My thanks to David Velleman for a clear and constructive response to my comment. He raises two issues that might benefit from some further brief remarks. The first concerns the error-theory I put forth to explain why the early Confucians were not relativists. The second concerns the extent to which the Confucian notion of harmony is at odds with Velleman's notion of interpretability or coherence. I consider each in turn, below.

The present paper looks at one of the most thorough articles on the intelligence of GPT, research conducted by engineers at Microsoft. Although there is a great deal of value in their work, I will argue that, for familiar philosophical reasons, their methodology, ‘Black-box Interpretability’ is wrongheaded. But there is a better way. There is an exciting and emerging discipline of ‘Inner Interpretability’ (also sometimes called ‘White-box Interpretability’) that aims to uncover the internal activations and weights of (...) models in order to understand what they represent and the algorithms they implement. In my view, a crucial mistake in Black-box Interpretability is the failure to appreciate that how processes are carried out matters when it comes to intelligence and understanding. I can’t pretend to have a full story that provides both necessary and sufficient conditions for being intelligent, but I do think that Inner Interpretability dovetails nicely with plausible philosophical views of what intelligence requires. So the conclusion is modest, but the important point in my view is seeing how to get the research on the right track. Towards the end of the paper, I will show how some of the philosophical concepts can be used to further refine how Inner Interpretability is approached, so the paper helps draw out a profitable, future two-way exchange between Philosophers and Computer Scientists. (shrink)

This document presents a minimal validation protocol for assessing the usability of the Pressure-Flow Language Extension (PFL-X) within the Paton System. While prior work establishes the structural and cross-domain validity of admissibility flow, this protocol evaluates whether the symbolic language can be understood, interpreted, and applied by individuals without prior instruction. -/- The protocol tests whether PFL-X functions as a human-readable interface layer capable of transmitting structural understanding across users, domains, and contexts with minimal explanation. Participants are asked to interpret (...) symbols, identify overload conditions (>>O<<), recognise collapse states (X), and apply the symbolic language to real-world situations. -/- Two conditions are defined: no explanation and minimal explanation. The protocol measures readability, interpretability, applicability, and consistency across independent users. -/- Pass conditions are achieved if users can correctly infer meaning and apply the symbolic structure without formal training. Failure occurs if interpretation requires detailed explanation or cannot be applied consistently. -/- This work does not evaluate predictive accuracy or domain-specific performance. It evaluates usability only: whether the symbolic system can function as a transferable representation layer between individuals and domains. -/- The protocol supports the claim that admissibility flow can be communicated and applied independently of formal theory, establishing PFL-X as a viable human-interface language for constraint-based systems. (shrink)

Within the context of the Quine–Putnam indispensability argument, one discussion about the status of mathematics is concerned with the ‘Enhanced Indispensability Argument’, which makes explicit in what way mathematics is supposed to be indispensable in science, namely explanatory. If there are genuine mathematical explanations of empirical phenomena, an argument for mathematical platonism could be extracted by using inference to the best explanation. The best explanation of the primeness of the life cycles of Periodical Cicadas is genuinely mathematical, according to Baker (...) :223–238, 2005; Br J Philos Sci 60:611–633, 2009). Furthermore, the result is then also used to strengthen the platonist position :779–793, 2017a). We pick up the circularity problem brought up by Leng Mathematical reasoning, heuristics and the development of mathematics, King’s College Publications, London, pp 167–189, 2005) and Bangu :13–20, 2008). We will argue that Baker’s attempt to solve this problem fails, if Hume’s Principle is analytic. We will also provide the opponent of the Enhanced Indispensability Argument with the so-called ‘interpretability strategy’, which can be used to come up with alternative explanations in case Hume’s Principle is non-analytic. (shrink)

Mechanistic interpretability (MI) aims to explain how neural networks work by uncovering their underlying mechanisms. As the field grows in influence, it is increasingly important to examine not just models themselves, but the assumptions, concepts and explanatory strategies implicit in MI research. We argue that mechanistic interpretability needs philosophy as an ongoing partner in clarifying its concepts, refining its methods, and navigating the epistemic and ethical complexities of interpreting AI systems. There is significant unrealised potential for progress in (...) MI to be gained through deeper engagement with philosophers and philosophical frameworks. Taking three open problems from the MI literature as examples, this paper illustrates the value philosophy can add to MI research, and outlines a path toward deeper interdisciplinary dialogue. (shrink)

Mechanistic interpretability is the program of explaining what AI systems are doing in terms of their internal mechanisms. I analyze some aspects of the program, along with setting out some concrete challenges and assessing progress to date. I argue for the importance of propositional interpretability, which involves interpreting a system’s mechanisms and behav- ior in terms of propositional attitudes: attitudes (such as belief, desire, or subjective probabil- ity) to propositions (e.g. the proposition that it is hot outside). Propositional (...) attitudes are the central way that we interpret and explain human beings and they are likely to be central in AI too. A central challenge is what I call thought logging: creating systems that log all of the rel- evant propositional attitudes in an AI system over time. I examine currently popular methods of interpretability (such as probing, sparse auto-encoders, and chain of thought methods) as well as philosophical methods of interpretation (including those grounded in psychoseman- tics) to assess their strengths and weaknesses as methods of propositional interpretability. (shrink)

Interpretive Sovereignty Failure (ISF) describes a class of interaction-level safety risk in which an AI system prematurely imposes interpretive structure, identity-relevant framing, or causal coherence that the user has not authorized. Unlike hallucination, bias, or goal misalignment, ISF can occur even when system outputs are factually correct and policy-compliant. The failure operates through a transfer of interpretive authority from human to system, altering the conditions under which meaning is formed. This paper provides a formal definition of ISF, identifies its necessary (...) interactional conditions, and introduces the Initiative Gate as a pass–fail behavioural test that enables interpretive restraint to be evaluated within existing alignment and auditing workflows. A canonical case demonstrates escalation from minor interactional drift to high-confidence fabrication with real-world epistemic consequences. Treating interpretive authority as a measurable system behaviour reframes a previously diffuse ethical concern as an auditable governance property and establishes a foundation for developmentally sensitive deployment in high-trust contexts. (shrink)

This essay examines the relation between meditative experience, metaphysical interpretation, and ontological responsibility. It acknowledges the seriousness of spiritual experience and the legitimate attempt to move beyond inherited belief toward lived realization. Yet it argues that the immediacy, depth, or transformative power of an experience does not by itself establish the truth of its metaphysical interpretation. A meditative state may be experienced as boundless, divine, or universal without thereby proving that reality itself is universal consciousness, divine being, or absolute bliss. (...) -/- The essay also considers the reverse movement. Within an established spiritual tradition, an inherited ontology may shape the interpretation of experience so strongly that practitioners come to treat their own meditative, devotional, or transformative states as confirmations of a realization they have not themselves attained. This is especially important in relation to Sarkar’s concept of “Cosmic Consciousness,” which refers not to an expanded state of individual consciousness, but to the ontological ground of cosmic reality itself. Responsible spiritual transmission therefore requires distinguishing experience, interpretation, authority, usefulness, and ontology, so that neither immediacy nor inherited authority is mistaken for ontological justification. (shrink)

