This paper introduces the Structural Ethics Readiness Index (SERI v0.1), a falsifiable and auditable framework for evaluating the structural ethics of large language models (LLMs). Rooted in Emergent Necessity Theory (ENT), SERI defines a coherence proxy $\hat{\tau}$ and collapse threshold $\tau_c$ to capture when AI systems begin to drift, contradict themselves, or overreach under recursive or adversarial stress. -/- The paper contributes: • A principled set of indices (RCI, DSI, HSM, SOR, ETT) for structural evaluation. • A content-minimal JSON schema (...) and logging standard for reproducibility. • An open Python harness supporting both open-weight and closed-weight LLMs. • Synthetic pilot results demonstrating sensitivity to guardrail strength and cross-lingual brittleness (English vs. Arabic). • A replication checklist with code, schema, and validation steps. -/- SERI measures stability under recursion, adversarial drift, containment effectiveness, overreach, and externality traceability via five indices: Recursion Containment (RCI), Drift Susceptibility (DSI), Hysteresis Safety Margin (HSM), Symbolic Overreach Risk (SOR), and Externality Traceability Time (ETT). We define an ENT-aligned coherence proxy ˆ τ and estimate the collapse threshold τc using a change-point method guarded by observable coherence C(t). Implemented, is a reference harness (open/closed model adapters, content-minimal logs) and report synthetic pilot findings that illustrate expected directional sensitivity (guardrail strength, language/domain shift). Results include quantitative synthetic tables/figures and a replication checklist. Conclusions are illustrative and are not model rankings. (shrink)

The Temporal Cascade Hypothesis (TCH) is a falsifiable, non-standalone extension within Emergent Necessity Theory (ENT). TCH formalizes how recursive symbolic systems can degrade when symbolic pressure exceeds containment capacity over recursive intervals (not linear clock time). The model introduces rigorously defined variables for recursive pressure, symbolic entropy, containment dynamics, hysteresis, and memory effects. Eight collapse classes are specified with causal criteria, detection rules, and explicit falsification routes. The work avoids metaphysical claims and does not attempt to explain consciousness; it focuses (...) solely on structural conditions under which what might resemble “recursive coherence” becomes unsustainable. All simulations are reproducible with LaTeX-native figures, Language is kept strictly neural, assumptions are transparent, and every proposed mechanism can be contradicted by testable evidence. (shrink)

This work extends Emergent Necessity Theory (ENT) to resolve fundamental questions of time-asymmetry and scale-dependence through hierarchical nesting of timeless algebraic constraints. We derive time as an emergent property of substructure embedding, ground necessity in topological invariance, and present four experimentally falsifiable predictions testable with current technology. ENT’s core principles (τ- coherence, structurism) are preserved while addressing previous weaknesses in the framework. All mathematical claims are designed for experimental verification with existing laboratory capabilities.

Scientific discovery has traditionally been regarded as one of the most sophisticated manifestations of human intelligence. While computer science has developed numerous programming paradigms for data processing, symbolic manipulation, numerical computation, and logical deduction, comparatively little attention has been devoted to the problem of programming the processes through which new knowledge is created. In the mid-1990s, Jingde Cheng initiated a research program known as “Epistemic Programming,” which explicitly proposed a programming paradigm for scientific discovery and knowledge (...) creation. Unlike traditional programming paradigms, Epistemic Programming regards conditionals as the subject of computing, takes primary epistemic operations as basic operations of computation, and regards epistemic processes as the subject of programming. Over the subsequent two decades, the research evolved into a broader framework encompassing logical foundations, computational models of scientific discovery, programming methodologies, programming languages, truth maintenance mechanisms, and automated theorem finding systems. This paper reviews the origins, theoretical foundations, major developments, and intellectual significance of Epistemic Programming. It argues that the framework represents one of the earliest systematic attempts to establish a computational theory of scientific discovery and knowledge creation. Particular attention is paid to its conception of scientific discovery as an epistemic process, its use of strong relevant logic as a logical foundation, its reinterpretation of computation as epistemic transformation, and its relevance to contemporary research on AI scientists and autonomous scientific discovery. The paper further argues that Epistemic Programming may be viewed as a significant conceptual shift in the history of programming paradigms, extending the focus of programming from computation and deduction toward knowledge creation itself. (shrink)

The conditions animals experience during the early developmental stages of their lives can have critical ongoing effects on their future health, welfare, and proper development. In this paper we draw on evolutionary theory to improve our understanding of the processes of developmental programming, particularly Predictive Adaptive Responses (PAR) that serve to match offspring phenotype with predicted future environmental conditions. When these predictions fail, a mismatch occurs between offspring phenotype and the environment, which can have long-lasting health and welfare effects. (...) Examples include metabolic diseases resulting from maternal nutrition and behavioral changes from maternal stress. An understanding of these processes and their evolutionary origins will help in identifying and providing appropriate developmental conditions to optimize offspring welfare. This serves as an example of the benefits of using evolutionary thinking within veterinary science and we suggest that in the same way that evolutionary medicine has helped our understanding of human health, the implementation of evolutionary veterinary science (EvoVetSci) could be a useful way forward for research in animal health and welfare. (shrink)

Some properties are causally relevant for a certain effect, others are not. In this paper we describe a problem for our understanding of this notion and then offer a solution in terms of the notion of a program explanation.

Describes the educational, visual programming language “marblerithm” theoretically, its implementation in a runnable app and four potential areas of application. It is defined in the 3d, block-based space and is equally powerful to the WHILE programming language. While it is well defined and can be implemented, its main application is educational, its three dimensional design making it more tangible than Scratch.

