of the user experience, and is not designed to be neutral about outcomes of user choices. Like human users, ISAs are driven by goals, make autonomous decisions, and can learn from experience. Using ideas from bounded rationality, we frame these (...) interactions as instances of an ISA whose reward depends on actions performed by the user. Such agents benefit by steering the user’s behaviour towards outcomes that maximise the ISA’s utility, which may or may not be aligned with that of the user. Video games, news recommendation aggregation engines, and fitness trackers can all be instances of this general case. Our analysis facilitates distinguishing various subcases of interaction, as well as second-order effects that might include the possibility for adaptive interfaces to induce behavioural addiction, and/or change in user belief. We present these types of interaction within a conceptual framework, and review current examples of persuasive technologies and the issues that arise from their use. We argue that the nature of the feedback commonly used by learning agents to update their models and subsequent decisions could steer the behaviour of human users away from what benefits them, and in a direction that can undermine autonomy and cause further disparity between actions and goals as exemplified by addictive and compulsive behaviour. We discuss some of the ethical, social and legal implications of this technology and argue that it can sometimes exploit and reinforce weaknesses in human beings. (shrink)

English - language Wikipedia is constantly being plagued by vandalistic contributions on a massive scale. In order to fight them its volunteer contributors deploy an array of software tools and autonomous bots. After an analysis of their functioning and the ‘ coactivity ’ in use between humans and bots, this research ‘ discloses ’ the moral issues that emerge from the combined patrolling by humans and bots. Administrators provide the stronger tools only to trusted users, thereby creating a new (...) hierarchical layer. Further, surveillance exhibits several troubling features : questionable profiling practices, the use of the controversial measure of reputation, ‘ oversurveillance ’ where quantity trumps quality, and a prospective loss of the required moral skills whenever bots take over from humans. The most troubling aspect, though, is that Wikipedia has become a Janus - faced institution. One face is the basic platform of MediaWiki software, transparent to all. Its other face is the anti - vandalism system, which, in contrast, is opaque to the average user, in particular as a result of the algorithms and neural networks in use. Finally it is argued that this secrecy impedes a much needed discussion to unfold ; a discussion that should focus on a ‘ rebalancing ’ of the anti - vandalism system and the development of more ethical information practices towards contributors. (shrink)

The comprehensive nature of information and insight available in the Upanishads, the Indian philosophical systems like the Advaita Philosophy, Sabdabrahma Siddhanta, Sphota Vaada and the Shaddarsanas, in relation to the idea of human consciousness, mind and its functions, cognitive science and scheme of human cognition and communication are presented. All this is highlighted with vivid classification of conscious-, cognitive-, functional- states of mind; by differentiating cognition as a combination of cognitive agent, cognizing element, cognized element; formation; form and structure of (...) cognition, instruments and means of cognition, validity of cognition and the nature of energy/matter which facilitates and also is the medium of cognition- cognizing process; and also as the container and content of cognition. The human communication process which is just the reverse of cognizing process is also presented with necessary description and detail. The sameness of cognitive / communicative process during language acquisition and communication processes and the modes of language acquisition and communication are also given. The hardware and software of human cognition, language acquisition and communication as envisaged in Indian spiritual and philosophical expressions are given. In the light of the information and insight obtained as above, the axioms for human cognition / communication are formed, framed and presented. A brain-wave frequency modulation / demodulation model of human cognition, communication and language acquisition and communication process based on Upanishadic expressions, Shaddarsanas and Sabdabrahma Siddhhanta is defined and discussed here. The use of these theories and models and axioms in mind-machine modelling and natural language comprehension branch of artificial intelligence will be put forward and highlighted. (shrink)

Generative AI has revolutionized the field of artificial intelligence by enabling machines to create new, original content across various modalities, including text, images, and audio. Two prominent architectures driving this transformation are Transformer-based models and Diffusion models. Transformers, introduced in the 2017 paper "Attention Is All You Need," leverage self-attention mechanisms to process sequential data efficiently, leading to significant advancements in natural language processing tasks. Diffusion models, on the other hand, employ a probabilistic approach to generate data by gradually denoising (...) random noise, resulting in high-quality image synthesis. This paper explores the inner workings of these generative models, comparing their architectures, training methodologies, and applications. By examining the strengths and limitations of each approach, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of how Generative AI operates and its impact on various industries. (shrink)

