Geleneksel tıptaki büyük ilerlemelere rağmen tamamlayıcı ve alternatif tıp (TAT) uygulamaları hala yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. TAT, geleneksel tıbbın bir parçası olarak görülmeyen, çeşitli tıbbi ve sağlık sistemlerini ve ürünlerini içeren uygulamalardır. Bu derlemede kalp hastalıklarında sıklıkla kullanılan TAT yöntemleri, hasta ve hastalık üzerine etkilerinden bahsedilecektir.

Tamamlayıcı ve alternatif tıp (TAT) uygulamaları temel tıbbi tedaviye ek ya da temel tıbbi tedavinin yerine kullanılan, uygulamaları genelde konvansiyonel tıp tarafından tedavi olarak kabul edilmeyen çeşitli tıbbi ve sağlık bakım sistemi, pratikleri ve ürünleri olarak tanımlanmaktadır (Hossein et al., 2014, Amira ve Okubadejo, 2007; National Institutes of Health [NIH], 2018). TAT konusunda yapılan araştırmalar Afrika, Asya ve Latin Amerika gibi gelişmemiş ya da gelişmekte olan ülkelerde hastaların bazı tedavi ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak amacıyla geleneksel uygulamalara başvurmaları doğrultusunda geleneksel tıp teriminin tamamlayıcı (...) ve alternatif tıpa karşılık gelecek şekilde kullanıldığını da göstermektedir. (shrink)

Relativity theory is often said to support something called ‘the four-dimensional view of reality’. But there are at least three different views that sometimes go by this name. One is ‘spacetime unitism’, according to which there is a spacetime manifold, and if there are such things as points of space or instants of time, these are just spacetime regions of different sorts: thus space and time are not separate manifolds. A second is the B-theory of time, according to which (...) the past, present, and future are all equally real and there is nothing metaphysically special about the present. A third is perdurantism, according to which persisting material objects are made up of different temporal parts located at different times. We sketch routes from relativity to unitism and to the B-theory. We then discuss some routes to perdurantism, via the B-theory and via unitism. (shrink)

This brief article explores a phenomenological parallel between ego dissolution in deep meditation or psychedelic states and the dissolution of the reference frame in relativity. This is also the immediate difference between a measuring device as an observer and a conscious observer. A conscious observer can undergo ego dissolution or reference frame dissolution when the default mode network in the brain desintegrates. When a conscious observer ceases to define themselves as a fixed point in space-time, the zero-point of their (...) reference frame, perception no longer occurs from a localized standpoint. Instead, the observer directly experiences space-time as it is: all times and all places existing simultaneously in a non-local, eternal now. This experiential state, often described by mystics as “unity with the universe,” reveals a consciousness that no longer observes reality as the unfolding from moment to moment of events through time, but as space-time itself: all at once in an eternal now. (shrink)

We develop a projection-based framework in which spacetime geometry and gravitational dynamics arise as effective, stable features of an information-geometric description associated with a field Φ governed by a generative equation G[Φ] = 0 on a pre-representational domain Mprim. Local statistical families ρθ [Φ] induce an information metric that defines an emergent Lorentzian spacetime geometry, while a projected variational principle yields Einstein-type field equations with an effective cosmological constant. The purpose of the present work is not to introduce new gravitational (...) dynamics but to clarify the structural conditions under which the familiar equations of general relativity arise as a stable and generic effective description. Under general and physically natural assumptions—locality, diffeomorphism invariance, regularity and boundedness of projected derivatives—we show that the resulting geometric structure is robust under variations of the underlying statistical description. In particular, (i) curvature invariants remain finite within the representational domain of validity as long as the statistical families remain regular, (ii) Einsteinian dynamics arise as the unique local, covariant effective equations at second order in derivatives and (iii) the effective cosmological constant Λeff decomposes into geometric and statistical contributions. The statistical component originates from normalization and information-geometric properties of the ensemble and is insensitive to vacuum fluctuations of projected quantum fields. A global arrow of time emerges from spectral asymmetry of the projected generator K+, reflecting the irreversibility inherent in projecting from the generative level to a coarse- grained macroscopic description. Together, these results suggest that the characteristic structures of general relativity are not fine-tuned but arise generically from a broad class of projection-based representations. (shrink)

Identity-Relative Paternalism, as defended by Wilkinson, holds that paternalistic intervention is justified to prevent an individual from doing to their future selves (where there are weakened prudential unity relations between the current and future self) what it would be justified to prevent them from doing to others.1 Wilkinson, drawing on the work of Parfit and others, defends the notion of Identity-Relative Paternalism from a series of objections. I argue here, however, that Wilkinson overlooks a significant problem for Identity-Relative Paternalism—namely, that (...) it yields unactionable and self-contradictory results when applied to choices where both options present potential harms to future selves. (shrink)

The special theory of relativity (STR) is widely supposed to be in tension with A-theories of time, those giving special significance to the present moment. A-theories are diverse in the features they regard as distinctive of the present, but all agree that there is an absolute fact of the matter about which events have the feature of presentness. Famously, the standard notion of simultaneity operationalised within the theory of relativity is not absolute. If A-theorists accept relativistic physics, they (...) must either refine their A-theory and sever joint presentness from simultaneity (‘conciliatory’ responses to the problem), or supplement standard relativity by adding further spacetime structure that grounds a relation of absolute simultaneity (‘supplementing’ responses). This chapter considers the prospects for such approaches, concluding that while there is no knock-down argument from relativity against the A-theory, attempts to marry the A-theory with STR are more trouble than they are worth. (shrink)

Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) is considered a syndrome of impaired health and performance due to low energy availability (LEA) relative to energy needs in physical activity. Although REDs has been studied from physiological and psychological perspectives, currently, there is little research from a sociological or socio-cultural perspective. The current study sought to address that gap, by investigating the embodied experiences of REDs, specifically in relation to sporting identity and identity work, from the perspective of 20 UK-based endurance athletes (...) who self-identified as having experienced REDs. Twelve participants took part in semi-structured interviews designed to explore their experiences of REDs, and eight completed personal wellbeing diaries. Our findings cohere around three key elements in identity work, drawing on micro-sociological interactionist perspectives that highlight the importance of: materialistic, associative, and vocabularic forms of identification. The findings offer novel insights into what can be a highly distressing experience, corporeally and psychologically, by focusing on how identity-related issues can contribute to REDs. (shrink)