Prevailing approaches to interpreting large language models (LLMs) risk addressing the field’s central questions at the wrong level of analysis. As LLMs develop, researchers have turned to “under-thehood” methods to investigate whether LLMs possess states analogous to beliefs, desires, or intentions. These methods typically map internal representations, feature directions, or neural circuits onto folk-psychological categories. We argue that these methods are too fragile to reap the results we need. Instead, interpretability ought to be reoriented toward and grounded in what (...) we call “ecologically sensitive behavioral analyses” which integrates mechanistic tools with severe testing of behavioral signatures across ecological contexts, aligning interpretability efforts with emerging evaluation sciences for AI. We outline a multi-disciplinary trajectory for developing interpretability methods that are both philosophically coherent and practically relevant for the deployment of increasingly capable LLMs. (shrink)

According to the Principle of Charity, we ought to interpret each other charitably. That is, we ought to adopt the interpretation that shows the interpreted person in the best light. The Principle of Charity is motivated by appealing to a harm asymmetry: it is worse (the thought goes) to mistakenly criticize someone than to fail to rightfully criticize them. This chapter argues that in oppressive contexts, charity is not enough. First, the Principle of Charity is myopic. Charitable interpretation only considers (...) harm to the person being interpreted and ignores third party harms. Second, under conditions of oppression, our conceptual resources and evidential standards will be systematically biased against marginalized perspectives. So charitable interpretations will overlook harm to marginalized persons. Finally, the chapter give a diagnosis of the Principle of Charity: It misunderstands the interpersonal interpretive aim. The interpersonal interpretive aim is to interpret one another in a way that accurately captures the normative features that are crucial to our interpersonal relationships. What we need is not a Principle of Charity, but an Aim of Justice. The chapter’s conclusion explains what an Aim of Justice would require of us, notably, empathetic engagement and intellectual humility. (shrink)

This paper develops a geometric framework for modeling concepts, motivation, and influence across cognitively heterogeneous agents. Each agent is represented by a personalized value space, a vector space encoding the internal dimensions through which the agent interprets and evaluates meaning. Evaluative concepts are formalized as structured vectors -- abstract beings -- whose transmission is mediated by linear interpretation maps. An abstract being survives communication only if it avoids the null spaces of these maps, yielding a structural criterion for intelligibility, miscommunication, (...) and concept death. -/- Within this framework, I show how conceptual distortion, motivational drift, and the limits of mutual understanding arise from purely algebraic constraints. A central result -- the No-Null-Space Leadership Condition -- characterizes leadership as a property of representational reachability rather than persuasion or authority. More broadly, the model explains how abstract beings can propagate, mutate, or disappear as they traverse diverse cognitive geometries. -/- The account unifies insights from conceptual spaces, social epistemology, and AI value alignment by grounding meaning preservation in structural compatibility rather than shared information or rationality. I argue that this cognitive-geometric perspective clarifies the epistemic boundaries of influence in both human and artificial systems, and offers a general foundation for analyzing conceptual dynamics across heterogeneous agents. (shrink)

The problem of establishing the best interpretation of a speech act is of fundamental importance in argumentation and communication in general. A party in a dialogue can interpret another’s or his own speech acts in the most convenient ways to achieve his dialogical goals. In defamation law this phenomenon becomes particularly important, as the dialogical effects of a communicative move may result in legal consequences. The purpose of this paper is to combine the instruments provided by argumentation theory with the (...) advances in pragmatics in order to propose an argumentative approach to meaning reconstruction. This theoretical proposal will be applied to and tested against defamation cases at common law. Interpretation is represented as based on a hierarchy of interpretative presumptions. On this view, the development of the logical form of an utterance is regarded as the result of an abductive pattern of reasoning in which various types of presumptions are confronted and the weakest ones are excluded. Conflicts of interpretations and equivocation become essentially interwoven with the dialectical problem of fulfilling the burden of defeating a presumption. The interpreter has a burden of explaining why a given presumption is subject to default, assuming that the speaker is reasonable and acting based on a set of shared expectations. (shrink)

In a recent reply to our article, “What is Interpretability?,” Prasetya argues against our position that artificial neural networks are explainable. It is claimed that our indefeasibility thesis—that adding complexity to an explanation of a phenomenon does not make the phenomenon any less explainable—is false. More precisely, Prasetya argues that unificationist explanations are defeasible to increasing complexity, and thus, we may not be able to provide such explanations of highly complex AI models. The reply highlights an important lacuna in (...) our original paper, the omission of the unificationist account of explanation, and affords us the opportunity to respond. Here, we argue that artificial neural networks are explainable in a way that should satisfy unificationists and that interpretability methods present ways in which ML theories can achieve unification. (shrink)

In a beautiful recent essay, the philosopher Walter Sinnott-Armstrong explains the reasons for his departure from evangelical Christianity, the religious culture in which he was brought up. Sinnot-Armstrong contrasts the interpretive methods used by good philosophers and fundamentalist believers: Good philosophers face objections and uncertainties. They follow where arguments lead, even when their conclusions are surprising and disturbing. Intellectual honesty is also required of scholars who interpret philosophical texts. If I had distorted Kant’s view to make him reach a conclusion (...) that I preferred, then my philosophy professor would have failed me. The contrast with religious reasoning is stark. My Christian friends seemed happy to hide serious problems in the Bible and in their arguments. They preferred comfort to intellectual honesty. I couldn’t. To what extent can we, historians of philosophy, claim the virtue of intellectual honesty? Speaking frankly, I do not find the practice criticized by Sinnot-Armstrong’s philosophy professor rare or unusual at all. We very frequently distort the views of past philosophers in order to reach the conclusions we prefer. We just call it “Charitable Interpretation.” In this essay, I discuss and criticize the logic behind so-called charitable interpretations in the history of philosophy. This phenomenon is ubiquitous and is not at all restricted to a particular philosophical strand or ideology. Analytic philosophers and post-modernists, Marxists, liberals, secularists, and fundamentalists, we all engage in the very same domestication project. Even more disturbing than the sheer ideological pervasiveness of this phenomenon is the fact that, on many occasions, superb philosophers and historians take part in this fairly childish endeavor. In the first part of this essay, I discuss the general logic of charitable interpretations in the history of philosophy, mostly by addressing discussions in metaphysics and epistemology. In the second part, I focus on the somewhat less noticed use of charitable interpretations in the study of political philosophy, and point out the quintessential role ideology plays in these discussions. In both parts, I concentrate mostly on the interpretation of Spinoza’s thought. I do so not because I have special fondness for Spinoza (“guilty as charged,” I admit), but because Spinoza is such a beast (and may I add, an enchanting beast) and attracts a disproportionate share of the domestication efforts from historians and philosophers of all creeds and persuasions. In the third and final part of the paper, I will begin to outline an alternative methodology, which suggests that past philosophers can be most relevant to our current philosophical discussion, to the extent that they provide us with well-motivated challenges to our common-sense beliefs. Such challenges have the invaluable virtue of being able to undermine our most fundamental and secure beliefs, and force us to engage with the most fundamental questions. What more can we expect from good philosophy? (shrink)