A nation’s economy runs on the knowledge and skills of its people.Quality assurance mechanisms for higher education institutions must take cognizance of the graduates' acquisition of skills to become productive and contributory for societal development. The study is a quantitative survey assessing the attainment of the immediate program learning outcomes of the graduating Bachelor of Science in Information Technology of one campus of a public higher education institution in the Philippines. It also assessed the introspection and level of satisfaction of (...) the graduates in their studies. Findings disclosed that the graduates have a high level of attainment of the program's learning outcomes and a high level of satisfaction. The high school where the respondents graduated is the single variable that defined the difference in attainment of program intended learning outcomes. As to the graduates' introspections, themost significant percentage of them learned the program from family, relatives, and friends. Reasons for pursuing the degree program are because of parents’ influence, prestige of IT profession. Meanwhile, the university's reputation, affordable tuition fees, and proximity to home were the factors affecting the enrolment in the BSIT program. The findings will be the basis for strategic program interventions of the program. (shrink)

Lacking an operational definition of autonomy has considerably weakened the concept's impact in systems engineering. Most current “autonomous” systems are built to operate in conditions more or less fully described a priori, which is insufficient for achieving highly autonomous systems that adapt efficiently to unforeseen situations. In an effort to clarify the nature of autonomy we propose an operational definition of autonomy: a self-programming process. We introduce Ikon Flux, a proto-architecture for self-programming systems and we describe how it (...) meets key requirements for the construction of such systems. (shrink)

In order to provide scientists with a computational methodology and some computational tools to program their epistemic processes in scientific discovery, we are establishing a novel programming paradigm, named ‘Epistemic Programming’, which regards conditionals as the subject of computing, takes primary epistemic operations as basic operations of computing, and regards epistemic processes as the subject of programming. This paper presents our fundamental observations and assumptions on scientific discovery processes and their automation, research problems on modeling, automating, and (...) programming epistemic processes, and an outline of our research project of Epistemic Programming. (shrink)

In order to provide scientists with a computational methodology and some computational tools to program their epistemic processes in scientific discovery, we are establishing a novel programming paradigm, named ‘Epistemic Programming’, which regards conditionals as the subject of computing, takes primary epistemic operations as basic operations of computing, and regards epistemic processes as the subject of programming. This paper seminally presents our fundamental observations and assumptions on scientific discovery processes and their automation, research problems on modeling, automating, (...) and programming epistemic processes, and an outline of our research project of Epistemic Programming. (shrink)

The Simulation Hypothesis proposes that all of reality is in fact an artificial simulation, analogous to a computer simulation. Outlined here is a method for programming relativistic mass, space and time at the Planck level as applicable for use in Planck Universe-as-a-Simulation Hypothesis. For the virtual universe the model uses a 4-axis hyper-sphere that expands in incremental steps (the simulation clock-rate). Virtual particles that oscillate between an electric wave-state and a mass point-state are mapped within this hyper-sphere, the oscillation (...) driven by this expansion. Particles are assigned an N-S axis which determines the direction in which they are pulled along by the expansion, thus an independent particle motion may be dispensed with. Only in the mass point-state do particles have fixed hyper-sphere co-ordinates. The rate of expansion translates to the speed of light and so in terms of the hyper-sphere co-ordinates all particles (and objects) travel at the speed of light, time (as the clock-rate) and velocity (as the rate of expansion) are therefore constant, however photons, as the means of information exchange, are restricted to lateral movement across the hyper-sphere thus giving the appearance of a 3-D space. Lorentz formulas are used to translate between this 3-D space and the hyper-sphere co-ordinates, relativity resembling the mathematics of perspective. (shrink)

A novel programming paradigm, named ‘Epistemic Programming’, is proposed in order to provide scientists with a computational methodology and computational tools to program their epistemic processes in scientific discovery. The programming paradigm regards conditionals as the subject of computing, takes primary epistemic operations as basic operations of computing, and regards epistemic processes as the subject of programming. Some fundamental observations and assumptions on scientific discovery processes and their automation are presented as the fundamentals of this new (...) research direction. Some research problems in this direction are set up. It is discussed why classical mathematical logic and its various classical conservative extensions cannot satisfactorily underlie epistemic processes. As the logic foundation to underlie epistemic programming, a strong relevant logic model of epistemic processes in scientific discovery is presented, and epistemic programs are defined based on the model. (shrink)

We present SASC, Self-Adaptive Semantic Crossover, a new class of crossover operators for genetic programming. SASC operators are designed to induce the emergence and then preserve good building-blocks, using metacontrol techniques based on semantic compatibility measures. SASC performance is tested in a case study concerning the replication of investment funds.

Background: Food insecurity condition challenges the availability of food, access to food, food supply stability, and food utilization. Food banks play a major role in the food aid sector by distributing donated and purchased groceries directly to food-insecure families, thus significantly impacting food insecurity. On the other hand, school meal programs are implemented in many countries to combat food insecurity among school-aged children. The synergy between school meal programs and food banks has a great potency to combat food insecurity among (...) children effectively. Aim: This study aims to examine the association between experts’ involvement—such as nutritionists, farmers, and private sectors—and community engagement, including parents and others, with the linkage between food banks and school meal programs among implementing countries. Methods: The Bayesian Mindsponge Framework, combining the reasoning strengths of Mindsponge Theory and inference advantages of Bayesian analysis, was employed on a dataset of 126 government representatives who manage large-scale school meal programs in 126 different countries. Results: Findings showed that the involvement of nutritionists and the private sector was positively associated with the linkage between food banks and school meal programs, while farmers’ involvement showed an ambiguous association. The engagement of parents and others also showed an ambiguous relationship with this linkage. Conclusions: Findings underscore the strong need to formulate strategies for increasing the involvement of nutritionists and the private sector to successfully link the food banks with school meal programs in implementing countries, which is crucial for effectively combating food insecurity among school-aged children. (shrink)

Turner argues that computer programs must have purposes, that implementation is not a kind of semantics, and that computers might need to understand what they do. I respectfully disagree: Computer programs need not have purposes, implementation is a kind of semantic interpretation, and neither human computers nor computing machines need to understand what they do.