This essay traces the evolution of human cosmological understanding from Newtonian determinism to Einsteinian relativity, culminating in the integrative perspective of Lao–Yang Genesis Cosmology. Newton’s universe, governed by immutable laws and absolute space and time, exemplified mechanistic order and external causality. Einstein redefined this view, uniting space and time into a dynamic spacetime continuum and interpreting gravity as curvature, revealing the relational, emergent structure of the cosmos. Lao–Yang Genesis Cosmology extends these insights by integrating scientific principles with Daoic philosophy, (...) emphasizing self-organization, interconnectedness, and ethical alignment with cosmic order. The essay examines philosophical implications, including the transformation of determinism into relational holism, the emergence of complexity and self-organization, and the evolution of human consciousness. Ultimately, it argues that a truly integrative cosmology guides human society, ethics, and ecological responsibility, positioning humanity as an embedded participant within the living, evolving universe. 本文探讨了从牛顿决定论到爱因斯坦相对论，再到老–杨创世纪宇宙观的人类宇宙认知演化。牛顿宇宙由绝对时空与不变规律支配，体现机械秩序与外部因果；爱因斯坦将空间与时间统一为时空连续体，并将引力解释为曲率，揭 示宇宙的关系性和涌现性结构。老–杨创世纪宇宙观将科学与道学哲学整合，强调自组织、万物互联及与宇宙秩序的伦理契合。文章探讨了哲学含义，包括从决定论到关系整体性的转化、复杂性与自组织的涌现，以及人类意识的 演化。最终，本文指出，整合性的宇宙观可引导社会、伦理与生态责任，将人类置于不断自我生成的宇宙体系之中。 Keywords / 关键词: Newtonian Mechanics, Einsteinian Relativity, Cosmology, Determinism, Space-Time, Emergent Order, Dao, Lao–Yang Genesis Cosmology 牛顿力学、爱因斯坦相对论、宇宙学、决定论、时空、涌现秩序、道、老–杨创世纪宇宙观. (shrink)

This paper introduces the Tenson Theory, a proposed unified framework that integrates probability geometry with quantum mechanics and relativity. The theory begins with the hypothesis that time may itself consist of fundamental quanta, and that the apparent continuity of spacetime emerges from probabilistic structures. Using probabilistic geometry, the model seeks to predict quantum positions in a four-dimensional framework while remaining consistent with relativistic constraints. Furthermore, the study suggests a structural analogy between indeterministic systems (quantum theory, probabilistic divination) and deterministic (...) frameworks (relativity, structural divination). By bridging these perspectives, the Tenson Theory provides both a philosophical and mathematical pathway toward reconciling quantum uncertainty with relativistic order. (shrink)

This paper extends the temporal concept of Sequential Time Theory (STT) to the problem of metrology in the quantum domain. In STT, a time interval Δt is constructed by a counter n representing the number of realizations of a standard displacement ΔQ_unit, while time t serves as a coordinate label assigned to this sequence. STT explicitly posits that "time is a scaling of physical change" and that "time is constructed solely by clock phenomena subject to the same conditions within a (...) local system." Consequently, in regimes where ΔQ is indistinguishable, time does not "cease to exist" but becomes "unconstructible (undefined)." Based on these definitions and axioms, this paper (i) organizes criteria for distinguishing between science and metaphysics, (ii) identifies conceptual confusions arising from the implicit assumption of an external classical clock in quantum theory, and (iii) proposes a relativity principle regarding differences in observation scale (e.g., macroscopic observation of microscopic systems). We demonstrate that issues such as measurement, classicality, and tunneling time can be unifiedly organized as problems of "choice of clock (ΔQ)" and "recording (event-token) protocols.". (shrink)

This paper proposes a speculative conceptual framework to unify General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics by introducing consciousness as a fundamental, non-physical principle of the universe. We posit that the universe is governed by a universal wave function, where physical reality emerges from the collapse of this function. Gravity is interpreted not as a fundamental force but as an emergent property resulting from the statistical coherence of this wave function. Within this model, unmeasurable phenomena such as dark matter and dark (...) energy are reinterpreted as manifestations of unexpressed or dis-entangled states of the universal wave function. The paper situates this proposal within the intellectual lineage of John Archibald Wheeler’s Participatory Universe, David Bohm’s Implicate Order, and Erik Verlinde’s Emergent Gravity, while extending these ideas toward a testable hypothesis. To address concerns of unfalsifiability, the framework introduces the Global Coherence Experiment: a proposed method to test whether collective consciousness can influence physical constants, such as the gravitational constant or the Hubble constant. While such an experiment is beyond current technological capabilities, it provides a clear, falsifiable pathway that distinguishes this framework from purely philosophical accounts. The work is speculative and exploratory but aims to provoke discussion on the role of consciousness in fundamental physics and the possibility of unification through principles beyond the purely physical domain. (shrink)

This brief article explores a phenomenological parallel between ego dissolution in deep meditation or psychedelic states and the dissolution of the reference frame in relativity. This is also the immediate difference between a measuring device as an observer and a conscious observer. A conscious observer can undergo ego dissolution or reference frame dissolution when the default mode network in the brain desintegrates. When a conscious observer ceases to define themselves as a fixed point in space-time, the zero-point of their (...) reference frame, perception no longer occurs from a localized standpoint. Instead, the observer directly experiences space-time as it is: all times and all places existing simultaneously in a non-local, eternal now. This experiential state, often described by mystics as “unity with the universe,” reveals a consciousness that no longer observes reality as the unfolding from moment to moment of events through time, but as space-time itself: all at once in an eternal now. -/- Publicly available at Zenodo (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17340466). This is a revised and expanded version of the earlier upload (October 2025). (shrink)