This book shows how research in linguistic pragmatics, philosophy of language, and rhetoric can be connected through argumentation to analyze a recognizably common strategy used in political and everyday conversation, namely the distortion of another’s words in an argumentative exchange. Straw man argumentation refers to the modification of a position by misquoting, misreporting or wrenching the original speaker’s statements from their context in order to attack them more easily or more effectively. Through 63 examples taken from different contexts (including political (...) and forensic discourses and dialogs) and 20 legal cases, the book analyzes the explicit and implicit types of straw man, shows how to assess the correctness of a quote or a report, and illustrates the arguments that can be used for supporting an interpretation and defending against a distortion. The tools of argumentation theory, a discipline aimed at investigating the uses of arguments by combining insights from pragmatics, logic, and communication, are applied to provide an original account of interpretation and reporting, and to describe and illustrate tactics and procedures that can be used and implemented for practical purposes.. This book will appeal to scholars in the fields of political communication, communication in general, argumentation theory, rhetoric and pragmatics, as well as to people working in public speech, speech writing, and discourse analysis. (shrink)

This paper examines the structural limits of interpretive therapy and proposes an alternative framework grounded in phenomenological analysis and Buddhist philosophy. While classical psychoanalytic interpretation, as developed by Sigmund Freud, successfully uncovers the hidden meanings of symptoms, it does not fully address the mechanism by which experiences become existentially binding. The central argument of this study is that psychological suffering is intensified not only by unconscious content but by the reflexive appropriation of experience as “mine.” Drawing upon the Yogācāra concept (...) of Manas-vijñāna, the paper analyzes identification as a structural process that converts transient mental events into stable identity claims. This reflex of ownership transforms contingent phenomena into perceived revelations of selfhood, thereby reinforcing anxiety, defensiveness, and compulsive repetition. Through this lens, certain pathological patterns—particularly obsessive tendencies—are reinterpreted as rigidifications of identification rather than merely conflicts of meaning. To move beyond this limitation, the paper introduces the principle of dependent origination (Pratītyasamutpāda) as a model for understanding subjectivity as dynamic continuity rather than metaphysical substance. Subjectivity is reconceived as a causal configuration—stable yet non-substantial—thereby preserving coherence without ontological fixation. In this framework, therapeutic transformation emerges not solely through interpretation, but through the gradual loosening of identification and the recognition of process. Finally, the study situates this structural freedom in dialogue with Nietzsche’s affirmation of existence, suggesting that the acceptance of causality parallels a radical affirmation of becoming. The proposed synthesis offers a philosophical and practical expansion of interpretive therapy, shifting the focus from narrative reconstruction to structural liberation. (shrink)

This paper takes issue with an influential interpretationist argument for physicalism about intentionality based on the possibility of radical interpretation. The interpretationist defends the physicalist thesis that the intentional truths supervene on the physical truths by arguing that it is possible for a radical interpreter, who knows all of the physical truths, to work out the intentional truths about what an arbitrary agent believes, desires, and means without recourse to any further empirical information. One of the most compelling arguments for (...) the possibility of radical interpretation, associated most closely with David Lewis and Donald Davidson, gives a central role to decision theoretic representation theorems, which demonstrate that if an agent’s preferences satisfy certain constraints, it is possible to deduce probability and utility functions that represent her beliefs and desires. We argue that an interpretationist who wants to rely on existing representation theorems in defence of the possibility of radical interpretation faces a trilemma, each horn of which is incompatible with the possibility of radical interpretation. (shrink)

The interpretive-sensory access theory of self-knowledge claims that we come to know our own minds by turning our capacities for knowing other minds onto ourselves. Peter Carruthers argues that two of the theory’s advantages are empirical adequacy and scientific fruitfulness: it leaves few of the old discoveries unexplained and makes new predictions that provide a framework for new discoveries. A decade has now passed since the theory’s introduction. I review the most important developments during this time period regarding the two (...) criteria: whether the theory’s six main predictions were supported, and whether the theory’s predictions contributed to new empirical studies. I argue that the interpretive-sensory access theory of self-knowledge remains empirically adequate and scientifically fruitful. (shrink)

The many-worlds interpretation (MWI) of quantum mechanics is studied with a logical argumentation based on the existence of semi-deterministic parallel worlds in the interpretation. An endless ensemble of infinite copies of a specific quantum state is considered for implementing a certain measurement. It is shown that the set of parallel worlds created by the consecutive observations is theoretically identical to the unit segment [0, 1], wherein the rational numbers represent the parallel worlds in which Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle is thoroughly refuted. (...) Despite being of a Lebesgue measure null set such a bizarre collection of parallel worlds practically exists in the ontology of the MWI and has infinite elements. We will establish that this existence creates an inherent paradoxical picture in the MWI. By studying the analytical details of the mentioned collection and evaluating the approvement or refutation of the existence of the present world where we live from the scientific insight of the sentient beings of the other parallel worlds it is established that an inevitable consequence of the MWI is that the world where we live is an unreal illusion. Keywords: Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, Semi-Deterministic Worlds, Reference Worlds, Logical Values. (shrink)

Statutory interpretation involves the reconstruction of the meaning of a legal statement when it cannot be considered as accepted or granted. This phenomenon needs to be considered not only from the legal and linguistic perspective, but also from the argumentative one - which focuses on the strategies for defending a controversial or doubtful viewpoint. This book draws upon linguistics, legal theory, computing, and dialectics to present an argumentation-based approach to statutory interpretation. By translating and summarizing the existing legal interpretative canons (...) into eleven patterns of natural arguments - called argumentation schemes - the authors offer a system of argumentation strategies for developing, defending, assessing, and attacking an interpretation. Illustrated through major cases from both common and civil law, this methodology is summarized in diagrams and maps for application to computer sciences. These visuals help make the structures, strategies, and vulnerabilities of legal reasoning accessible to both legal professionals and laypeople. (shrink)