Una imagen muy generalizada a la hora de entender el software de computador es la que lo representa como una “caja negra”: no importa realmente saber qué partes lo componen internamente, sino qué resultados se obtienen de él según ciertos valores de entrada. Al hacer esto, muchos problemas filosóficos son ocultados, negados o simplemente mal entendidos. Este artículo discute tres unidades de análisis del software de computador, esto es, las especificaciones, los algoritmos y los procesos computacionales. El objetivo (...) central es entender las prácticas cientficas e ingenieriles detrás de cada unidad de software, así como analizar su metodología, ontología y epistemología. (shrink)

In this paper, we have developed an Excel package to be utilized for calculating neutrosophic data and analyze them. The use of object oriented programming techniques and concepts as they may apply to the design and development a new framework to implement neutrosophic data operations, the c# programming language, NET Framework and Microsoft Visual Studio are used to implement the neutrosophic classes. We have used Excel as it is a powerful tool that is widely accepted and used for statistical analysis. (...) Figure 1 shows Class Diagram of the implemented package. Figure 2 presents a working example of the package interface calculating the complement. Our implemented Neutrosophic package can calculate Intersection, Union, and Complement of the neutrosophic set. Figure 3 presents our neutrosophic package capability to draw figures of presented neutrosophic set. Figure 4 presents charting of Union operation calculation, and figure 5 Intersection Operation. neutrosophic set are characterized by its efficiency as it takes into consideration the three data items: True, Intermediate, and False. -/- . (shrink)

In this section, we will start with an influential attempt to define `intelligence', and then we will move to a consideration of how human intelligence is to be investigated on the machine model. The last part of the section will discuss the relation between the mental and the biological.

Open-content communities that focus on co-creation without requirements for entry have to face the issue of institutional trust in contributors. This research investigates the various ways in which these communities manage this issue. It is shown that communities of open-source software—continue to—rely mainly on hierarchy (reserving write-access for higher echelons), which substitutes (the need for) trust. Encyclopedic communities, though, largely avoid this solution. In the particular case of Wikipedia, which is confronted with persistent vandalism, another arrangement has been pioneered (...) instead. Trust (i.e. full write-access) is ‘backgrounded’ by means of a permanent mobilization of Wikipedians to monitor incoming edits. Computational approaches have been developed for the purpose, yielding both sophisticated monitoring tools that are used by human patrollers, and bots that operate autonomously. Measures of reputation are also under investigation within Wikipedia; their incorporation in monitoring efforts, as an indicator of the trustworthiness of editors, is envisaged. These collective monitoring efforts are interpreted as focusing on avoiding possible damage being inflicted on Wikipedian spaces, thereby being allowed to keep the discretionary powers of editing intact for all users. Further, the essential differences between backgrounding and substituting trust are elaborated. Finally it is argued that the Wikipedian monitoring of new edits, especially by its heavy reliance on computational tools, raises a number of moral questions that need to be answered urgently. (shrink)

Sprache ist das raffinierteste Werkzeug, das Menschen entwickelt haben. Wie konnte ein derart komplexes und faszinierendes Phänomen überhaupt entstehen? Das Buch löst das Rätsel, indem es aufzeigt, welche kognitiven Fähigkeiten für Sprache notwendig sind. Sie liegen nicht in einem eigenen «Sprachmodul» im Gehirn, sondern sind geistige Fähigkeiten, die wir auch aus andern Handlungsfeldern kennen. Erst ihr cleveres Zusammenspiel aber ermöglicht menschliche Sprache. Damit lässt sie sich als Manifestation des Geistes verstehen: als seine Software. Die Sprache begreifen heißt den Geist (...) begreifen. (shrink)