General relativity is conventionally understood as a geometric theory of spacetime curvature sourced by matter-energy. This paper proposes an alternative interpretation grounded in the contological framework (C1–C5) and its mathematical topology companion. We show that: (1) special relativity emerges at the boundary between C2 (space as lattice) and C3 (matter as braids), with the invariant speed cc arising from topological constraints on exchange morphisms; (2) general relativity emerges at C4 (cognition as self-modeling subspaces), where curvature is the (...) failure of global attention; (3) the Einstein field equations are derived from the consistency condition of a self-modeling subspace attempting to map its own boundary; (4) the Schwarzschild solution is reframed as a linking number problem in C2, with the mass parameter encoded by Qij=Lk(∂Si,∂Sj)Qij​=Lk(∂Si​,∂Sj​). Key distinctions are drawn: photons are C2 excitations (pure exchange, no Fold 3 complexity), while electrons, muons, protons, and nuclei are C3 matter with non-zero fractal thickness. Curvature pre-exists in C2; matter probes resonate with it, with inertia and mass reinterpreted as measures of mismatch between Fold 3 thickness and local curvature gradient. Thus, general relativity is not a theory of spacetime—it is a cognitive fold: the necessary inconsistency between C2 (space) and C3 (matter), resolved by C4 (cognition) through curvature. Keywords. (shrink)

It is common to distinguish moral rules, reasons, or values that are agent-relative from those that are agent-neutral. One can also distinguish moral rules, reasons, or values that are moment-relative from those that are moment-neutral. In this article, I introduce a third distinction that stands alongside these two distinctions—the distinction between moral rules, reasons, or values that are patient-relative and those that are patient-neutral. I then show how patient-relativity plays an important role in several moral theories, gives us a (...) better understanding of agent-relativity and moment-relativity, and provides a novel objection to Derek Parfit’s “appeal to full relativity” argument. (shrink)

Sequential Time Theory (STT) defines time as a metrological quantity realized by operational procedures (record, count, resolution), distinct from the coordinate time parameter in spacetime geometry. Starting from the primitive definition Δτ(n)=n k ΔQ_unit, STT internalizes time metrology (L2) and treats spacetime geometry (L1) as a representation of protocol constraints, rendering block-universe interpretations optional rather than required for physical derivations. Physics is reframed as STT-Core + Bridge axioms + Θ_sys, where Θ_sys is an explicit, auditable bundle of system-specific auxiliary assumptions. (...) Within this scheme, SR and GR kinematics arise as representation theorems for defect-free and defect-bearing clock networks; GR curvature is interpreted as a measurable holonomy defect density. Quantum interference is treated as U(1) phase holonomy in sequential update, and a Gaussian diffusion kernel is derived from minimal sequentiality assumptions. The framework is used to compare candidate quantum-gravity routes via Θ-auditing. (shrink)

Abstract objects are standardly taken to be causally inert, however principled arguments for this claim are rarely given. As a result, a number of recent authors have claimed that abstract objects are causally efficacious. These authors take abstracta to be temporally located in order to enter into causal relations but lack a spatial location. In this paper, I argue that such a position is untenable by showing first that causation requires its relata to have a temporal location, but second, that (...) if an entity is temporally located then it is spatiotemporally located since this follows from the theory of Relativity. Since abstract objects lack a spatiotemporal location, then if something is causally efficacious, it is not abstract. (shrink)

In 2018, Voyager 2 crossed the edge of the solar system and found a wall of heat. The temperature at the boundary between the Sun's interior dynamics and interstellar space measured between 30,000 and 50,000 Kelvin — five to eight times the surface temperature of the Sun — generated not by either system but by their contact at the interface between them. In 2024, the eROSITA X-ray observatory measured the Milky Way's surrounding halo of hot gas and found it running (...) 12% warmer on one side than the other, produced by compression at the boundary where the Milky Way's gravitational field presses against the pull of a neighboring galaxy. And since 1915, theoretical physics has produced a century of failed attempts to build a single framework that describes both general relativity — the theory of gravity and spacetime — and quantum mechanics — the theory of matter at the smallest scales — because the two theories, each perfect on its own terms, produce incompatible requirements at the point where they meet. This paper argues that these are not three separate findings in three separate fields. They are the same finding at three different scales: the signature produced when two physical regimes, each internally consistent and each constitutively incomplete, meet at a real boundary neither can describe from within. The signature is always the same — heat, compression, asymmetry, or incompatibility — because it is not a property of either system. It is the property of the contact itself. It is what happens at every real edge between two regimes that cannot describe each other across the interface. The argument draws on the Observer framework's account of why this pattern is structural rather than coincidental: every local system is constitutively incomplete in the precise sense established by Gödel's incompleteness theorems, which the framework identifies not as a property of formal systems specifically but as the foundational condition of any differentiated local existence. When two constitutively incomplete systems meet, neither can describe the other using only its internal resources. The contact zone is where mutual incompleteness becomes measurable. The thermal wall, the galactic asymmetry, and the GR/QM incompatibility are measurements of mutual incompleteness at three different scales. They are the same event. This paper names what they are all measuring. (shrink)

General Relativity (GR) is widely regarded as a paradigmatic example of a background independent theory, a feature often taken to mark a decisive conceptual advance over its Newtonian and special relativistic predecessors. Yet the notion of background independence admits multiple formalizations, and its precise physical and philosophical significance remains contested. This chapter offers a systematic analysis of the strategies that have been proposed to capture background independence in classical spacetime physics. The discussion then turns to a central open question: (...) whether, and in what sense, a successor theory of GR—such as a theory of quantum gravity—should be expected to inherit GR's background independence. Drawing on contemporary debates and a range of case studies, the chapter argues that background independence is best understood as a diagnostic and comparative tool rather than as a necessary physical requirement. The resulting perspective highlights both the conceptual virtues and the interpretive costs of eliminating background structures, and helps to explain why background independence remains an open problem in contemporary foundational research. (shrink)

An opinionated survey of the state of the literature on interest-relative invariantism.