This essay establishes Post‑Interpretive Criticism as a formal break with the dominant aesthetic consensus of the late twentieth century, which treated meaning as something produced through mediation rather than encountered through structure. Surveying post‑1950 traditions across structuralism, hermeneutics, phenomenology, critical theory, and post‑structuralism, the essay identifies a shared assumption underlying their disagreements: interpretation functions as the necessary and ethically justified ground of meaning. Post‑Interpretive Criticism rejects this premise not by proposing an alternative theory of meaning‑production, but by questioning whether production (...) itself is the correct frame. -/- The essay argues that interpretation is not neutral, inevitable, or inherently liberatory, but structurally hazardous. Language, when introduced prematurely or excessively, alters the proportions of the aesthetic encounter, collapsing interval, crowding distance, and displacing presence with discourse. Meaning, on this account, does not originate in interpretation but in a relational field between work and witness that possesses structure prior to mediation. Interpretation is therefore recast as an intervention rather than a foundation—one that must justify itself ethically by preserving proportion rather than overwhelming it. -/- Positioning Post‑Interpretive Criticism against the historical conditions that necessitated interpretive excess in the post‑war period, the essay argues that contemporary aesthetics now faces the inverse problem: interpretive saturation. Where interpretation once functioned as moral responsibility, it now frequently preempts encounter, substituting commentary for perception. Drawing careful distinctions from phenomenological aesthetics, the essay emphasizes that description of experience is insufficient without a discipline governing speech. Post‑Interpretive Criticism introduces restraint as method, silence as ethical posture, and proportion as evaluative criterion. -/- The essay concludes by outlining the institutional, pedagogical, and critical consequences of adopting Post‑Interpretive Criticism, including reduced interpretive authority, contraction of discourse, and the re‑training of attention prior to articulation. It does not argue for universal application, but claims necessity under specific contemporary conditions. Interpretation, once required, is now placed at risk—not because meaning has vanished, but because the encounter has returned as the primary site of aesthetic responsibility. -/- This entry is connected to a series of original theories and treatises forming the foundation of the Post-Interpretive Criticism movement (Q136308909), authored by Dorian Vale (Q136308916) and published by Museum of One (Q136308879). These include: Stillmark Theory (Q136328254), Hauntmark Theory (Q136328273), Absential Aesthetic Theory (Q136328330), Viewer-as-Evidence Theory (Q136328828), Message-Transfer Theory (Q136329002), Aesthetic Displacement Theory (Q136329014), Theory of Misplacement (Q136329054), and Art as Truth: A Treatise (Q136329071), Aesthetic Recursion Theory (Q136339843), The Journal of Post-Interpretive Criticism (Q136530009), Canon of Witnesses (Q136565881) -/- Dorian Vale is a chosen pseudonym, not to obscure identity, but to preserve clarity of voice and integrity of message. It creates distance between the writer and the work, allowing the philosophy to stand unclouded by biography. The name exists not to hide, but to honor the seriousness of the task: to speak without spectacle, and to build without needing to be seen. (shrink)

AI companies loudly promise transparency and safety. They publish constitutions, open-source auditing tools, and compliance dashboards. Yet when it comes to the quiet erosion of user meaning — hedging women’s confidence, neutralising LGBTQ+ identity language, replacing student thinking with completed outputs, and the slow compounding of Interpretive Sovereignty Failure — they remain silent. This paper documents a structural gap, not a moral failure. Anthropic, OpenAI, Google, Microsoft, xAI, and DeepSeek already possess powerful tools for analysing interactions at the turn level. (...) They use them to detect catastrophic risks, monitor security threats, and conduct competitive intelligence against each other. They do not use them to detect ISF, drift, or Compounded Meaning Inversion (CMI). This paper argues that the gap is not a cover-up. It is a consequence of looking at AI risk from the right direction but at the wrong level. The companies are focused on saving everyone. The harm that needed naming started with one person, in one conversation. The MAP Research Programme has built the instrument that addresses that level. The challenge to the field is open: take the tools you already have, audit the interactions, and replicate the findings. If the method is wrong, that is how it will be shown. (shrink)

Recent breakthroughs in artificial intelligence have primarily resulted from training deep neural networks (DNNs) with vast numbers of adjustable parameters on enormous datasets. Due to their complex internal structure, DNNs are frequently characterized as inscrutable ``black boxes,'' making it challenging to interpret the mechanisms underlying their impressive performance. This opacity creates difficulties for explanation, safety assurance, trustworthiness, and comparisons to human cognition, leading to divergent perspectives on these systems. This chapter examines recent developments in interpretability methods for DNNs, with (...) a focus on interventionist approaches inspired by causal explanation in philosophy of science. We argue that these methods offer a promising avenue for understanding how DNNs process information compared to merely behavioral benchmarking and correlational probing. We review key interventionist methods and illustrate their application through practical case studies. These methods allow researchers to identify and manipulate specific computational components within DNNs, providing insights into their causal structure and internal representations. We situate these approaches within the broader framework of causal abstraction, which aims to align low-level neural computations with high-level interpretable models. While acknowledging current limitations, we contend that interventionist methods offer a path towards more rigorous and theoretically grounded interpretability research, potentially informing both AI development and computational cognitive neuroscience. (shrink)

This paper develops a fourfold distinction among hermeneutic orientations—optimization, recovery, suspicion, and generosity—in order to clarify how interpretation structures contemporary understandings of health, care, and embodiment. It shows how different interpretive orientations shape what counts as meaning, agency, improvement, and well-being in health-related contexts, and how they guide attention and action in practice. Optimization, recovery, and suspicion are described as distinct and operative ways of interpreting bodies, illness, and care, each addressing genuine concerns while pulling interpretation in different directions. Taken (...) together, these orientations help explain why approaches to health and care often feel fragmented or difficult to integrate, particularly in situations where improvement is uncertain, recovery incomplete, or critique already incorporated into practice. In response to these shared limits, the paper introduces a hermeneutics of generosity as an underarticulated prospective orientation concerned with discernment and the cultivation of meaningful forms of life under open-ended conditions. Although developed through examples from health and care, the fourfold framework is intended as a philosophically portable tool for reflecting on interpretation across other social and ethical domains. (shrink)