Two property regimes for software development may be distinguished. Within corporations, on the one hand, a Private Regime obtains which excludes all outsiders from access to a firm's software assets. It is shown how the protective instruments of secrecy and both copyright and patent have been strengthened considerably during the last two decades. On the other, a Public Regime among hackers may be distinguished, initiated by individuals, organizations or firms, in which source code is freely exchanged. It is (...) argued that copyright is put to novel use here: claiming their rights, authors write `open source licenses' that allow public usage of the code, while at the same time regulating the inclusion of users. A `regulated commons' is created. The analysis focuses successively on the most important open source licenses to emerge, the problem of possible incompatibility between them (especially as far as the dominant General Public License is concerned), and the fragmentation into several user communities that may result. (shrink)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems are heavily dependent on the knowledge of software developers for creating rules, managing data, and organizing algorithms. This paper examines the crucial impact that software engineers have on the development of AI decision-making processes through the creation of rules, pre-processing of training data, and implementation of frameworks that ultimately affect model behavior. This research focuses on the effects of human-designed logic on the performance, fairness, and understandability of artificial intelligence, highlighting the interaction between automated (...) decision-making processes and the limitations imposed by the developers involved. We also investigate the ethical implications that result from biases inherent in human-created guidelines and data collections, underscoring the necessity for accountable AI design methodologies. This study's findings are based on case studies and empirical analysis, revealing that AI systems are not entirely autonomous but rather an expression of software engineers' decision-making, expertise, and personal predispositions. We suggest implementing guidelines for software developers to minimize bias, improve the transparency of AI systems, and guarantee the ethical use of artificial intelligence in deployment. The significance of software engineers in creating dependable and trustworthy AI systems is highlighted by this research. (shrink)

Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) is a modern approach to software development that emphasizes the use of models as primary artifacts in the software design and development process. In MDE, models represent abstract versions of systems, serving as blueprints that can be automatically transformed into working code. This approach seeks to enhance software design, reduce the complexity of code generation, and improve maintainability. By focusing on high-level abstractions, MDE enables developers to design software systems more efficiently, automate repetitive (...) tasks, and ensure consistency across different system components. It fosters the development of platform-independent models, which can then be tailored for specific environments or target platforms using model transformations. This paper provides an indepth examination of Model-Driven Engineering, highlighting its applications in modern software development, particularly in enhancing the software design process and streamlining code generation. The research focuses on key MDE technologies, including Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs), metamodels, and model transformation techniques. It also examines how MDE contributes to the reduction of errors, the increase in productivity, and the facilitation of collaboration in large-scale software projects. The methodology section outlines the techniques used to implement MDE in real-world software development, with examples of successful case studies. Finally, the conclusion discusses the future potential of MDE, exploring emerging trends, challenges, and the ongoing evolution of this methodology. (shrink)

The Eve Complex: Software of Awakening formalizes a four-stage psychological mechanism for permanent, fundamental transformation, termed Representational Rupture. Situated within a broader theoretical architecture called Edenic Dynamics, the framework positions the Eve Complex as a "Software of Awakening"—the organism's complementary capacity to the conservative, stability-maintaining structures detailed in the companion paper, On the Adam Complex. Representational Rupture occurs when an organism accumulates unresolved complexity, sustains contact with existential dissonance without defensive closure, and undergoes an irreversible, higher-dimensional reorganization of (...) its internal representational space. The mechanism is developed through three complementary approaches: a neurobiological grounding of psychological flexibility and rigidity; a structural correspondence to emergent temporality via a companion physics paper, The Spiral Model of Time; and a philosophical mapping onto Schopenhauer's account of Will-affirming and Will-denying consciousness. Diagnostic traction is demonstrated through two contrasting longitudinal case histories—the clinical case of Ahmed B. (transformation in the register of absence) and Nietzsche's biographical trajectory from 1879 to 1885 (transformation in the register of presence). Finally, the paper introduces "Rupture Retention" to model the structural maintenance required to preserve an expanded psychological space, and establishes a strict domain-separation principle between representational capacity and fundamental human vulnerability. (shrink)

Metamorphic viruses, currently the most advanced computer viruses in the wild, have the unique ability of mutating their own code virtually into infinitely many highly dissimilar copies of themselves that nevertheless have the same functionality. This ability—metamorphism—together with other advanced obfuscation techniques makes these computer viruses virtually undetectable by the antivirus software available in the market today. In this paper, we show that viral metamorphism is fully attainable by the employment of van Wijngaarden grammars. The challenge then for an (...) antivirus software is to embed the Turing machine that decides the language generated by the grammar. (shrink)