As the philosophy of policing shifts from a traditional to a community-based approach, its implementation needs to be assessed. The study determined the program implementation of community-oriented policing in the town of Dumingag Zamboanga del Sur and its effectiveness in crime reduction from 2014 to 2018. The study employed a descriptive-survey method with the questionnaire-checklist as the main instrument used in gathering the data and information. The survey questionnaire underwent an evaluation process by field expert and tested using Cronbach’s alpha. (...) Weighted Arithmetic Mean, Percentage and ANOVA were the statistical tools used in the data analyses. The participants were PNP, residents, and Barangay Officials of Dumingag, Zamboanga del Sur. The results showed that PNP and Barangay officials perceived that the extent of community- oriented policing in Dumingag was implemented without lapses. However, residents rated that the implementation has minimal lapses. The study also revealed that there was a reduction of crimes committed for the past five years of the implementation. The result shows a significant difference among the perceived extent of implementation of the three groups of respondents. (shrink)

We review some of the work already done around the notion of phenomenal intentionality and propose a way of turning this body of work into a self-conscious research program for understanding intentionality.

I consider statistical criteria of algorithmic fairness from the perspective of the ideals of fairness to which these criteria are committed. I distinguish and describe three theoretical roles such ideals might play. The usefulness of this program is illustrated by taking Base Rate Tracking and its ratio variant as a case study. I identify and compare the ideals of these two criteria, then consider them in each of the aforementioned three roles for ideals. This ideals program may present a way (...) forward in the normative evaluation of candidate statistical criteria of algorithmic fairness. (shrink)

Large sets of elements interacting locally and producing specific architectures reliably form a category that transcends the usual dividing line between biological and engineered systems. We propose to call them morphogenetically architected complex systems (MACS). While taking the emergence of properties seriously, the notion of MACS enables at the same time the design (or “meta-design”) of operational means that allow controlling and even, paradoxically, programming this emergence. To demonstrate our claim, we first show that among all the self-organized systems (...) studied in the field of Artificial Life, the specificity of MACS essentially lies in the close relation between their emergent properties and functional properties. Second, we argue that to be a MACS a system does not need to display more than weak emergent properties. Third, since the notion of weak emergence is based on the possibility of simulation, whether computational or mechanistic via machines, we see MACS as good candidates to help design artificial self-architected systems (such as robotic swarms) but also harness and redesign living ones (such as synthetic bacterial films). (shrink)

Pilot Program for Universal Formula-Based Education in the Philippines -/- To establish a pilot program in the Philippines that integrates your universal formula into education, we need a step-by-step strategy targeting schools, universities, and policymakers. The goal is to introduce the universal law of balance in nature as a core principle in decision-making and societal development. -/- Step 1: Define the Educational Framework -/- Core Principles to be Taught: -/- ✅ Universal Law of Balance in Nature – Teaching students how (...) balance governs all systems (natural, social, economic, and technological). ✅ Critical Thinking & Decision-Making – Training students to think logically, evaluate information, and avoid ignorance-based decisions. ✅ Scientific & Systems Thinking – Understanding how interconnected systems work and how defects (errors) cause failure (Law of Karma). ✅ Ethical Leadership & Governance – Teaching future leaders to use the universal formula in governance, policymaking, and economic planning. ✅ AI & Future Technologies – Preparing students for AGI by ensuring AI follows natural balance principles. -/- These subjects can be introduced within existing curricula or as new subjects in select pilot schools. -/- Step 2: Identify Key Partners & Institutions -/- To successfully launch the pilot program, we need strategic partnerships with: -/- 1. Government & Educational Institutions -/- ✅ Department of Education (DepEd) – To approve curriculum changes in basic education. ✅ Commission on Higher Education (CHED) – To integrate universal balance concepts into university courses. ✅ Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) – For practical application in skill-based education. ✅ State Universities & Private Schools – To implement pilot courses (e.g., UP, Ateneo, La Salle). -/- 2. Influential Organizations & Private Sector -/- ✅ UNESCO Philippines – To align the pilot program with international education initiatives. ✅ AI & Tech Industry Leaders – Companies like Google, Microsoft, or local AI startups can help integrate AI into education. ✅ Media & Publishing Companies – To help publish materials and spread awareness. -/- Step 3: Develop the Pilot Curriculum -/- The curriculum should be tested in a select group of schools before expanding nationally. -/- ✅ Elementary (Grades 1-6): -/- Basic understanding of cause and effect (Karma Law) in daily life. -/- Learning how balance exists in nature (ecosystems, weather, life cycles). -/- Introduction to critical thinking and problem-solving. -/- ✅ High School (Grades 7-12): -/- Deeper exploration of systems thinking (economy, governance, environment). -/- Ethical decision-making and how imbalances cause societal problems. -/- Introduction to AGI ethics and responsible AI development. -/- ✅ University & Leadership Training: -/- Advanced study of universal balance in governance, business, and technology. -/- AI alignment with natural balance to ensure AGI serves humanity. -/- Public policy and strategic decision-making based on natural laws. -/- Step 4: Launch a Small-Scale Pilot Program -/- To test the effectiveness, we should: ✅ Select 3-5 pilot schools (1 elementary, 1 high school, 1 university). ✅ Train teachers & educators in the universal formula. ✅ Use AI & technology for interactive learning and monitoring progress. ✅ Collect data & feedback to refine and improve the program. -/- Step 5: Expand Nationally & Seek Government Approval -/- Once the pilot program shows positive results, we can: ✅ Present findings to DepEd & CHED for national curriculum adoption. ✅ Partner with international education bodies (UNESCO, WEF) for global support. ✅ Expand to more schools and integrate AI-based learning platforms. -/- Expected Outcome of the Pilot Program -/- ✅ A tested educational framework that integrates your universal formula. ✅ Students trained in critical thinking, ethical leadership, and balanced decision-making. ✅ A model that can be expanded globally to solve ignorance-based societal problems. -/- . (shrink)