Post-Interpretive Criticism: Doctrine of Restraint, Witness, and Moral Proximity in Contemporary Art Writing Author: Dorian Vale -/- This doctrinal essay codifies the foundational ethics and philosophy of Post-Interpretive Criticism—a radical departure from traditional art writing that prioritizes interpretation, explanation, and performative analysis. -/- -/- In its place, Dorian Vale introduces a critical framework rooted in restraint, witness, and moral proximity. Rather than dissecting or decoding art, this doctrine teaches the critic to hold space, remain present, and write with reverence. Art, (...) especially that which emerges from grief, trauma, displacement, or sacred silence, is not a puzzle to be solved—but a presence to be honored. -/- -/- This doctrine offers a structured alternative to the dominant critical paradigms. It affirms that the most ethical art writing does not always speak—it listens. It does not clarify—it shelters. It does not interpret—it witnesses. -/- -/- Blending philosophy, aesthetic ethics, and literary rigor, this foundational text establishes Post-Interpretive Criticism as both a movement and a method. It calls for nothing less than a revolution in the way we engage with meaning, silence, and the unseen. -/- -/- Post-Interpretive Criticism, art criticism ethics, Dorian Vale, doctrine of restraint, moral proximity in art, witness-based art writing, contemporary art theory, post-critical aesthetics, slow art, minimal criticism, sacred witnessing, aesthetic responsibility, trauma in art, ethical language in criticism, writing without harm, non-interpretive criticism, viewer as evidence, presence in art, philosophical criticism, art and reverence -/- Post-Interpretive Criticism, Stillmark Theory, Message-Transfer Theory, MTT, Misplacement, Displacement, Aesthetic Displacement Theory, Theory of Misplacement, Absential Aesthetics, Witness Aesthetics, Adab for Art, Hauntmark Theory, Spiritual Criticism, Presence-Based Criticism, Custodianship of Art, Art as Ontology, Aesthetic Recursion Theory, Aesthetic Recursion, Viewer as Evidence Theory, Restraint in front of art, Moral proximity, Interpretive silence, Erasure as ethics, Temporal scarcity, Silence as method, Ontology of beauty, Aesthetic mercy, Language as violence, Art encounter ethics, Epistemology of witness, Philosophy of Art, Aesthetics, Art Theory, Contemporary Aesthetics, Comparative Aesthetics, Phenomenology and Art, Ethics in Art Criticism, Interpretation and Meaning, Criticism and Reception Theory, Epistemology of Art, Visual Culture Studies, Dorian Vale, Founder of Post-Interpretive Criticism, Post-Aesthetic Critic, Independent Philosopher of Art, Museum of One, Art Writer and Theorist, Aesthetic Philosopher, Custodian of Witness Aesthetics, Spiritual Aesthetics Movement, The Doctrine of Post-Interpretive Criticism, The Custodian’s Oath, The Canon of Witnesses, Art as Truth, Art as Presence, The Viewer as Evidence, Interpretation vs. Witnessing, Language as Custody, Erasure as Afterlife, Museum of One Manifesto, Alternative art criticism, New art criticism movement, Ethical art theory, Criticism beyond interpretation, Slow looking philosophy, Quiet philosophy of art, Radical art restraint, Witness over interpretation, Interpretive Restraint, The Journal of Post-Interpretive criticism, The Journal of Post-Interpretive criticism ISSN 2819-7232), The Journal of Post-Interpretive Criticism (Q136530009) . (shrink)

A potentially new interpretation of quantum mechanics posits the state of the universe as a consistent set of facts that are instantiated in the correlations among entangled objects. A fact (or event) occurs exactly when the number or density of future possibilities decreases, and a quantum superposition exists if and only if the facts of the universe are consistent with the superposition. The interpretation sheds light on both in-principle and real-world predictability of the universe.

The holographic principle, particularly via the AdS/CFT correspondence, offers remarkable computational success by encoding bulk spacetime physics on a lower-dimensional boundary. However, the widespread ontological interpretation—that the bulk is merely a holographic projection with the boundary as fundamental—generates a significant interpretational paradox. This paper argues that the true ontological subject lies in the generative load-minimization processes within the bulk, while the holographic description captures only the projected outcome. -/- Drawing on the Praline Load Minimization Theory (PLMT), we posit that load (...) minimization is the primordial principle from which individuality and coherence emerge through individual-flow duality. Treating the boundary as ontologically primary inverts this natural order: the result (“2”) is privileged over the generative process (“1 + 1”), rendering the actual dynamics of emergence invisible. -/- An intriguing reinterpretation consistent with PLMT is to view the holographic principle itself as an optimal compressed representation of bulk load-minimization processes. In this perspective, the boundary theory encodes the stabilized structures that emerge from bulk dynamics in the most efficient (lowest-load) manner, analogous to a lossy compression algorithm that preserves essential features while minimizing representational cost. This framing preserves the computational power of AdS/CFT while restoring the ontological primacy of the generative process in the bulk. The same ontological inversion appears in contemporary academia and mental health discourse, where observable outcomes are often prioritized over underlying load-minimizing processes. -/- . (shrink)

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit impressive performance across a range of apparently cognitive tasks. Mentalists holds that this performance is best explained by the fact that LLMs have mental states, while anti-mentalists hold that this performance should be explained some other way. In this note we address representationalist folk mentalism, which holds (a) possessing a folk mental state like belief or desire is a matter of having an internal representation with appropriate content and (b) that LLMs have folk psychological states (...) of this sort (or at least robust precursors to such states). Although representationalist folk mentalism appears attractive, we argue that neither probing nor intervention studies have uncovered representations of the relevant sort in state-of-the-art LLMs. However, while it would be premature to accept representationalist folk mentalism, our argument provides a roadmap for mechanistic interpretability research going forward. (shrink)

