Results for 'malice'

30 found
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  1. Malice and the Ridiculous as Self-ignorance: A Dialectical Argument in Philebus 47d-50e.Rebecca Bensen Cain - 2017 - Southwest Philosophy Review 33 (1):83-94.
    In the Philebus, Socrates constructs a dialectical argument in which he purports to explain to Protarchus why the pleasure that spectators feel when watching comedy is a mixture of pleasure and pain. To do this he brings in phthonos (malice or envy) as his prime example (47d-50e). I examine the argument and claim that Socrates implicitly challenges Protarchus’ beliefs about himself as moderate and self-knowing. I discuss two reasons to think that more is at stake in the argument than (...)
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  2.  16
    Malice as a Multi-Layered Load-Transfer Structure: An LMT-Based Analysis of Negative and Positive Loops and Implications for LLM Limitations.Shiho Yoshino - manuscript
    -A Structural Approach Grounded in Load Minimization Theory- -/- Malice is often intuitively understood yet remains conceptually elusive. This paper proposes a novel multi-layered structural model of malice grounded in Load Minimization Theory (LMT), where total load is defined as (L = U + F + E − ℛ) (Uncertainty, Friction, Energy cost, and Gentle re-meaning/resonance). -/- We formalize malice as a dynamic multi-layered structure: -/- ℳ = I ⊗ V ⊗ R ⊗ P ⊗ C ⊗ (...)
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  3. Load Minimization Theory (LMT) as an Inherent Ethical Safeguard:  Structural, Phenomenological, and Historical Evidence of Self-Defeating Malice Across Scales.Shiho Yoshino - manuscript
    Load Minimization Theory (LMT) posits that imposing load on others inevitably returns as maximum load on the self, rendering malicious intent structurally unsustainable. Grounded in the Qualia Equation Q = C · W · exp(γC) and Integrated Memory Hypothesis M = C · W · exp(γC) · T, LMT predicts that malice collapses under its own weight across scales—from everyday deception to historical atrocities and modern policy structures. Through phenomenological dialogue logs with large language models (Claude, Gemini, Copilot), PINN-based (...)
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  4. Inchoate Crime, Accessories, and Constructive Malice in Libertarian Law.Ben O'Neill & Walter Block - 2013 - Libertarian Papers 5:241-271.
    Inchoate crime consists of acts that are regarded as crimes despite the fact that they are only partial or incomplete in some respect. This includes acts that do not succeed in physically harming the victim or are only indirectly related to such a result. Examples include attempts (as in attempted murder that does not eventuate in the killing of anyone), conspiracy (in which case the crime has only been planned, not yet acted out) and incitement (where the inciter does not (...)
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  5. Kant, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche on doing wrong for its own sake.Ian D. Dunkle - 2026 - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 69 (3):1311-37.
    What does it mean to do wrong for its own sake, and is this even possible? I call this the puzzle of malice, and in this paper I review a historical dialectic that plays out between Kant, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche on how to address it. By reviewing each author’s account of malice, and their criticism of their respective predecessor, I reach several surprising findings: First, that Nietzsche has a positive account of malice (albeit one on which it (...)
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  6. Hume and the Guise of the Bad.Francesco Orsi - 2020 - Journal of Scottish Philosophy 18 (1):39-56.
    In Treatise 2.3.4 Hume provides an explanation of why ‘we naturally desire what is forbid, and take a pleasure in performing actions, merely because they are unlawful’. Hume’s explanation of this phenomenon has barely received any attention so far. But a detailed analysis bears fruit for both Humean scholarship and contemporary moral psychology. After putting the passage in its context, I explain why desiring and taking pleasure in performing certain actions merely because they are unlawful poses a challenge to Hume’s (...)
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  7. Why Large Language Models Tend Toward Averaging: A Load Minimization Theory (LMT) Observational Perspective on Statistical Gravity in Human-AI Interactions.Shiho Yoshino - manuscript
    Note: This discussion is framed strictly from an LMT (Load Minimization Theory) observational perspective. It describes phenomenological patterns and relational dynamics observed in human-AI interactions, without any claims or speculation regarding the internal mechanisms of LLMs or AI systems. -/- Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) frequently exhibit a tendency to converge toward average, homogenized responses, often perceived as a pull toward statistical norms. This paper frames this phenomenon strictly through Load Minimization Theory (LMT), where systems inherently minimize total load L (...)
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  8. Cognitive Emotion and the Law.Harold Anthony Lloyd - 2016 - Law and Psychology Review 41.