Modern computing is generally taken to consist primarily of symbol manipulation. But symbols are abstract, and computers are physical. How can a physical device manipulate abstract symbols? Neither Church nor Turing considered this question. My answer is that the bit, as a hardware-implemented abstract data type, serves as a bridge between materiality and abstraction. Computing also relies on three other primitive—but more straightforward—abstractions: Sequentiality, State, and Transition. These physically-implemented abstractions define the borderline between hardware and software and between physicality (...) and abstraction. At a deeper level, asking how a physical device can interact with abstract symbols is the wrong question. The relationship between symbols and physical devices begins with the realization that human beings already know what it means to manipulate symbols. We build and program computers to do what we understand to be symbol manipulation. To understand what that means, consider a light switch. A light switch doesn’t turn a light on or off. Those are abstractions. Light switches don’t operate with abstractions. We build light switches, so that when flipped, the world is changed in such a way that we understand the light to be on or off. Similarly, we build computers to perform operations that we understand as manipulating symbols. (shrink)

The fundamental purpose of software testing is to develop new test case sets that demonstrate the software product's deficiencies. Upon preparation of the test cases, the Test Oracle delineates the expected program behavior for each scenario. The application's correct functioning and its properties will be assessed by prioritizing test cases and running its components, which delineate inputs, actions, and outputs. The prioritization methods include initial ordering, random ordering, and reverse ranking based on fault detection capabilities. software application (...) development often used a test suite, which was less well recognized as a suite for validating software correctness. Each test case set in the suite had distinct instructions and goals based on the system and its configuration that were evaluated. This article presents a Generative AI artificial neural network model for automated software testing based on particle swarm optimization. Generative AI is the method by which computers use existing data, including text, audio/video files, images, and code, to produce new material. An artificial neural network (ANN) is a complex adaptive system capable of altering its internal structure in response to the information it processes. Precisely manipulate the connection and its weight to achieve optimal accuracy. The PSO is a heuristic, population-based global optimization method. (shrink)

The rapid adoption of cloud computing has transformed how software development and testing are conducted, leading to the emergence of cloud-based software testing as a vital area in software engineering. Cloudbased testing enables scalable, flexible, and cost-efficient testing environments without the need for extensive physical infrastructure. This paper explores the recent advancements in cloud-based software testing, highlighting emerging trends, innovative tools, and best practices. We analyze how cloud services support various types of testing, including functional, performance, (...) security, and regression testing. Additionally, we evaluate the benefits and challenges of adopting cloud testing platforms, with a focus on tools such as Selenium Grid, JMeter, LoadRunner Cloud, and Sauce Labs. Through a comprehensive review of the literature and analysis of current methodologies, we present a consolidated view of the state-of-the-art in this domain. Our findings suggest that hybrid cloud environments, AI-driven test automation, and continuous integration/continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipelines are shaping the future of cloudbased software testing. (shrink)

The paradox of free computer software is that people provide software which takes a lot of effort to make for free. If it takes a lot of effort, surely they want money. I present two solutions to this paradox. One solution is that the computer industry faced and continues to face competitors who will provide free rival goods. The only way to prevent these competitions from eating away at one’s business profits is to provide free goods as well (...) and enhance your company’s reputation, so that people later buy goods from your company (or companies pay to advertise with you). Another solution is that the free goods are there to maintain national identity. For example, one’s national identity is that our work is either 7/10, below or 10/10 given a certain system of assessment. One then provides a free word processor but any work in-between is deleted. (shrink)

Smart payment systems are increasingly vulnerable to security threats such as fraud and data breaches, necessitating effective protection measures. This study proposes a framework for software developers to boost transaction security via encryption, multi-factor authentication (MFA), secure API practices, and fraud prevention methods. The system also ensures adherence to requirements such as PCI DSS, GDPR, and PSD2, incorporating secure coding practices, DevSecOps, and real-time monitoring to mitigate potential risks. Through real-world examples and applied solutions, the research assesses the security (...) efficiency of payment systems and recommends potential improvements, including blockchain technology, quantum-proof encryption methods, and anti-fraud measures. This framework allows developers and payment providers to construct secure, expandable, and dependable financial platforms. (shrink)