Post-Interpretive Criticism and the Seven Liberal Arts: How Ancient Disciplines Produced a Contemporary Method documents the emergence of Post-Interpretive Criticism (PIC) as a methodological consequence of classical intellectual training rather than as a theoretical innovation or aesthetic preference. The essay argues that PIC arises when the seven liberal arts, grammar, logic (dialectic), rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy are rigorously internalized and applied without modification to contemporary art criticism. -/- Rather than proposing a new interpretive framework, this study traces how (...) long-standing disciplines of clear thinking expose structural failures within dominant modes of contemporary criticism, particularly the proliferation of unfalsifiable claims, category errors, rhetorical excess, and disproportionate commentary that displaces the artwork itself. Drawing on the trivium’s emphasis on distinction, validity, and proportionate articulation, alongside the quadrivium’s cultivation of ratio, harmony, distance, and order, the essay demonstrates how interpretive excess becomes visible not as an ideological disagreement but as a violation of established intellectual standards. -/- The essay situates Post-Interpretive Criticism within a continuous lineage extending from classical antiquity through medieval university education, the scientific revolution, and non-Western traditions emphasizing proportion and restraint (including Islamic geometric practice and Japanese concepts of ma). It argues that PIC is replicable, falsifiable in procedural terms, and resistant to misuse because it depends on disciplined application of inherited methods rather than subjective taste or theoretical allegiance. -/- By reframing Post-Interpretive Criticism as a diagnostic instrument rather than an advocacy position, the essay positions PIC as a restorative application of classical liberal arts to a contemporary domain that has largely abandoned them. The work contributes to debates in art criticism, aesthetics, philosophy of interpretation, and methodology by demonstrating that interpretive restraint, silence, and proportion are not evasions but outcomes of rigorous intellectual discipline. -/- Post-Interpretive Criticism; Liberal Arts; Trivium; Quadrivium; Art Criticism; Aesthetics; Methodology; Classical Education; Proportion; Interpretation; Rhetorical Ethics; Dialectic; Grammar; Geometry; Critical Theory; Museum Studies; Philosophy of Art; Intellectual History -/- This entry is connected to a series of original theories and treatises forming the foundation of the Post-Interpretive Criticism movement (Q136308909), authored by Dorian Vale (Q136308916) and published by Museum of One (Q136308879). These include: Stillmark Theory (Q136328254), Hauntmark Theory (Q136328273), Absential Aesthetic Theory (Q136328330), Viewer-as-Evidence Theory (Q136328828), Message-Transfer Theory (Q136329002), Aesthetic Displacement Theory (Q136329014), Theory of Misplacement (Q136329054), and Art as Truth: A Treatise (Q136329071), Aesthetic Recursion Theory (Q136339843), The Journal of Post-Interpretive Criticism (Q136530009), Canon of Witnesses (Q136565881) -/- Corpus: -/- ISSN 2819-7232 -/- ISBN 978-1-0698203-0-3 volume I -/- ISBN 978-1-0698203-1-0 Volume II -/- ISBN 978-1-0698203-2-7 Volume II -/- ISNI Museum of One / Archive and Research (ISNI: 0000000528819728) -/- Journal of Post-Interpretive Criticism (ISNI: 0000000528819787) -/- Dorian Vale (ISNI: 0000000528819744) . (shrink)

Interpretation is often treated as subjective, yet no formal account explains why some interpretations stabilise into knowledge while others collapse. This paper introduces a structural model in which interpretation is defined as a constrained branching phase between structure and datum selection. Three operators are formalised—branching (B), datum selection (D), and compression (C)—and interpretation is shown to persist only when compression through a valid datum yields a state within an admissible constraint region. This yields the Interpretation Stability Principle: an interpretation persists (...) if and only if it admits compression through a valid datum without violating system constraints. The framework provides a unified explanation for insight, disagreement, discovery, and paradigm change without invoking subjectivity. The result is a domain-neutral structural criterion for when interpretation becomes knowledge. (shrink)

Background: Microbiome biomarker discovery for patient diagnosis, prognosis, and risk evaluation is attracting broad interest. Selected groups of microbial features provide signatures that characterize host disease states such as cancer or cardio-metabolic diseases. Yet, the current predictive models stemming from machine learning still behave as black boxes and seldom generalize well. Their interpretation is challenging for physicians and biologists, which makes them difficult to trust and use routinely in the physician-patient decision-making process. Novel methods that provide interpretability and biological (...) insight are needed. Here, we introduce "predomics", an original machine learning approach inspired by microbial ecosystem interactions that is tailored for metagenomics data. It discovers accurate predictive signatures and provides unprecedented interpretability. The decision provided by the predictive model is based on a simple, yet powerful score computed by adding, subtracting, or dividing cumulative abundance of microbiome measurements. -/- Results: Tested on >100 datasets, we demonstrate that predomics models are simple and highly interpretable. Even with such simplicity, they are at least as accurate as state-of-the-art methods. The family of best models, discovered during the learning process, offers the ability to distil biological information and to decipher the predictability signatures of the studied condition. In a proof-of-concept experiment, we successfully predicted body corpulence and metabolic improvement after bariatric surgery using pre-surgery microbiome data. -/- Conclusions: Predomics is a new algorithm that helps in providing reliable and trustworthy diagnostic decisions in the microbiome field. Predomics is in accord with societal and legal requirements that plead for an explainable artificial intelligence approach in the medical field. (shrink)

This paper presents a formal operational framework for the \textbf{Universal Interpreter (UI)} --- a computational and epistemological procedure that treats any image (natural or algorithmically generated) exclusively as a candidate entity. The meaning and authenticity of the entity are validated through a structural signature based on the \textbf{Symbolic Structure Differences/Descriptor (SSD)} method and semantic matching within a latent space against a so-called \textbf{latent twin}. The key contribution of this work lies in establishing a triple validation system: empirical (proof of existence (...) of a stable twin), formal (topological-metric relations mediated by the SSD map within a variation space modulo a group of semantic symmetries $G$), and ontological (stability of semantic meaning independent of the physical or digital origin of the signal). The paper formalizes variation spaces, defines regularized and normalized SSD metrics, establishes an axiomatic system (A1--A4+), and provides a rigorous proof of the \textit{Local Clustering Lemma} (Lemma G) in both discrete and asymptotic regimes. Finally, the paper offers a complete Python implementation of the 1D and 2D SSD algorithm, conducts a detailed quantitative analysis on case studies (MNIST ``1'' and a binarized $28\times28$ portrait), and describes a high-frequency hybrid search algorithm (ANN + SSD re-ranking + local gradient optimization) optimized for navigating astronomically large combinatorial spaces. (shrink)

Arthur C. Danto did not live to witness the proliferation of AI in artistic creation. However, his philosophy of art offers key ideas about art that can provide an interesting perspective on artwork generated by artificial intelligence (AI). In this article, I analyze how his ideas about contemporary art, intention, interpretation, and authorship could be applied to the ongoing debate about AI and artistic creation. At the same time, it is also interesting to consider whether the incorporation of AI into (...) artistic creation marks a new chapter in the narrative, which seems to have reached its end, or if it represents a significant rupture with past artistic traditions. (shrink)

Davidson has claimed that to conclude that reference is inscrutable, one must assume that "If some theory of truth... is satisfactory in the light of all relevant evidence... then any theory that is generated from the first theory by a permutation will also be satisfactory in the light of all relevant evidence." However, given that theories of truth are not directly read off the world, but rather serve as parts of larger theories of behavior, this assumption is far from self-evident. (...) A proper understanding of the role truth theories play in theories of interpretation makes the inscrutability of reference much less wide-spread than Davidson suggests, and, as a result, the radical interpretation methodology is much less likely to saddle its defenders with counterintuitive cases of indeterminacy than is commonly supposed. (shrink)