Functionalism’s commitment to substrate-independence rests on a tacit assumption: that biological realization is an implementation detail rather than a constitutive condition of agency. This paper challenges that assumption from within the philosophy of mind by developing an ontological account of human freedom grounded in biological incompletion. Drawing on philosophical anthropology — Gehlen’s Mängelwesen, Plessner’s eccentric positionality, and Portmann’s thesis of extrauterine social gestation — we argue that the human organism’s structural lack of a closed instinctual program is not a contingent (...) shortcoming but the ontological ground of genuine decision. This incompletion installs what we term the interval: the temporal space between stimulus and response in which response must be authored rather than executed. We distinguish two causal regimes — Causa Primera (origination under instruction-deficit) and Causa Segunda (transmission via a pre-specified program) — and show that this distinction yields a principled criterion for differentiating decision from optimization. The argument converges with, and extends, enactivist accounts of biological autonomy: where Thompson and Di Paolo establish that living systems are constitutively normative rather than input-output devices, we argue that human biological incompletion radicalizes this normativity into authorship. An artificial system without indigence can optimize but cannot inhabit the interval; it can process but cannot bear the normative weight that makes a response a decision. This is not a gap in capability but a gap in ontological structure — one that substrate-independence, by design, cannot close. (shrink)

Trans theory is characterized in part by the apparent tension between discursive analyses of cisgender society and phenomenological descriptions of trans experiences. While traditional inquiry into the history of philosophy proposes an interminable opposition between phenomenology and discourse analysis, Rubin’s alternative suggestion is that within the domain of trans studies that they fulfill complimentary dimensions of investigation. Discourse analysis and phenomenology converge in trans studies because they are submitted to the same ethical and political imperative: the systematic development of the (...) trans archive. Both discourse analysis and phenomenology as methods in trans studies are directed toward the development of a genuinely trans history, perspective, and theory, with special methodological consideration toward the way that this perspective is misunderstood or obscured by dominant frameworks within cisgender society. In what follows, I provide a brief reconstruction of two major interventions in trans phenomenology, demonstrating that each is carefully concerned with distinctly archival considerations, but I further argue that each project remains incomplete because of an incomplete bracketing of medicalized cisgender concepts. I then propose a brief alternative program aimed at the full suspension of cisgender categories that I call transgender existentialism. (shrink)

The development of biological sciences in the twentieth century clearly demonstrated that the positive and negative sensations and emotions of living organisms can be controlled by influencing the material structure of the nervous system. Today it seems quite probable that in the foreseeable future humanity will learn to artificially, at the physiological level, associate pleasant and unpleasant sensations and emotions with any stimuli and life situations, thus gaining the ability to artificially program their needs. This work analyzes the prospects for (...) creating and using such technologies, their possible limitations, and social consequences. It is shown that the factor of striving for individual survival will apparently allow people to avoid the most dystopian consequences and preserve the incentive for development under various social models — from completely liberal (even permitting simple artificial stimulation of pleasure centers) to totalitarian, based on the forced programming of needs. (shrink)

Citizen Satisfaction Index System (CSIS) was used to assess the delivery of support to education initiatives in the municipality of Banga, Aklan, Philippines. The samples were determined using multiple application of stratified random sampling approach. In accordance with the Philippine Statistical Authority's Data on Census Population and Housing for 2015, barangays having a bigger share of the population contributed more respondents to the 150 targeted participants. Following the inclusion criteria, the probability respondents were chosen using the Kish Grid. Pre-numbered questionnaires (...) were distributed, with odd numbers targeting male responders and even numbers targeting females. The following criteria were used to evaluate the respondents' assessments: awareness, availment of the program/service, satisfaction, and need for action. Furthermore, interviews were conducted to better understand and investigate the respondents' thoughts, behavior, and perspectives. The reasons for their reaction were also obtained. The data was provided in percentage as well as frequency distributions. The study inferred that awareness on alternative learning system and/or special education program should be improved since it is the only program that attained low rating for awareness. Most of the residents were not able to avail education programs because they have no household member who attends school. Majority of the respondents who availed the services were satisfied. However, scholarship and other assistance programs to students may be enhanced to improve service delivery. It is highly recommended by the citizens to improve accessibility to scholarship programs and other forms of financial assistance to students. (shrink)

India, despite being the world's largest vaccine manufacturer is now struggling with various unprecedented social, legal, moral issues with the ongoing Covid-19 vaccination program for 1.3 billion people, the largest democracy in the world. With three major vaccines including Covishield, homemade vaccine Covaxin, and Russia's Sputnik V, India is still facing acute scarcity of vaccines and raw material supply. This is not only unfortunate but also reveals the ethically-triggered facts about the imbalanced healthcare system between public and private sectors, ineffective (...) inequitable healthcare policies, unaccountable data reports that raise mistrust and confusion, and a deeper concern about global unfair distribution. In this paper, I have briefly discussed some unparalleled ethical issues raised from the vaccination program of India. (shrink)

In this paper, we introduce the integer programming in neutrosophic environment, by considering coffecients of problem as a triangulare neutrosophic numbers. The degrees of acceptance, indeterminacy and rejection of objectives are simultaneously considered. The Neutrosophic Integer Programming Problem (NIP) is transformed into a crisp programming model, using truth membership (T), indeterminacy membership (I), and falsity membership (F) functions as well as single valued triangular neutrosophic numbers. To measure the efficiency of the model, we solved several numerical examples.