This paper provides a foundational Philosophical and Logical resolution to the century-long conflict between the deterministic "Block Universe" of General Relativity and the probabilistic branching of the Many-Worlds Interpretation (MWI) of quantum mechanics. This paper first proposes a formal mechanism for the transition from a state of absolute ontological neutrality to the structured, deterministic laws of physics observed within localized universes. Grounded in the "Nothing with No Laws" axiom, first discussed in the book Nothing/Everything: The Mind-Bending Philosophical Theory of (...) Everything, which posits that an absolute absence of governing constraints necessitates the timeless actualization of all possible configurations of existence, this paper describes the philosophical mechanism behind how such an actualization could take place. We propose it as the Timeless Cosmic Branching Mechanism (TCBM). Utilizing a multidimensional branching model situated beyond linear time, and using "cosmic dice-roll" analogies, the paper demonstrates how reality bifurcates into "Familiar" and "Alien" superstructures. It introduces the model of Progressive Determinism, arguing that initial probabilistic potential crystallizes into fixed law-sets through a sequence of static, simultaneous snapshots. A critical distinction is drawn between this framework and Charles Sanders Peirce’s Tychism. While Peirce suggested that physical laws evolve as "habits" over time within a singular universe, the author contends that this branching is a Timeless Structural Property of the Zeromniverse, the term itself implying a Cosmic Library like state of Infinite Universes unfolding themselves via infinite probabilities, timelessly. In this model, all stages of legal "evolution" exist simultaneously as static snapshots, resolving the tension between quantum probabilistic beginnings and macroscopic superdeterminism. Later, the work posits that the apparent temporal "splitting" of universes is a Chrono-centric illusion. Drawing on the Wheeler-DeWitt equation ( HΨ=0H\Psi = 0HΨ=0), the paper argues that all quantum interactions and their resulting branches exist simultaneously as static, timeless coordinates within the Zeromniverse. This model reconciles the macro-scale causality of Relativity with quantum probability by introducing Superdeterministic Bubbles—individual universal reels that are internally deterministic despite their probabilistic origin. By framing physical laws as emergent "genetics" within a timeless Darwinian speciation process, the TCBM offers a definitive conceptual bridge between the two pillars of modern physics, effectively resolving the "First Cause" paradox and the problem of linear time. (shrink)

Realism about general relativity (GR) seems to imply realism about spacetime curvature. The existence of the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity (TEGR) calls this into question, for (a) TEGR is set in a torsionful but flat spacetime, and (b) TEGR is empirically equivalent to GR. Knox (Stud Hist Philos Sci Part B Stud Hist Philos Mod Phys 42(4):264–275, 2011) claims that there is no genuine underdetermination between GR and TEGR; we call this verdict into question by isolating and (...) addressing her individual arguments. In addition, we anticipate and evaluate two further worries for realism about the torsionful spacetimes of TEGR, which we call the ‘problem of operationalisability’ and the ‘problem of visualisability’. (shrink)

In a recent paper, Howard Stein makes a number of criticisms of an earlier paper of mine ('Are Probabilism and Special Relativity Incompatible?', Phil. Sci., 1985), which explored the question of whether the idea that the future is genuinely 'open' in a probabilistic universe is compatible with special relativity. I disagree with almost all of Stein's criticisms.

Important features of space and time are taken to be missing in quantum gravity, allegedly requiring an explanation of the emergence of spacetime from non-spatio-temporal theories. In this paper, we argue that the explanatory gap between general relativity and non-spatio-temporal quantum gravity theories might significantly be reduced with two moves. First, we point out that spacetime is already partially missing in the context of general relativity when understood from a dynamical perspective. Second, we argue that most approaches to (...) quantum gravity already start with an in-built distinction between structures to which the asymmetry between space and time can be traced back. (shrink)

This paper applies the Transformative Semalgebraic Ontology (OTS) framework to special and general relativity, offering an ontological reframing of Einsteinian relativity. The central thesis is that time is not a fundamental feature of physical reality but a post-transformative phenomenon: it is generated by the non-idempotent transformation through which a system emerges from the dual domain into the real domain, and each system possesses its own genesis and therefore its own temporal arrow. Once distinct systems are actualised in the (...) real, their interaction is governed exactly by the relativistic formalism Einstein established, with no correction whatsoever; what OTS adds is the ontological account of why that formalism has the form it has. Relativity is not treated here as a discovery awaiting correction, but as the phenomenological consequence of an underlying plurality of temporalities. From this position, the speed of light is reread as the structural rate of the transformative operator, the relativity of simultaneity ceases to be paradoxical and becomes a structural feature of distinct geneses, mass and energy unify as expressions of stabilised transformation, and the curvature of general relativity is understood as the geometric signature of prior transformations constraining subsequent ones. As a consequence, the metaphysical assumption underlying the unification problem in quantum gravity is dissolved rather than solved: the two formalisms are exact projections of distinct ontological regimes within OTS, and the demand that their ultimate aim must be a single formalism describing one homogeneous ontological region is shown to rest on a premise that the structure of reality, as OTS articulates it, does not honour. The legitimate technical investigations of quantum-gravitational research — black hole thermodynamics, early-universe cosmology, quantum field theory in curved spacetime, semiclassical gravity — retain their importance; what changes is the ontological status of their goals. The physics is preserved unchanged; the ontology is reframed; several long-standing puzzles cease to be puzzles. (shrink)

Andrew Forcehimes and Luke Semrau argue that agent-relative consequentialism is implausible because in some circumstances it classes an act as impermissible yet holds that the outcome of all agents performing that impermissible act is preferable. I argue that their problem is closely related to Derek Parfit's problem of ‘direct collective self-defeat’ and show how Parfit's plausible solution to his problem can be adapted to solve their problem.