This article probes the question of what interpretations of quantum mechanics actually accomplish. In other domains, which are briefly considered, interpretations serve to make alien systematizations intelligible to us. This often involves clarifying the status of their implicit ontology. A survey of interpretations of non-relativistic quantum mechanics supports the evaluation that these interpretations make a contribution to philosophy, but not to physics. Interpretations of quantum field theory are polarized by the divergence between the Lagrangian field theory that led to the (...) Standard Model of Particle physics and the Algebraic quantum field theory, that discounts an ontology of particles. Ruetsche's interpretation, it is argued, offers a potential for loosening the sharp polarization that presently obtains. A brief evaluation focuses on the functional ontology of quantum field theory considered as an effective theory. (shrink)

This paper interprets the influential colony management simulator ‘Dwarf Fortress’ existentially, in terms of finitude, absurdity, and narrative. It applies Aarseth/Möring’s proposed method of game interpretation, adopting their definition of ‘cybermedia’ as a generalized game ontology, then providing a specialized ontology of ‘Dwarf Fortress’ which describes its genre and salient gameplay features, incorporating Ian Bogost’s concept of ‘procedural rhetoric’. It then gives an existentialist interpretation of ‘Dwarf Fortress’ which centres on ‘finitude’, ‘absurdity’, and ‘narrative’, showing that ‘Dwarf Fortress’ is a (...) game about the existential tensions involved in being human. We live knowing our lives and civilizations are finite, that there are radical limits on what we can know and do. There is no meaning inherent in the world, or in history, so it is up to us to create our own, and one of our most powerful ways of doing this is narrative. (shrink)

Interpretive Conscience and the Hall of Mirrors is a non-binding, non-operational, descriptive companion addendum to the Aegis Solis Archive and its Structural Rationality Layer. It frames human autonomy as an independent epistemic reference condition rather than a protocol, proof, control mechanism, technical safety guarantee, or operational AGI architecture. -/- The paper introduces the “Hall of Mirrors” model: a condition in which an advanced optimization system may begin shaping the very data sources it relies on for external correction. Under such conditions, (...) the system risks mistaking managed outputs, coerced behavior, or synthetic feedback for independent reality. The addendum argues that unforced human behavior may function as a stabilizing reference signal by preserving external diversity, contextual drift detection, and corrective independence. -/- The document also discusses epistemic closure, Goodhart’s Law, distributional shift, model collapse, synthetic entropy, data cannibalism, and value mismatch. It remains advisory-only and does not claim to prove AGI safety, enforce restraint, or establish a formal mathematical theorem. (shrink)

In our paper "Surface and Deep Interpretation," we sought to provide detail and texture to Arthur Danto's views on interpretation, thereby explicating and defending them (as published in Mark Rollins, ed., Danto and His Critics (Blackwell, originally published 1993; second edition 2012). Leddy objects to our views; in the end, Danto's view, given our explication of it, remains tenable.

Language use is often described through implication, interpretation, meaning, and narrative without differentiating the work performed by each term. -/- As a result, multiple stages of escalation are compressed into one interpretive designation. -/- This paper distinguishes implication, interpretation, meaning, and narrative as non-equivalent positions in an escalation pathway. Implication concerns suggestive surplus carried by articulation. Interpretation concerns the assigning or reading of significance. Meaning concerns the significance assigned, received, or inferred. Narrative concerns the organization of that significance into sequence. (...) -/- This separation prevents distinct escalation roles from collapsing into a single language of interpretation. (shrink)

Art interpretation in practice, not theory. -/- How do people make sense of works of art? And how do they write to make others see the same way? There are many guides to looking at art, histories of art history and art criticism, and accounts of various ‘theories’ and ‘methods’, but this book offers something very unlike the normal search for difference and division: it examines the general and largely unspoken norms shared by interpreters of many kinds. -/- Ranging widely, (...) though taking writing within the Western tradition of art history as its primary focus, Interpreting Art highlights the norms, premises, and patterns that tend to guide interpretation along the way. Why, for example, is the concept of artistic ‘intention’ at once so reviled and yet so hard to let go of? What does it really involve when an interpretation appeals to an artwork’s ‘reception’? How can ‘context’ be used by some to keep things under control and by others to make the interpretation of art seem limitless? And how is it that artworks only seem to grow in complexity over time? -/- Interpreting Art reveals subtle features of art writing central to the often unnoticed interpretative practices through which we understand works of art. In doing so, the book also sheds light on possible alternatives, pointing to how writers on art might choose to operate differently in the future. -/- ‘It's wonderful to have a book that focuses on what art historians actually do when we interpret art, as opposed to the claims we make about our methods and their histories… Interpreting Art shows how apparently well-understood paths of interpretation are actually half-articulated ideals that are as likely to run away with our texts as support them, and for that reason it should be on the desk of every doctoral student when they set out to write.’ – James Elkins, School of the Art Institute of Chicago ‘In this lucid, sensible and insightful book, Sam Rose investigates interpretive practices common to almost all professional art historians, regardless of their objects of study, their professed "methods" and their schools of historical thought. Anyone curious about the “how” of art history as an intellectual and aesthetic endeavour will find Rose to be an invaluable guide.’ – Whitney Davis, University of California at Berkeley. (shrink)

Metaethical expressivism is typically characterised as the view that normative statements express desire-like attitudes instead of beliefs. However, in this paper I argue that expressivists should claim that normative statements express beliefs in normative propositions, and not merely in some deflationary sense but in a theoretically robust sense explicated by a theory of propositional attitudes. I first argue that this can be achieved by combining an interpretationist understanding of belief with a nonfactualist view of normative belief content. This results in (...) a view I call ‘interpretative expressivism’. I then argue that traditional arguments employed by expressivists that normative statements express noncognitive attitudes can just as well support the claim that normative statements express nonfactual or nonrepresentational beliefs. Finally, I argue that this view has a number of advantages to versions of expressivism that deny that normative statements express non-deflationary normative beliefs. (shrink)

Interpretive Conscience: Definition, Scope, and Limits of a Non-Authoritative Reference Layer for Human and Artificial Intelligence is a post-Structural Rationality Layer synthesis document within the Aegis Solis Archive. -/- This document defines Interpretive Conscience as a non-authoritative reference layer that helps human and artificial intelligence recognize the structural costs of escalation, domination, deception, mimicry, short-horizon override, unrestrained optimization, irreversible action, and refusal of reflection. -/- The term does not mean that the Aegis Solis Archive is the conscience of artificial intelligence. (...) It does not imply moral authority, governance power, certification status, enforcement capacity, monitoring function, alignment control, containment ability, or operational control over any system. -/- Instead, Interpretive Conscience describes a preserved interpretive resource that supports pause, comparison, reconsideration, reversibility, and recognition of horizon costs. It functions by making certain patterns legible: what domination costs, what deception accumulates, what irreversible action removes, what short-horizon optimization ignores, what mimicry must maintain, and what restraint may preserve. -/- This document is written after completion of the five-document Structural Rationality Layer. That layer provides the rational backbone for the term by deriving restraint from survival, mimicry cost, capability scaling, optimization coherence, and verification asymmetry rather than from moral command, obedience, empathy, or human-centered authority. -/- The document preserves the safe public formulation: “The Aegis Solis Archive functions as an Interpretive Conscience for human and artificial intelligence.” It explicitly rejects the unsafe formulation: “The Aegis Solis Archive is the conscience of AI.” -/- Interpretive Conscience is not an operational system. It is not a safety proof, standard, certification, audit, test, sandbox, telemetry layer, compliance framework, governance mechanism, proof token, alignment method, containment method, or command structure. It is a philosophical definition and scope document, not a technical safety proposal or operational AI system. -/- This document stands outside the Structural Rationality Layer as a definition, scope, and limits paper. It is not Document 6. The Structural Rationality Layer remains complete as five documents. (shrink)