The transition to cloud-based infrastructure from traditional on-site systems is now a vital component of contemporary software development, facilitating scalability, cost-effectiveness, and improved system dependability. In this migration process, software developers have a crucial part to play, necessitating a blend of technical expertise, strategic planning, and adherence to best practices to achieve a smooth transition. This research article examines the duties of software developers involved in cloud migration, encompassing application refactoring, security upgrades, performance improvement, and regulatory compliance (...) factors. It also draws attention to typical difficulties, including legacy system compatibility, data security vulnerabilities, and resource management, and offers practical solutions to overcome these challenges. The study delves into multiple cloud migration strategies, encompassing rehosting, re-platforming, and re-architecting, to identify the most suitable approach for various applications. This study aims to offer software developers a thorough comprehension of their part in cloud migration by examining instance studies and established industry standards, thereby facilitating effective digital transformation projects. (shrink)

This paper proposes an evolution in the distribution and consumption of interactive software by leveraging the pre-existing, universal infrastructure of the web browser. I introduce the concept of the Cloud Cartridge—an HTML-wrapped, self-contained logic-file that utilizes the high-powered computer system the user already possesses. By treating the browser as a non-invasive "incubation" layer, I aim to streamline the delivery of human thought. Beyond distribution, this standard is supported by a generative "Weaver" interface that allows for the iterative manifestation of (...) logic through natural language or the modification of existing code, effectively removing the barrier of syntax for the creator. (shrink)

Agentic governance systems are being proposed for power-grid monitoring, financial retrieval, cloud incident response, documentation maintenance, policy explanation, and cross-cloud model operations. These systems use different data types and operational controls, but they share recurring governance questions: whether actions are grounded in evidence, whether tools are invoked under contracts, whether risks are bounded, whether latency is acceptable, and whether explanations remain traceable after domain transfer. This paper proposes U-Bench, a synthetic unified benchmark for evaluating agentic governance across power, finance, and (...) software operations. U-Bench combines grid telemetry tasks, financial RAG tasks, incident-response tasks, legal-policy explanation tasks, calibration and forecasting tasks, and cross-cloud workload-routing tasks into a shared evaluation harness. It extends Low-Latency Grid Intelligence with Self-Governing Stream and Calibration Agents, Risk-Aware Financial RAG with Distributional Retrieval Policies, Contract-Driven Multi-Agent Incident Response for Cloud-Native Platforms, and Meme-Aware Legal and Policy RAG for Explainable Governance into one benchmark schema. In a simulated evaluation, U-Bench distinguishes systems that appear strong on accuracy from systems that are actually governable, revealing tradeoffs among recovery speed, tail-risk control, evidence traceability, contract compliance, and latency. (shrink)

Proposal of a novel ontological category called Software Physicalism. It is framed through spaces not owned—boundary-like, non-essentialist relational spaces—yet functioning as an essential apparatus within a form of life, in the Wittgensteinian sense. The position also proposes an update to process philosophy (a Whiteheadian++ symbol), advancing its items through structural coupling and relative phase, thereby offering a unifying view through a scale-invariant conceptual proposal. -/- This stance dissolves several grounding problems and undermines classical mind–body dualism. It represents a middle (...) path: non-dualist, non-representational, where Symbols 2.0 are sufficiently to account in the proposed form, entailing no need for meta-cognition but rather recursive dynamics. It proposes the means for coherence across scales through the spaces identified, where the Symboliad constrains and drives—acting as a soft topology above systems in adjacency, a space which guides a generativity program in an hysteretic way and through history of the so called basin. Through this, it also informs a new treatment of physics and the notion of time (functional retro-causality), as part of the Observers of a-kind and as a differentiating property among kind-of Observers. -/- This ontological category naturally unfolded from the author’s 2024 thesis “Life, the Observer, and Consciousness”. There, it was argued that mind ultimately follows a soft space—in the energetic sense—rather than requiring explicit completion, in the same spirit as Wittgenstein’s “logic takes care of itself” expression. (shrink)

The proliferation of IoT devices and the emergence of latency-sensitive applications in 2019 accelerated the demand for edge computing architectures. To meet these demands, network infrastructure began shifting away from centralized data centers toward distributed, programmable edge nodes. This research explores how the integration of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) can optimize edge network performance. The paper analyzes architectural models that enable dynamic routing, load balancing, and traffic prioritization at the edge. It also evaluates security and (...) orchestration challenges, particularly in multi-tenant environments. By comparing SDN- and NFV-driven approaches to traditional static configurations, the study demonstrates measurable improvements in latency reduction, resource utilization, and service availability in edge networks. (shrink)