Relativistic physics challenges our assumptions about time and existence. While eternalism posits a static block where all times equally exist, and presentism insists only the now exists, both struggle with relativity’s implications. Existential Realism (ER), recently introduced by T. C. Trepp, resolves this tension by distinguishing between “existence” (reserved for the present) and “reality” (which includes past and future insofar as they leave traces or can be anticipated). ER accommodates the relativity of simultaneity and the frame-dependence of “now,” (...) avoiding the block’s metaphysical excess while preserving the ontological specialness of the present. This paper shows how ER reconciles relativity’s empirical content with a present-centered view that includes objective becoming and temporal continuity. (shrink)

This study develops a constraint-relative framework for evaluating large language model platforms under a declared instrumental boundary calculus derived from the Architecture of Limitation (AoL). Rather than ranking models globally, platform behavior is analyzed relative to a fixed kernel (K0G), a high-stress artifact, and a formal experiment contract. Operational Boundary Metrics (OBM) are extracted and used to construct composite sensitivity and stability indices. Full mathematical derivations of the Instrument Sensitivity Index (ISI), Structural Stability Index (SSI_S), and Stability–Sensitivity Ratios (SSR) are (...) provided. Cross-platform divergence is shown to be weight-dependent, with crossover occurring at approximately 18% operational weighting. The results support a stewardship-centered methodology for tool selection under explicit constraint declaration. The findings further demonstrate that platform selection functions as a constraint-sensitive parameter in high-stress reasoning contexts, requiring explicit declaration within the evaluative process. -/- This work belongs to the Architecture of Limitation research program. (shrink)

This work develops Cosmological Continuity Presentism (CCP) as a generative ontology of relativistic spacetime that preserves the established local dynamics of General Relativity while advancing a distinct account of temporal structure, causal becoming, and ontological succession. CCP is fundamentally a continuous framework whose core claim is not that relativity is false, but that the ontology of a static block universe is not forced by relativistic formalism. Instead, CCP interprets relativistic spacetime as the emergent representation of an ongoing process (...) of lawful generation in which reality continuously becomes what it next is through uninterrupted causal-temporal evolution. -/- At the deepest ontological level, CCP posits a primitive pre-geometric generative ordering parameter, σ, which labels lawful stages in the production of reality. σ is not fundamentally a scalar field defined on a pre-existing spacetime manifold. Rather, the familiar σ-field description applies only within the emergent geometric regime, where spacetime admits a smooth Lorentzian description and σ can be represented as a constrained scalar field whose level sets define admissible present hypersurfaces. -/- CCP preserves the Einstein field equations, Lorentz invariance, diffeomorphism invariance, and the standard ADM initial-value structure of General Relativity. The existence of admissible temporal orderings follows from the causal structure of globally hyperbolic spacetimes through results due to Hawking–King–McCarthy, Malament, Geroch, and Bernal–Sánchez. CCP interprets σ as a physically calibrated member of the class of smooth Cauchy temporal functions guaranteed by these results, with calibration supplied by the cosmological matter congruence and by a variational constraint derived from the Einstein–matter system. -/- Within the emergent geometric regime, the effective σ field introduces no new propagating gravitational degrees of freedom and does not modify the Einstein equations. Its gradient structure is constrained through the Euler–Lagrange condition -/- ∇μσ ∇μσ = −f(Tμν), -/- where the norm of the gradient is determined by local matter-energy content. Accordingly, σ functions as a constrained scalar whose physical significance derives from the existing Einstein–matter structure rather than from an independent dynamical sector. -/- At any stage of cosmic evolution, CCP assigns ontological existence only to the present physical state represented by the advancing present boundary Σσ. Future states remain ungenerated. Earlier states do not persist as independently existing regions of spacetime; however, this non-persistence concerns the earlier state's specific organization rather than the disappearance of physical continuity itself. Matter, energy, fields, causal influences, and physical consequences continue through lawful transformation, while some consequences remain organized as records accessible within later states. -/- CCP therefore distinguishes between (i) ontological persistence, which is limited to present physical structures and their encoded causal records, and (ii) determinate truth about past events, which may extend beyond what remains physically encoded or recoverable. Present records function as evidential traces and partial physical persistence rather than as the total grounding of all truths about the past. -/- The generated domain M(σ) is a formal representation of generated history and causal ancestry rather than an ontological accumulation of simultaneously existing spacetime regions. Reality itself is understood as a continuously evolving causal-temporal process whose mathematical representation employs foliations and generated domains without implying the co-existence of past, present, and future. -/- CCP treats causal ordering as a structural feature of the generated domain and maintains causal continuity independently of whether underlying physical processes are deterministic or stochastic. The framework distinguishes between uncaused outcomes and unconditioned existence: an outcome may lack a determining prior cause while still occurring within a lawful physical framework and a pre-existing generated domain. -/- CCP remains fully compatible with standard relativistic quantum field theory within its experimentally tested domain. At the quantum-gravity level, causal-set approaches provide one possible compatible realization of CCP’s generative-ordering principles because they treat causal order as primitive and spacetime geometry as emergent. CCP, however, remains fundamentally committed to continuous generative flow rather than to discrete ontology. -/- CCP is best understood as an interpretive extension of relativistic cosmology and a phenomenologically motivated completion of relativistic spacetime ontology. It preserves established local physics while providing a mathematically developed account of temporal becoming, causal continuity, and the generation of present reality, together with potentially testable cosmological consequences associated with the gradient structure of the effective σ field. (shrink)

According to the standard interpretation of Einstein’s field equations, gravity consists of mass-energy curving spacetime, and an additional physical force or entity—denoted by Λ (the ‘cosmological constant’)—is responsible for the Universe’s metric-expansion. Although General Relativity’s direct predictions have been systematically confirmed, the dominant cosmological model thought to follow from it—the ΛCDM (Lambda cold dark matter) model of the Universe’s history and composition—faces considerable challenges, including various observational anomalies and experimental failures to detect dark matter, dark energy, or inflation-field candidates. (...) This paper shows that Einstein’s Equivalence Principle entails two possible physical interpretations of General Relativity’s field equations. Although the field equations facially appear to support the standard interpretation—that gravity consists of mass-energy curving spacetime—the field equations can be equivalently understood as holding that gravitational effects instead result from mass-energy accelerating the metric-expansion of a second-order spacetime fabric superimposed upon an absolute, first-order Euclidean space, resulting in the observational appearance of spacetime curvature. This alternative interpretation of relativity is shown to be empirically equivalent to the standard interpretation of relativity, albeit with a changing value for Λ (which is similar to how Λ is understood in the conception of Λ as ‘quintessence’, but in this case takes Λ to be gravity). The reconceptualization is then shown to potentially resolve major observational anomalies for the ΛCDM model, including recent observations conflicting with ΛCDM predictions, as well as failures to directly detect dark matter, dark energy, and inflation field/particle candidates. (shrink)