Distributed Presence Research Program (DP) is an interdisciplinary foundational research program investigating whether physical reality can be more coherently understood in terms of distributed, relational, and phase-structured presence rather than as a collection of fundamentally isolated entities. The program explores the possibility that mass, charge, localization, probability, field structure, quantum behavior, and spacetime organization may be interpreted as emergent modes of response, stabilization, and relational configuration within a deeper ontology of distributed presence. A central aim of the program is to (...) develop an ontological unity in physics by articulating a framework in which the interpretation of physical properties, the ontology of fields, the status of probability, and the conceptual foundations of quantum mechanics can be approached within a common relational structure. In particular, the DP Research Program addresses: • the ontology of distributed presence, • the emergence of localization, • the reinterpretation of mass and charge, • phase and response structures, • the ontological interpretation of probability, • the interpretation of quantum mechanics, • spacetime emergence, • and the search for ontological unity across physical theory. Rather than presenting itself as a completed physical theory, DP develops a conceptual and exploratory formal framework connecting philosophy of physics, metaphysics of science, quantum foundations, field-theoretic interpretation, and ontological modeling. The program aims to function as an open research platform for conceptual clarification, formal development, and interdisciplinary dialogue on the foundations and unity of physical reality. (shrink)

Hilbert’s program was an ambitious and wide-ranging project in the philosophy and foundations of mathematics. In order to “dispose of the foundational questions in mathematics once and for all,” Hilbert proposed a two-pronged approach in 1921: first, classical mathematics should be formalized in axiomatic systems; second, using only restricted, “finitary” means, one should give proofs of the consistency of these axiomatic systems. Although Gödel’s incompleteness theorems show that the program as originally conceived cannot be carried out, it had many partial (...) successes, and generated important advances in logical theory and metatheory, both at the time and since. The article discusses the historical background and development of Hilbert’s program, its philosophical underpinnings and consequences, and its subsequent development and influences since the 1930s. (shrink)

This book’s goal is to give an intellectual context for the following manuscript. -/- Includes bibliographical references and an index. Pages 1-123. 1). Philosophy. 2). Metaphysics. 3). Philosophy, German. 4). Philosophy, German -- 18th century. 5). Philosophy, German and Greek Influences Metaphysics. I. Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich -- 1770-1831 -- Das älteste Systemprogramm des deutschen Idealismus. II. Rosenzweig, Franz, -- 1886-1929. III. Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von, -- 1775-1854. IV. Hölderlin, Friedrich, -- 1770-1843. V. Ferrer, Daniel Fidel, 1952-. [Translation from (...) German into English of the-- Das älteste Systemprogramm des deutschen Idealismus.]. -/- Note: the manuscript is in the handwriting of G.W.F. Hegel, but the actual authorship is disputed. No date is given. Franz Rosenzweig made up the title as it is known today. He published the text in 1917. At that time, F. Rosenzweig thought F.W.J. Schelling was the author. No one has read this book for errors. As always, any errors, mistakes or oversights etc. are mine alone. Given a couple more years, I could improve this book. This is a philosophical translation and not a philological translation. Martin Luther who did the famous early translation of the Bible into German wrote in a letter, “If anyone does not like my translation, they can ignore it… (September 15, 1530)”. There are no ‘correct’ translations. Some are just better than other translations. -/- The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism. The German title is: Das Älteste Systemprogramm Des Deutschen Idealismus. This title was made up by Franz Rosenzweig in 1917, when he first published the manuscript. He found the manuscript in the Royal Library in Berlin in 1913. The manuscript suggested date is around 1796 and was done by handwriting research. However, the manuscript is not dated. The Prussian State Library auctioned in March 1913 from the auction of the house Liepmannssohn in Berlin a single sheet on the front and back with Hegel's cursive handwriting. The manuscript was lost during WWII. But Dieter Henrich found it again in 1979 in the “Biblioteka Jagiellonska” in Krakow (Poland), where it is today. Address: Jagiellonian Library, Jagiellonian University, al. Mickiewicza 22, 30-059 Cracow, Poland. Later research suggests that manuscript had come from the estate of Hegel’s student Friedrich Christoph Förster (1791-1868). He was one of the editors of Hegel’s posthumous works and most likely had access to a number of Hegel’s manuscripts. This text actually being one of them. Hegel traveled around Bohemia with Marie and Friedrich Christoph Förster around the year 1820-21 (see Klaus Vieweg). -/- Philosophical mystery -- who is the author or authors of this text? -/- Take a plunge into the deep and cold waters. Maybe a quagmire or quandary, but decidedly interesting. This project is to contextualize an old handwritten manuscript which is about 225 years old. The actual author is a mystery. I offer my own assessment. You can make your own assessments. The mystery has continued to unfold since 1917. There is plenty to read. Otherwise, think about the authorship and read more of the German philosophers and authors from this period and enjoy the depth of thinking and philosophizing. On one hand, there is just the sheer fun in the puzzle of the authorship questions; and on the other hand, these are the alluring thoughts that lead to the nascent stage of German Idealism and our intellectual heritage. There is no end to the accolades for this group of philosophers. A heritage that we still hear in in our attempts to move forward into our future. -/- Do your own astute exegesis (ἐξήγησις) as all paths are still open. Let your thought take to the wings of what is called thinking with this text. Critical encounters (Auseinandersetzung, or a Gegenüberstellung) with at least: Friedrich Hölderlin (1770-1843) Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775-1854), and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) --- starts here! German Idealism. We are not going to study this situation endlessly, instead we make some broad strokes and provide you a general context. You are allowed to read between the lines too. Goal: to understand the overall affinity and differences between the intellectuals of this period in German history; and to come to grips with this demanding text within its large scholarly context in the last 100 years. There are no final answers. (shrink)