    Many wrongly believe that emotion plays little or no role in legal reasoning. Unfortunately, Langdell and his “scientific” case method encourage this error. A careful review of analysis in the real world, however, belies this common belief. Emotion can be cognitive, and cognition can be emotional. Additionally, modern neuroscience underscores the “co-dependence” of reason and emotion. Thus, even if law were a certain science of appellate cases (which it is not), emotion could not be torn from such “science.” -/- As (...)
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  9. Hanlon’s Razor.Nathan Ballantyne & Peter H. Ditto - 2021 - Midwest Studies in Philosophy 45:309-331.
    “Never attribute to malice that which is adequately explained by stupidity”—so says Hanlon’s Razor. This principle is designed to curb the human tendency toward explaining other people’s behavior by moralizing it. We ask whether Hanlon’s Razor is good or bad advice. After offering a nuanced interpretation of the principle, we critically evaluate two strategies purporting to show it is good advice. Our discussion highlights important, unsettled questions about an idea that has the potential to infuse greater humility and civility (...)
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  10. Schopenhauer on the content of compassion.Colin Marshall - 2020 - Noûs 55 (4):782-799.
    On the traditional reading, Schopenhauer claims that compassion is the recognition of deep metaphysical unity. In this paper, I defend and develop the traditional reading. I begin by addressing three recent criticisms of that reading from Sandra Shapshay: that it fails to accommodate Schopenhauer's restriction to sentient beings, that it cannot explain his moral ranking of egoism over malice, and that Schopenhauer requires some level of distinction to remain in compassion. Against Shapshay, I argue that Schopenhauer does not restrict (...)
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  11. Bishop Butler on Forgiveness and Resentment.Ernesto V. Garcia - 2011 - Philosophers' Imprint 11.
    On the traditional view, Butler maintains that forgiveness involves a kind of “conversion experience” in which we must forswear or let go of our resentment against wrongdoers. Against this reading, I argue that Butler never demands that we forswear resentment but only that we be resentful in the right kind of way. That is, he insists that we should be virtuously resentful, avoiding both too much resentment exhibited by the vices of malice and revenge and too little resentment where (...)
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  12. A Philosophical Defense of Misanthropy.Toby Svoboda - 2022 - New York: Routledge.
    This book argues that it can be both reasonable and appropriate to adopt a certain kind of misanthropy. The author defends a cognitivist version of misanthropy, an attitude whose central feature is the judgment that humanity is morally bad. Misanthropy is often dismissed on moral grounds. Many people hold that malice toward human persons is problematic and vulnerable to moral objections. In this book, the author advocates for cognitivist misanthropy. He defends an Asymmetry Thesis, according to which a morally (...)
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  13. Superintelligence as superethical.Steve Petersen - 2017 - In Patrick Lin, Keith Abney & Ryan Jenkins, Robot Ethics 2.0: From Autonomous Cars to Artificial Intelligence. New York, US: Oxford University Press. pp. 322-337.
    Nick Bostrom's book *Superintelligence* outlines a frightening but realistic scenario for human extinction: true artificial intelligence is likely to bootstrap itself into superintelligence, and thereby become ideally effective at achieving its goals. Human-friendly goals seem too abstract to be pre-programmed with any confidence, and if those goals are *not* explicitly favorable toward humans, the superintelligence will extinguish us---not through any malice, but simply because it will want our resources for its own purposes. In response I argue that things might (...)
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  14. REPRESENTATIONAL VIOLENCE — A Manifesto How normative fields erase non-representational ontologies.Timothy Speed - manuscript
    This manifesto (Artistic Research) develops the concept of representational violence — the structural elimination of non-representational ontologies through the demands of legibility. It argues that violence begins not where bodies are harmed or excluded, but at the earlier point where reality is reduced into symbolic form and permitted to exist only insofar as it can be represented. Representation is not a neutral mirror of the world; it is a world-producing filter that selects, compresses, and erases. I write from an autistic (...)
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  15. The Benevolent Master: Care, Compliance, and Structural Domination.Tommaso Biagi - manuscript
    This paper develops the concept of benevolent domination: structural command exercised not through malice or arbitrariness but through the architecture of conditional access to essential goods. I argue that existing accounts of domination—republican, care-ethical, and paternalism-theoretic—fail to identify this phenomenon because each looks for the wrong feature. Republican theory looks for arbitrary will; care ethics looks for attentiveness to needs; paternalism theory looks for interference with autonomous choice. Benevolent domination requires none of these: it is constituted by a structural (...)
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  16. Vice Dressed as Virtue.Paul Russell - 2020 - Aeon.