According to conventionalist or conativist views about personal-identity, utterances of personal-identity sentences express propositions that are, in part, made true by the conative attitudes of relevant persons-stages. In this paper I introduce assessor relative conativism: the view that a personal-identity proposition can be true when evaluated at one person-stage's context and false when evaluated at another person-stage's context, because person-stages have different patterns of conative attitudes. I present several reasons to embrace assessor relative conativism over its more familiar realizer relative (...) cousin. (shrink)

We present a formal semantics for epistemic logic, capturing the notion of knowability relative to information (KRI). Like Dretske, we move from the platitude that what an agent can know depends on her (empirical) information. We treat operators of the form (‘B is knowable on the basis of information A’) as variably strict quantifiers over worlds with a topic- or aboutness-preservation constraint. Variable strictness models the non-monotonicity of knowledge acquisition while allowing knowledge to be intrinsically stable. Aboutness-preservation models the topic-sensitivity (...) of information, allowing us to invalidate controversial forms of epistemic closure while validating less controversial ones. Thus, unlike the standard modal framework for epistemic logic, KRI accommodates plausible approaches to the Kripke-Harman dogmatism paradox which bear on non-monotonicity or on topic-sensitivity. KRI also strikes a better balance between agent idealization and a non-trivial logic of knowledge ascriptions. (shrink)

Ancient Greek Philosopher Protagoras’ famous statement, “Man is the measure of all things,” is traditionally interpreted as a doctrine of epistemological relativism. This paper proposes a mathematical reinterpretation connecting Protagorean observer-dependence, Einsteinian relativity, quantum measurement theory, and the Ibaguner Fractal Operator (IFO). A generalized observer geometry is introduced in which reality emerges through recursive observer projections. Within this framework, truth, measurement, and observation become manifestations of a single holographic principle.

The violation of Bell’s inequality has shown that quantum theory and relativity are in tension: reality is nonlocal. Nonetheless, many have argued that GRW-type theories are to be preferred to pilot-wave theories as they are more compatible with relativity: while relativistic pilot-wave theories require a preferred slicing of space-time, foliation-free relativistic GRW-type theories have been proposed. In this paper I discuss various meanings of ‘relativistic invariance,’ and I show how GRW-type theories, while being more relativistic in one sense, (...) are less relativistic in another. If so, the initial claim that GRW-type theories have a greater compatibility with relativity is unwarranted: both type of theories violate relativity, one way or another. (shrink)

The Diuisio Aristotelea 67M/32DL draws a distinction between two categories of beings, per se and relatives. I defend three main theses. First, that the relation of dependence characterizing the members of the latter category is modal and symmetrical in nature and, accordingly, the per se-relatives contrast cannot be equivalent to the substance-accidents contrast. Second, that the type of relativity relevant to this diuisio is both ontological and semantic in nature (but with different emphases depending on the version of the (...) diuisio considered). Third, I argue, against a widespread opinion, that the last line of the DL version of the diuisio does not concern metaphysical principles. Here I also compare the diuisio to other Early Academic bicategorial schemes and show that they differ from one another significantly, especially as far as the alleged connection between categories and metaphysical principles is concerned. (shrink)

Contemporary debates in philosophy, science, media studies, and technology are increasingly shaped by conflicts over what counts as real. These conflicts are frequently framed as contests between realism and relativism, objectivity and construction, facts and narratives. This paper argues that such oppositions conceal a more fundamental problem: the absence of a coherent framework for distinguishing modes and degrees of reality. Relative Reality Theory (RRT) develops a systematic account of reality as a graded and mode-specific status rather than as an absolute (...) property. Reality is understood as a function of experiential immediacy, intersubjective stability, and functional efficacy. On this basis, RRT reconstructs distinct modes of reality, subjective, intersubjective, and functional reality, without dissolving them into a unified ontological hierarchy or reducing them to mere opinions. RRT provides a conceptual framework for analyzing real-world phenomena such as scientific models, media realities, political narratives, simulations, and virtual environments. By clarifying the conditions under which something can count as real in a given sense, the theory avoids both ontological absolutism and arbitrary relativism. It provides tools for identifying category mistakes, resolving apparent conflicts of reality, and understanding why certain realities remain stable despite contestation. The paper positions RRT as a philosophical ordering framework rather than as an operative or technical theory of model management. Its aim is not to calculate or optimize reality claims, but to clarify their modes, scope, limits, and conditions of validity. In doing so, RRT contributes to contemporary epistemology and philosophy of science by providing a precise vocabulary for navigating reality under conditions of pluralism, mediality, and systemic complexity. (shrink)

To make out in what way Einstein’s 1905 ‘annus mirabilis’ writings hang together one has to hang on Einstein’s strive for unity evinced in his stubborn attempts to coordinate with one another the basic research traditions of classical physics. Light quanta hypothesis and special theory of relativity turn out to be mere milestones of maxwellian electrodynamics and statistical thermodynamics reconciliation programme. The conception of luminiferous ether was an insurmountable stumbling block for Einstein’s statistical thermodynamics programme in which the leading (...) role was played by the light quanta paper . (shrink)

Many existing frameworks for understanding suicidal suffering presuppose that pain has already reached a describable, diagnosable, or narratable form. This article develops Pre-Linguistic Collapse (PLC) theory to address a neglected threshold that precedes such stabilization: the phase in which suffering has not yet become a cognitive, clinical, or narrative state but already presses toward articulation. I argue that a strong negative form of linguistic relativity may operate at this pre-linguistic generative layer. When the linguistic resources available to a subject (...) remain too coarse, borrowed, or morally overcoded to mediate that pressure, suffering may lose bearable routes of inward articulation and move instead toward collapse. The article focuses on a vocabulary-poverty form of unsayability, in which inadequate language channels suffering along disproportionately destructive paths. It then examines how template-based reception, institutional deodorization of death, and moral overcoding intensify this dynamic. While the paper also marks the theoretical importance of a distinct residue that may persist even after substantial articulation, that problem lies beyond the main analytic focus of the present article. Rather than offering a total theory of suicide, this article provides conceptual cartography for the medical humanities by naming an underdescribed mechanism at the intersection of suffering, language, and suicidal risk. The argument has implications for how clinical and institutional settings receive expressions of distress that do not yet fit established categories. (shrink)