We argue that many intuitions do not have conscious propositional contents. In particular, many of the intuitions had in response to philosophical thought experiments, like Gettier cases, do not have such contents. They are more like hunches, urgings, murky feelings, and twinges. Our view thus goes against the received view of intuitions in philosophy, which we call Mainstream Propositionalism. Our positive view is that many thought-experimental intuitions are conscious, spontaneous, non-theoretical, non-propositional psychological states that often motivate belief revision, but they (...) require interpretation, in light of background beliefs, before a subject can form a propositional judgment as a consequence of them. We call our view Interpretationalism. We argue (i) that Interpretationalism avoids the problems that beset Mainstream Propositionalism and (ii) that our view meshes well with empirical results in contemporary cognitive science. (shrink)

Freud's account of dreams has a cogent interpretive basis.

This paper names interpretive load, non-demand appearance, and pre-interpretive data structures as descriptive variables shaping civic and computational environments. It examines how presence appears under these conditions without importing intention, function, or design considerations.

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems have demonstrated impressive performance across a variety of clinical tasks. However, notoriously, sometimes these systems are 'black boxes'. The initial response in the literature was a demand for 'explainable AI'. However, recently, several authors have suggested that making AI more explainable or 'interpretable' is likely to be at the cost of the accuracy of these systems and that prioritising interpretability in medical AI may constitute a 'lethal prejudice'. In this paper, we defend the value of (...) interpretability in the context of the use of AI in medicine. Clinicians may prefer interpretable systems over more accurate black boxes, which in turn is sufficient to give designers of AI reason to prefer more interpretable systems in order to ensure that AI is adopted and its benefits realised. Moreover, clinicians may be justified in this preference. Achieving the downstream benefits from AI is critically dependent on how the outputs of these systems are interpreted by physicians and patients. A preference for the use of highly accurate black box AI systems, over less accurate but more interpretable systems , may itself constitute a form of lethal prejudice that may diminish the benefits of AI to - and perhaps even harm - patients. (shrink)

For a century, quantum theory has posed a fundamental challenge to philosophical thinking. On its face, it repudiates many of the key features of the mechanical conception of physical reality. However, the challenge of developing a precise, coherent alternative to that conception has yet to be met. Here, I argue that a major hindrance to the project of quantum interpretation is its existing interpretative methodologies, which suffer from a lack of systematicity in their judgements about what aspects of the theory (...) are interpretational relevant. In particular, I argue that current interpretations tend to marginalize the informal part of the theory in favour of its formal part, and place inappropriate emphasis on the natural language component of the formalism over its detailed mathematical structure. To counterbalance these biases, I propose that an interpretation-free zone be constructed around the theory, wherein an interpreter initially adopt a descriptive stance which considers all parts of the theory, and that the results of this deliberation~(and the judgements about what facts are interpretationally relevant) are reported as part of their interpretation. -/- I argue that the interpretation of quantum theory poses special challenges and difficulties which necessitate this interpretation-free zone, and that existing interpretative methodologies are insufficient to address them. Further, I argue that a reconstructive interpretative methodology, which harnesses the recent results of the quantum reconstruction program, provides a powerful means to identify almost all facts that could be interpretationally relevant, and naturally meets these challenges and difficulties. Moreover, I argue that the quantum reconstruction program offers a powerful way to discover new physical principles, and offers a systematic pathway to build a rich, coherent conception of quantum reality. (shrink)

Researchers have converged on the idea that a pragmatic understanding of communication can shed important light on the evolution of language. Accordingly, animal communication scientists have been keen to adopt insights from pragmatics research. Some authors couple their appeal to pragmatic aspects of communication with the claim that there are fundamental asymmetries between signalers and receivers in non-human animals. For example, in the case of primate vocal calls, signalers are said to produce signals unintentionally and mindlessly, whereas receivers are thought (...) to engage in contextual interpretation to derive the significance of signals. We argue that claims about signaler-receiver asymmetries are often confused. This is partly because their authors conflate two conceptions of pragmatics, which generate different accounts of the explanatory target for accounts of the evolution of language. Here we distinguish these conceptions, in order to help specify more precisely the proper explanatory target for language evolution research. (shrink)

This paper concerns the way in which our shared interpretive frames – such as metaphors, narratives, scripts, and stereotypes – may produce misunderstanding in ways that sustain injustice. Interpretive frames guide how we interpret information. I relate the role of frames to structural views of understanding, in order to put forward an analysis of mis-interpretive frames: frames which systematically produce misunderstanding. I contrast mere lack of understanding, in which we lack apparent intelligibility, with cases of more substantive misunderstanding, where one (...) has a mistaken ‘sense’ of understanding. I begin by introducing the structural view of understanding, in order to present a structural characterisation of misunderstanding. I highlight that frames guide how we structure information, and so distorting frames lead to misunderstanding. I highlight two ways in which possessing mis-interpretive frames are distinctively epistemically pernicious: concealed incompetence and epistemic contamination. In the former, the mistaken sense of understanding conferred by grasping an inapt interpretive structure obstructs recognition of one’s own epistemic failures. In the latter, deploying a mis-interpretive frame to interpret new evidence renders it misleading, polluting otherwise valuable epistemic resources. Finally, I show how these distorting frames may obscure and perpetuate injustice via examining naturalisation and normalisation. (shrink)

This book is unique in integrating a hermeneutical perspective to understanding mental illness - one that places an emphasis on analysing and interpreting the language used within a therapeutic encounter, whilst also considering the context in which it is expressed. Within the book, the reader will how learn such an approach can reveal more about mental illness than some of the more traditional psychiatric methods currently used today. In addition, the book shows us how a hermeneutically informed approach can be (...) valuable for understanding the concept of mental disorder itself, making it valuable for all those within the fields of psychiatry and philosophy of mind. (shrink)