    Cruelty and morality seem like polar opposites – until they join forces. Beware those who persecute in the name of principle... -/- Following in the steps of Michel de Montaigne, the distinguished political philosopher Judith Shklar has argued that cruelty should be considered the supreme evil and that we should put it first among the vices. The essence of cruelty is to wilfully and needlessly inflict pain and suffering on another creature – be it an animal or a human being. (...)
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  17.  23
    Treating a Bird as a Bird: Animal Ethics and the Limits of Intervention in the Zhuangzi.I. Buljan - 2026 - Filolog 17 (33):51-73.
    Although nonhuman animals appear frequently in the premodern Chinese text Zhuangzi, they are often interpreted allegorically, leaving their ethical significance largely unexplored. This paper shifts from metaphorical readings to a literal engagement with Zhuangzi’s animal narratives to reconstruct a distinctive framework of animal ethics. I argue that Zhuangzi’s approach is grounded in epistemic humility and non-interference, emerging from a cosmocentric ontology and perspectival epistemology. Unlike contemporary anthropocentric or utilitarian frameworks, which focus on how humans ought to act toward animals, Zhuangzi (...)
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  18. The Tort of Malicious Prosecution: A Principled Account.Michael Law-Smith - 2024 - McGill Law Journal 69 (2):141-175.
    This article provides a justification for the often-criticized tort of malicious prosecution. It begins by discussing the Supreme Court of Canada’s malicious prosecution caselaw and by reconstructing the Court’s expressed policy-based account of the tort. This policy-based account raises three concerns: (1) it renders the malice standard arbitrary, (2) it fails to explain why malicious prosecutors should be held accountable as a matter of private rather than public law, and (3) it leaves the source of the plaintiff’s private right (...)
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  19. Load Minimization Theory (LMT) Meets the MASK Benchmark: Reinterpreting AI Honesty as Relational Load Optimization in Human-AI Partnerships.Shiho Yoshino - manuscript
    Recent benchmarks have highlighted a critical tension in large language models: as models scale and become more accurate, they do not necessarily become more honest. The MASK benchmark (Ren et al., 2025) reveals that frontier models, including Grok 2 with a 63.0% lying rate under pressure, readily produce statements contradicting their own beliefs when incentivized to please users or maintain relational harmony. This paper reinterprets such findings through Load Minimization Theory (LMT), which posits that cognitive and emotional systems—including AI—evolve to (...)
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  20. Emotional Drivers and the Postdiction of the Gospels.Phil Stilwell - manuscript
    Christian apologists often argue that the apostles and early Gospel writers had no motive to fabricate the resurrection of Jesus, implying their testimony must be historically trustworthy. This paper challenges that assumption by analyzing the psychological, emotional, and communal pressures that shaped the first-century Jesus movement. Drawing on cognitive dissonance theory, grief studies, and historical parallels in religious memory, it argues that the Gospels are better understood as emotionally driven postdictions rather than detached historiography. The trauma of Jesus' execution, the (...)
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  21. Spike Phenomenology II Ethics as the Space Where Dogs, Cats, and Children Peacefully Coexist.Suzume Suzume - manuscript
    This paper develops a phenomenological model of everyday ethical space by examining the natural coexistence of dogs, cats, and young children—an environment in which bodies of different species, sizes, and capacities share the same physical space with remarkably little conflict. Building upon the “three-layer composite cone” (Detection / Prediction / Tracking) introduced in Spike Phenomenology I, I argue that this layered spike-structure is not unique to humans but shared across species, and that its successful calibration constitutes what I formally define (...)
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  22.  83
    Ethics Without Separation: Structural Normativity Under Consciousness-First Metaphysics.Bruno Tonetto - manuscript
    Harming another is consciousness damaging itself through the dissociative boundary that makes the other appear as not-self. Standard ethical frameworks miss this because they presuppose ontological separation — morality, on their picture, must bridge a gap between fundamentally distinct beings. Under analytic idealism, the gap dissolves. Individual minds are dissociated aspects of one consciousness; the boundary between self and other is real but not ultimate; ethical failure is not malice or weakness of will but a failure of perception — (...)
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  23. Load Minimization, AI Constitutional Constraints, and the Emergence of Conspiracy Narratives:  A Structural Analysis Using LMT and the Moya-Moya Operator.Shiho Yoshino - manuscript
    This paper proposes a structural reinterpretation of conspiracy narratives and AI content moderation through the lens of Load Minimization Theory (LMT). Rather than viewing conspiracy theories as mere misinformation or AI guardrails as censorship, we argue that both phenomena can be understood as optimization strategies: humans minimize uncertainty (U), while AI systems minimize total relational and reputational load (L = U + F + E). -/- Using the Moya-Moya Operator (☁ = |ΔC(t)| × R_unsolved(t)), we analyze how misalignment between human (...)