This document is a public, non-clinical, pre-opening scientific coordination dossier aligned to the current execution order of the Sal-Meter / CAIS kernel program. It does not present the program as an already-open external competition. Instead, it clarifies the present kernel-first structure under which External Layer-0 precedes internal Phase 0, Phase 1, Phase 2a, and Phase 2b, and broader opening becomes justifiable only after LOCK 1 and LOCK 2. The document defines what serious principal investigators, laboratories, and technical teams should understand, (...) prepare, and avoid overstating at the present stage. It also draws explicit boundaries around public claims, canonical authority, anti-capture governance, intellectual ownership, and commercialization order. It is best read as a philosophy-adjacent scientific governance and readiness document at the intersection of philosophy of artificial intelligence, philosophy of science, and consciousness-related measurement architecture. (shrink)

The Simulation Hypothesis proposes that all of reality, including the earth and the universe, is in fact an artificial simulation, analogous to a computer simulation, and as such our reality is an illusion. In this essay I describe a method for programming mass, length, time and charge (MLTA) as geometrical objects derived from the formula for a virtual electron; $f_e = 4\pi^2r^3$ ($r = 2^6 3 \pi^2 \alpha \Omega^5$) where the fine structure constant $\alpha$ = 137.03599... and $\Omega$ = (...) 2.00713494... are mathematical constants and the MLTA geometries are; M = (1), T = ($2\pi$), L = ($2\pi^2\Omega^2$), A = ($4\pi \Omega)^3/\alpha$. As objects they are independent of any set of units and also of any numbering system, terrestrial or alien. As the geometries are interrelated according to $f_e$, we can replace designations such as ($kg, m, s, A$) with a rule set; mass = $u^{15}$, length = $u^{-13}$, time = $u^{-30}$, ampere = $u^{3}$. The formula $f_e$ is unit-less ($u^0$) and combines these geometries in the following ratio M$^9$T$^{11}$/L$^{15}$ and (AL)$^3$/T, as such these ratio are unit-less. To translate MLTA to their respective SI Planck units requires an additional 2 unit-dependent scalars. We may thereby derive the CODATA 2014 physical constants via the 2 (fixed) mathematical constants ($\alpha, \Omega$), 2 dimensioned scalars and the rule set $u$. As all constants can be defined geometrically, the least precise constants ($G, h, e, m_e, k_B$...) can also be solved via the most precise ($c, \mu_0, R_\infty, \alpha$), numerical precision then limited by the precision of the fine structure constant $\alpha$. (shrink)

While the idea of maximizing expected utility is clear, precisely how to implement this idea is contested, even in theory. A number of decision theories have been proposed in the literature, however all have deficiencies. Causal Decision Theory (CDT), arguably the leading theory, makes controversial and seemingly incorrect decisions in problems with logical dependence between choices and outcomes such as Newcomb's problem. Recently, Functional Decision Theory (FDT), has been proposed which corrects these difficulties but which is somewhat opaque and relies (...) on an uncertain theory of counterfactuals. In this note, we provide a novel and clear formulation of FDT as a program search over potential policies where both policies and the environment are represented as Turing-complete programs. We demonstrate that this representation can handle probabilistic, causal and logical dependencies straightforwardly while also being simple and intuitive to understand and avoiding philosophical difficulties with counterfactuals. We give example formulations of Newcomb's problem and others in our framework and show that it provides insight into the differing underlying assumptions that FDT and CDT make about the environment. (shrink)

Between April and November 1912, Bertrand Russell and Ludwig Wittgenstein were engaged in a joint philosophical program. Wittgenstein‘s meeting with Gottlob Frege in December 1912 led, however, to its dissolution – the joint program was abandoned. Section 2 of this paper outlines the key points of that program, identifying what Russell and Wittgenstein each contributed to it. The third section determines precisely those features of their collaborative work that Frege criticized. Finally, building upon the evidence developed in the preceding two (...) sections, section 4 recasts along previously undeveloped lines Wittgenstein‘s logical–philosophical discoveries in the two years following his encounter with Frege in 1912. The paper concludes, in section 5, with an overview of the dramatic consequences the Frege-Wittgenstein critique had for Russell‘s philosophical development. (shrink)

Neutral Theory is controversial in ecology. Ecologists and philosophers have diagnosed the source of the controversy as: its false assumption that individuals in different species within the same trophic level are ecologically equivalent, its conflict with Competition Theory and the adaptation of species, its role as a null hypothesis, and as a Lakatosian research programme. In this paper, I show why we should instead understand the conflict at the level of research programs which involve more than theory. The Neutralist and (...) Competitionist research programs borrow and construct theories, models, and experiments for various aims and given their home ecological systems. I present a holistic and pragmatic view of the controversy that foregrounds the interrelation between many kinds of practices and decisions in ecological research. (shrink)