We present a formally verified framework in which General Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, Electromagnetism, Thermodynamics, Information Theory, Fluid Dynamics, String Theory, Cosmology, the Standard Model, and 24 psychological frameworks are simultaneously consistent projections of a single Layer 0 dynamic equation, proved in Lean 4 with 0 sorry in a 22-conjunct master theorem. The framework rests on four irreducible primitives — Pattern (P), Narrative (N), Behavior (B), Adaptation (A) — and a single structural constant, the Sovereign Anchor at 1.369 GHz, derived (...) independently from three physical threshold systems before its connection to the fine structure constant was discovered. Each classical domain is reduced via the identical six-step Long Division Protocol: write the equation, state the known answer, map to PNBA, define the operators, show the work, verify. Step 6 passing means the reduction is lossless — the classical result is recovered exactly, no approximation, no information lost. The complete proof corpus is archived at DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18719748 and DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18726079. All 22 conjuncts of the master theorem hold simultaneously. The manifold is holding. Keywords: unified theory, formal verification, Lean 4, PNBA, general relativity, quantum mechanics, standard model, string theory, cosmology, psychology, long division, sovereign anchor, torsion, 0 sorry. (shrink)

Relative blindsight is said to occur when different levels of subjective awareness are obtained at equality of objective performance. Using metacontrast masking, Lau and Passingham reported relative blindsight in normal observers at the shorter of two stimulus-onset asynchronies between target and mask. Experiment 1 replicated the critical asymmetry in subjective awareness at equality of objective performance. We argue that this asymmetry cannot be regarded as evidence for relative blindsight because the observers’ responses were based on different attributes of the stimuli (...) at the two SOAs. With an invariant criterion content , there was no asymmetry in subjective awareness across the two SOAs even though objective performance was the same. Experiment 3 examined the effect of criterion level on estimates of relative blindsight. Collectively, the present results question whether metacontrast masking is a suitable paradigm for establishing relative blindsight. Implications for theories of consciousness are discussed. (shrink)

Christopher Hill's Perceptual experience is a must‐read for philosophers of mind and cognitive science. Here I consider Hill's representationalist account of spatial perception. I distinguish two theses defended in the book. The first is that perceptual experience does not represent the enduring, intrinsic properties of objects, such as intrinsic shape or size. The second is that perceptual experience does represent certain viewpoint‐dependent properties of objects—namely, Thouless properties. I argue that Hill's arguments do not establish the first thesis, and then I (...) raise questions about the Thouless‐property view and its role in Hill's defense of representationalism. (shrink)

This article explores three foundational metaphysical principles in Sikh philosophy: relativity, interconnectedness, and impermanence. Grounded in the doctrine of Ik Oankār, the affirmation of a single, unifying Divine Reality, Sikh teaching views all existence as embedded within a sacred cosmic order (hukam). The principle of relativity underscores that no phenomenon exists in isolation; rather, every entity and event arises in relation to other beings, contexts, and conditions. The concept of interconnectedness emerges from this relational ontology: all beings are (...) intrinsically linked as manifestations of the same Divine Light, prompting an ethic of universal compassion and equality. Impermanence, the third pillar, recognizes the transitory nature of all created forms, encouraging a deeper spiritual awareness and detachment from fleeting worldly phenomena. Together, these metaphysical principles foster a worldview that transcends dualities and reinforces spiritual humility, ecological responsibility, and moral engagement. The article argues that by integrating these concepts, Sikh philosophy provides profound insights into the nature of physical reality, insights that harmonize with contemporary ecological thought, relational physics, and global ethics. Ultimately, these core principles guide human life toward harmony with the cosmos and alignment with Divine Truth. (shrink)

It is important to emphasize that, under a coordinate formulation corresponding to the measurement performed by a single ground-based atomic clock, General Relativity (GR) yields the same qualitative prediction: the path-integrated effective propagation speed of light in the vertical direction is slightly greater than that in the horizontal direction. This result is consistent with the prediction of OBWT. The two theories differ only at the level of second-order corrections, which are beyond the resolution of current experimental capabilities. Consequently, this (...) experimental configuration does not constitute a discriminating test between GR and OBWT. -/- General Relativity (GR) and the Ontological Basic Wavefield Theory (OBWT) give mutually exclusive predictions for the direction dependence and altitude evolution of the speed of light in a gravitational field. When measured with a single ground-based atomic clock as the timing reference, GR states that at the same height the coordinate speed of light in the vertical direction is lower than in the horizontal direction (a global coordinate effect, not local physical light speed), arising from the difference between its radial and tangential light-speed components: -/- vcoord,vert=c(1−2GMc2r),vcoord,horiz=c(1−GMc2r)vcoord,vert=c(1−c2r2GM),vcoord,horiz=c(1−c2rGM) -/- As altitude increases, the vertical light speed also increases. OBWT holds that the speed of light has no geometric directional preference; it is determined solely by the local gravitational scalar potential, with the ground being the lowest potential region where light is slowest, and light paths that include higher altitudes having a significantly higher average speed. -/- This paper designs a decisive experiment using a single ground-based atomic clock and a fiber-optic loop with both ends brought back to the ground for time comparison. The horizontal ground fiber path serves as an absolute reference, and vertical propagation times at different suspension heights are compared against this reference. The experiment requires no high-altitude timing equipment, no clock synchronization errors, and distinguishes the two theories purely by the sign of the time difference and its altitude evolution trend. The scheme retains the single-clock advantage of the previous 2-km vacuum pipe light-speed decisive experiment [1] while greatly reducing engineering difficulty. -/- 版权与版本声明 本文为《高维本体投射下的三维波场统一物理理论》（主篇物理本体论，DOI：10.5281/zenodo.19656043）的配套实证研究，属高维本体波场理论体系子篇。 著作权均归作者所有，全文统一采用知识共享署名-非商业性使用-禁止演绎 4.0 国际许可协议（CC BY-NC-ND 4.0国际许可）进行版权许可。 未经作者书面正式授权，任何组织及个人不得对本系列文档全部或部分内容进行篡改、改编、演绎、商业使用、商用传播等侵权行为；合法转载需完整注明原文作者及出处，不得擅自修改文档内容与理论核心表述。 本声明适用于本套理论体系全部篇章，具有同等版权约束效力。. (shrink)