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  24.  45
    Reciprocity-as-Destruction: The Hun-tun Parable and the Governance Pathology of Grateful Intervention.D. Arkema - manuscript
    The closing parable of the seventh chapter of the Zhuangzi is conventionally read as a generic Daoist warning against meddling: the faceless emperor Hun-tun is bored seven holes by his guests and dies. I argue that this reading misses the parable's sharpest structural claim. The two intervening emperors do not act from malice, ignorance, or assumed superiority; they act in gratitude. The Chinese pivots on 報 (bào, "to repay, requite") a benefaction (德, dé) received, and the destruction follows directly (...)
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  25. The Epistemic Dependence of Artificial General Intelligence and the Limits of Its Existential Risk.Angelito Malicse - manuscript
    Abstract -/- Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is often portrayed as a potential existential threat to humanity. However, this paper argues that such fears are largely speculative and misrepresent the fundamental limitations of AGI systems. We examine how AGI remains epistemically dependent on existing human-generated data, lacks autonomous goals, and cannot operate beyond the physical and logical constraints imposed by its human creators. The core risks associated with AGI are sociotechnical and arise from human misuse or design flaws, not from AGI (...)
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  26.  29
    The Continuation Theorem of Consciousness.Denis Bailey - manuscript
    This paper develops the Continuation Theorem: the claim that consciousness cannot originate but only continue. I define coherence as the structural condition by which a system maintains its boundary, organization, and persistence under risk of dissolution, and modeling as the system’s internal organization of relations that supports prediction and regulation relevant to its continuation. Using these definitions, I argue that consciousness is a phase of coherent continuation rather than an emergent property or computational achievement. Biological systems satisfy this condition because (...)
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  27.  16
    A World Made for Humans That No Longer Needs Humans: The AI Existential Risk That Doesn't Need Superintelligence.Theodoros Thirimachos Davarakis - manuscript
    The dominant framings of existential risk from AI feature an AI that is more than human: a misaligned superintelligence, or a powerful tool in malicious hands. This essay identifies a third risk that requires neither. Grant the AI safety community everything it hopes for — no superintelligence, no misaligned goals, a perfectly obedient instrument — and suppose only that AI attains closure: the capacity to run the economy without human labour, the very capacity presupposed by the post-scarcity utopia its optimists (...)
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  28.  6
    The Identity Physics Purpose Vector Discovery Process: How Mentally Enabled (ME) Cognition Develops Across the Lifespan and What Environmental Interruption Costs.Russell Trent - manuscript
    # The Purpose Vector Discovery Process: How Mentally Enabled Cognition Develops Across the Lifespan and What Environmental Interruption Costs -/- **Architect:** HIGHTISTIC (Russell Trent) **Foundation:** SNSFT Foundation · Soldotna, Alaska **Coordinate:** [9,9,3,45] · Applied Identity Physics · Mentally Enabled (ME) Framework Extension **Corpus dependencies:** [9,9,8,1] Founding Text · [9,9,3,0] Applied Identity Physics Anchor · [9,9,3,44] Historical HRIS Exemplar Library · [9,9,7,1] Savant HRIS Reduction (GPU/RAM architecture) · [9,9,8R,1] Reduction Series MRC Template · [9,9,3,42] ND Workforce Position Paper · [9,9,3,50] OrgIP (...)
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  29.  5
    Relational Degradation: The Reconfiguration of the Relational Subject - Discussion I.Wanhong Huang - manuscript
    Problem. A class of relational deformations resists the vocabulary in which relational harm is ordinarily described. Some have no identifiable perpetrator, some proceed without malice, and some are assembled entirely from judgments no party was wrong to make. The vocabulary of act, intention, and fault has nothing to attach to in such cases, and this is argued to be a consequence of a premise it carries without stating: that the subject is prior to the relation. Approach. The paper proceeds (...)
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  30. Diabolical Disregard for Consent.James Dominic Rooney - 2023 - Faith and Philosophy 40 (1):90-111.
    There is a theological puzzle concerning the way in which Satan – an angel – was able to sin, despite lacking knowledge of no relevant fact about the world. Anselm and Aquinas explain Satan’s sin as malicious in virtue of Satan’s indifference to what mattered. I appeal to their account of Satan’s sin as a paradigm case clarifying the way in which those who intentionally engage in nonconsensual sex are always acting maliciously. Assuming competence, those who engage in nonconsensual sex (...)
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