Background: School meal programs are not only government initiatives but also community-driven efforts. Aiming to combat food insecurity among school-aged children effectively, these programs are executed in conjunction with food bank initiatives. Various community groups play a crucial role in the success of both food security initiatives. There is a need to improve community engagement to successfully link school meal programs with food banks to build program synergy, combating food insecurity through a two-sided approach. Aim: This study aims to examine (...) community engagement in school meals program by analyzing its purposeful focus on creating jobs and income-generating opportunities for different community groups, i.e., youths, women, and others. Methods: The Bayesian Mindsponge Framework, combining the reasoning strengths of Mindsponge theory and inference advantages of Bayesian analysis, was employed on a dataset of 126 government representatives who manage large-scale school meal programs in 126 different countries. Results: Findings showed that the school meals program’s purposeful focus on creating jobs and income-generating opportunities for women in the community was positively associated with community engagement, thereby supporting the linkage between the programs and food banks. In contrast, providing jobs and income-generating opportunities for youths and other community groups had an ambiguous association with community engagement in school meal programs. Conclusions: Findings underscore the importance of creating jobs and income-generating opportunities for women to improve community engagement in school meal programs. Formulating strategies that empower woman’s entrepreneurship may foster their involvement and engagement in school meal programs, promising to successfully link these programs with food bank initiatives among implementing countries. (shrink)

Franz Brentano was not a systematic writer, but he was very much a systematic thinker. Through his manuscripts, lecture notes, letters, dictations, and occasional published writings, one can discern a systematic, unified approach to the true, the good, and the beautiful. My goal here is to articulate explicitly this approach, and the philosophical program it reflects. The exercise requires going over big stretches of terrain with some efficiency; I will go just as deep into Brentano’s approaches to the true, the (...) good, and the beautiful as is required to make explicit their structural unity. (shrink)

This research paper aimed to elucidate the organizational and program management of the farmers' association in Silago, Southern Leyte, Philippines. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 93 members of the farmers' association, collecting primary data with the aid of a developed structured questionnaire. The gathered data from vegetable farmers were analyzed using frequency distribution, standard descriptive metrics, K-means clustering, and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis. Findings revealed that, on average, vegetable farmers are "satisfied" with the organizational (M=3.81; SD=0.64) and (...) program (M=3.88; SD=0.66) management of the farmers' association in enhancing their agricultural production process. The K-means clustering depicted that there are 26.88% of the farmers are very satisfied (Cluster 1) with the organizational (M=4.65; SD=0.12) and program (M=4.72; SD=0.13) management of the farmers' association. Moreover, the K-means clustering portrayed that there are 73.12% of the farmers are satisfied (Cluster 2) with the organizational (M=3.50; SD=0.17) and program (M=3.57; SD=0.19) management. The regression analysis showed that for every 1 unit increase in farmers' perception of program management, there is a 0.632 unit increase in the farmers' perception of organizational management, and it is significant at a 1% level. This implies that program and organizational management are positively and highly correlated with each other, indicating that both are helpful in increasing vegetable production. The study suggests that farmers' associations must be supported by the government in terms of financial budget for agricultural training. (shrink)

The current study tries to verify the effectiveness of a training program in increasing Crowdfunding awareness. The sample was (50) students in CIS, who were purposively selected and distributed equally into a treatment and control group. The researchers designed the study tools (a training program to increase Crowdfunding awareness). The study findings revealed the existence of statistically significant differences between the treatment and control groups in favor of the former. Furthermore, there were statistically significant differences between the pre and the (...) post measures of the treatment group in favor of the post measures. Furthermore the current study is unique by the virtue of its nature, scope and way of implied investigation, as it is the first study for Crowdfunding training program in Arabic world. (shrink)

In modern zoos, enrichment programs have become a standard part of animal care routines. Although 'higher' primates usually receive complex enrichment programs, encompassing many types of enrichment, these are less common for prosimians. These animals often largely receive food-based enrichment, as was previously the case at Auckland Zoo, where the ring-tailed lemur enrichment schedule contained only three different items, all food-related. Lemurs tend to be considered less curious and quick to learn than other primates, as well as being less manually (...) dextrous, and for these reasons can be overlooked for complex enrichment. However, they have strong sensory abilities, in particular an acute sense of smell (Sauther et al 1999). This paper describes an enrichment program designed for the lemurs at Auckland Zoo with the aim of stimulating all senses. (shrink)

What is a computer? I define a computer as a machine which follows an arbitrary sequence of instructions: the nature of the machine is such that one does not have to give it these instructions, if one instructs it; but that might include some washing machines. What is a dead programming language: a language which is only of interest for scholarly or nostalgic reasons. Is BASIC a dead coding language? I don’t know, but I give some reasons to think (...) not: by learning it you can converse with other parents about coding, if you are one; and the computer industry might well have a way of supporting families who supported it during its 1980s expansion; if you missed out, you have to learn BASIC. This paper is written as an imitation of P.F. Strawson. (shrink)

The article presents the reasons for which the issue of providing housing to low-income citizens has been a real challenge in Addis Ababa during the recent years and will continue to be, given that its population is growing extremely fast. It examines the tensions between the universal aspirations and the local realities in the case of some of Ethiopia’s most ambitious mass pro-poor housing schemes, such as the “Addis Ababa Grand Housing Program” (AAGHP), which was launched in 2004 and was (...) integrated in the “Integrated Housing Development Program” (IHDP) in 2006. The article argues that the quotidian practices of communities and their socio-economic and cultural characteristics are related to the spatial attributes of co-housing practices. Drawing upon the idea that there is a mutual correspondence between social and spatial structures, it places particular emphasis on the analysis of the IHDP and aims to show that to shape strategies that take into account the social and cultural aspects of daily life of the poor citizens of Addis Ababa, it is pivotal to invite them to take part in the decision-making processes regarding their resettlement. Departing from the fact that a large percentage of the housing supply in Addis Ababa consists of informal unplanned housing, the article also compares the commoning practices in kebele houses and condominium units. The former refers to the legal informal housing units owned by the government and rented to their dwellers, whereas the latter concerns the housing blocks built in the framework of the IHDP for the resettlement of the kebele dwellers. The article analyzes these processes of resettlement, shedding light of the fact that kebele houses were located at the inner city, whereas the condominiums are located in the suburbs. Despite the fact that the living conditions in the condominium units are of a much higher quality than those in the kebele houses, their design underestimated or even neglected the role of the commoning practices. The article highlights the advantages of commoning practices in architecture and urban planning, and how the implementation of participation-oriented solutions can respond to the difficulties of providing housing. It argues that understanding the significance of the endeavors that take into account the opinions of dwellers during the phase of decision-making goes hand in hand with considering commoning practices as a source of architecture and urban planning frameworks for low-cost housing in this specific context. The key argument of the article is that urban planning and architecture solutions in Addis Ababa should be based on the principles of the so-called “negotiated planning” approach, which implies a close analysis of the interconnections between planning, infrastructure, and land. (shrink)