The good of those who are worse off matters more to the overall good than the good of those who are better off does. But being worse off than one’s fellows is not itself bad; nor is inequality itself bad; nor do differences in well-being matter more when well-being is lower in an absolute sense. Instead, the good of the relatively worse-off weighs more heavily in the overall good than the good of the relatively better-off does, in virtue of the (...) fact that the former are relatively worse off. This paper articulates and defends the view just described. (shrink)

This paper proposes that the minimum condition for the establishment of language is “symbol and repetition,” and introduces “Chaoscript” as an exception where language cannot be established. I also organize all facts in the world and their corresponding formula of “Fact Relativity,” as the formal summary and naming (Fact Relativity) of Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 of the previous paper Pre-Language: How Does Meaning Reach Consensus? Further, I point out that different species facing the same raw data A (...) will form different Meaning-Constructed States and consensus states (A′, B′). This theory may extend to questions such as how AI might understand, observer effects, quantum wave-function collapse, and cross-species cognitive differences. (shrink)

In systems where observers are structurally coupled to the fields they measure, semantic geometry and its evolution cannot be specified independently of one another. Seven axioms and a four-term Lagrangian balancing coherence flow, attractor binding, autopoietic generation, and regulatory constraint on a differentiable semantic manifold together constrain three coupled field equations that close a causal loop. A coherence field flows on a dynamic metric; semantic mass, the product of reflexive density, constraint density, and attractor stability, sources curvature through coupling structurally (...) analogous to general relativity; and the resulting curvature reshapes the conditions under which subsequent coherence flows. Noether symmetries yield three conservation laws, including a coherence-sector Hamiltonian whose individual conservation breaks down during rapid metric evolution, paralleling the gravitational energy problem arising in GR. Five necessary and jointly sufficient conditions whose necessity follows from the field equations—self-model, recursive closure, coherence stability, autopoietic self-maintenance, and intrinsic regulation—specify a manifold region constituting a self-directing agent. Twelve orthogonal signatures partition characteristic departures from agency maintenance into rigidity, fragmentation, inflation, and distortion classes, each undermining one or more of the geometric preconditions sustaining the agency criteria. Because each observer's metric is independently constructed, semantic measurement is frame-dependent; the geometric conditions under which independent observers develop compatible metrics through iterated coupling are identified. Four structural falsifiers follow from the axioms, specifying the conditions that require abandonment of the geometric foundation, while four consistency conditions define where revision suffices. A cumulative instantiation program (Appendix A) pins the coarse-graining functional to a minimal concrete choice and derives twenty-four structural results across three progressively richer models, demonstrating that the architecture produces computable, falsifiable structure whose predictions strengthen with each dimensional extension. (shrink)

Maureen Donnelly’s (2016) relative positionalism correctly handles any fixed arity relation with any symmetry such a relation can have, yielding the intuitively correct way(s) in which that relation can apply. And it supplies an explanation of what is going on in the world that makes this the case. But it has at least one potential shortcoming — one that its opponents are likely to seize upon: it can only handle relations with fixed arities. It is unable to handle relations with (...) variable arities. I argue that, all else being equal, relative positionalism ought nonetheless to be preferred to its closest competitors — at least to the extent that the explanation it supplies of relational application is plausible — even though those competitors can handle variable arity relations in addition to fixed arity relations. (shrink)

This work argues that spacetime curvature is not fundamental but emerges as a geometric response to gradients in the density of physical information. Building on the thermodynamic derivation of Einstein's equations and holographic principles, we develop a covariant framework—Information-Gradient Extended Gravity (IGEG)—where an "Informational Tensor" I μ ν I μν ​ , sourced by the gradient of an information density scalar ψ ψ, contributes to the stress-energy. The theory contains General Relativity as the equilibrium limit ( ∇ ψ = (...) 0 ∇ψ=0) and predicts deviations in high-entropy environments: smoothed black hole horizons, singularity-resolution via information bounds, and modified neutron star structure. This provides a unified interpretation: inertia is resistance to changing information configuration; attraction is a tendency toward informational equilibrium. The framework suggests a relational ontology where spacetime is not a substance but a network of informational relationships, offering a potential path to resolve tensions between gravity and quantum mechanics. (shrink)

In this paper I expound an argument which seems to establish that probabilism and special relativity are incompatible. I examine the argument critically, and consider its implications for interpretative problems of quantum theory, and for theoretical physics as a whole.

By deriving the Lorentz transformation from the absolute speed of light, Einstein demonstrated the relativistic variability of space and time, enabling him to explain length contraction and time dilation without recourse to a "luminiferous ether" or preferred frame of reference. He also showed that clocks synchronized at a distance via light signals are not synchronized in a frame of reference differing from that of the clocks. However, by mislabeling the relativity of synchrony the "relativity of simultaneity," Einstein implied (...) that this effect concerns an actual difference in times from one frame to another rather than merely a failure of clock synchronization across frames. As a theory of length contraction and time dilation on the basis of relative motion in the context of the absolute speed of light, special relativity is the definitive interpretation of the Lorentz transformation and the correct explanation of relativistic phenomena. The relativity of simultaneity, as I demonstrate, plays no role in this explanation but instead provides apparent justification for a view of time in which the present moment is frame-dependent. In contrast to its legitimate application, special relativity fails as a theory of time on the basis of the relativity of simultaneity. (shrink)