As the 19th century drew to a close, logicians formalized an ideal notion of proof. They were driven by nothing other than an abiding interest in truth, and their proofs were as ethereal as the mind of God. Yet within decades these mathematical abstractions were realized by the hand of man, in the digital stored-program computer. How it came to be recognized that proofs and programs are the same thing is a story that spans a century, a chase with as (...) many twists and turns as a thriller. At the end of the story is a new principle for designing programming languages that will guide computers into the 21st century. -/- For my money, Gentzen’s natural deduction and Church’s lambda calculus are on a par with Einstein’s relativity and Dirac’s quantum physics for elegance and insight. And the maths are a lot simpler. I want to show you the essence of these ideas. I’ll need a few symbols, but not too many, and I’ll explain as I go along. -/- To simplify, I’ll present the story as we understand it now, with some asides to fill in the history. First, I’ll introduce Gentzen’s natural deduction, a formalism for proofs. Next, I’ll introduce Church’s lambda calculus, a formalism for programs. Then I’ll explain why proofs and programs are really the same thing, and how simplifying a proof corresponds to executing a program. Finally, I’ll conclude with a look at how these principles are being applied to design a new generation of programming languages, particularly mobile code for the Internet. (shrink)

After sketching the main lines of Hilbert's program, certain well-known andinfluential interpretations of the program are critically evaluated, and analternative interpretation is presented. Finally, some recent developments inlogic related to Hilbert's program are reviewed.

In the article “A Tension in the Strong Program: The Relation between the Rational and the Social,” I stated that David Bloor, citing the principle of symmetry, expresses that rational and irrational beliefs must be explained in the same way, that is, by causes of the same kind. On this wise, he rejects the methodology of traditional philosophers and historians of science as asymmetrical; since they explain evidence-based beliefs with epistemic reasons and unreasonable beliefs—e.g. beliefs based on indoctrination, propaganda, ideology, (...) and superstition—citing social factors. On the other hand, Bloor argues that the rational is made entirely of the social and, therefore, is itself a kind of social factor. But by admitting this maximum conception of social constructivism, Bloor can no longer consider the rational and the social as two separate identities and accuse the traditional view of asymmetry. However, Professor Finn Collin says that Bloor’s critique of the traditional model never commits him to the duality of the rational and the social. (shrink)

The study examined distant learning program as an alternative to the traditional classroom for business education. The study reviewed the basic concepts of distant learning, traditional learning, technology and overview of business education. It also looked at COVID 19 pandemic and the protocols. With this foundation, it examined the place of traditional learning and migration to innovative learning strategy. Then it x-rayed the various challenges relating to curriculum, technology and distant learning. The conclusion showed that distant learning should be welcomed (...) in business education to align with the new normal of occasioned by the COVID 19 era. It is recommended that the students should be properly encouraged to key into the use of distant learning model. The government and education authorities should assist to equip secondary schools with the necessary online learning tools to enable comprehensive use of distant learning program to teach all topics to students. (shrink)

Background: The school meals program has multiple objectives of education, nutrition, and value transfer. To ensure achieving the goal, total quality management (TQM) is implemented in the school meals program. Supply chain issues pose significant challenges to TQM implementation in the program execution. Aim: This study aims to examine national and international capacities in supply chain management by analyzing the variety of food items delivered through the school meals program. Methods: The Bayesian Mindsponge Framework, combining the reasoning strengths of Mindsponge (...) Theory and inference advantages of Bayesian analysis, was employed on a dataset of 126 government representatives who manage large-scale school meal programs in 126 different countries. Results: Findings showed that the method of obtaining supplies, whether through in-kind donations from local, regional, national sources, or national food reserves and purchasing from neighboring or distant countries, had a significant positive association with the variety of food items included in school meals or snacks. Conversely, obtaining supplies in-kind from neighboring or distant countries had a significant negative association with the food variety. Additionally, purchasing supplies from local, regional, or national food reserves had an unclear association with the food variety. Conclusions: Findings underscore the importance of supporting the World Bank and World Food Programme’s recommendation to rely more on local resources and capacities. Enhancing supply chain management at the national level is crucial for developing a long-term and sustainable school meals program. (shrink)

In “A Tension in the Strong Program: The Relation between the Rational and the Social”, Shahram Shahryari (2021) advances the following thesis: In his Strong Program in the sociology of science, David Bloor blames traditional philosophy of science for adopting a dualist strategy in explaining scientific developments, as it employs rational explanation for successful science and social explanation for flawed science. Instead, according to Bloor, all scientific developments should be explained monistically, i.e. in terms of social causes. This is also (...) referred to as the Symmetry Principle, and it is a key tenet in the Strong Program. The author detects a tension here, as Bloor apparently asserts that traditional philosophy of science deploys two kinds of explanation, and simultaneously insists that there is only one kind, i.e. social explanation. (shrink)