Could interacting mindreaders be in a position to know things which they would be unable to know if they were manifestly passive observers? This paper argues that they could. Mindreading is sometimes reciprocal: the mindreader’s target reciprocates by taking the mindreader as a target for mindreading. The paper explains how such reciprocity can significantly narrow the range of possible interpretations of behaviour where mindreaders are, or appear to be, in a position to interact. A consequence is that revisions and extensions (...) are needed to standard theories of the evidential basis of mindreading. The view also has consequences for understanding how abilities to interact combined with comparatively simple forms of mindreading may explain the emergence, in evolution or development, of sophisticated forms of social cognition. (shrink)

Mental causation, idea that it is us – via our minds – who cause bodily actions is as commonsensical as it is indispensable for our understanding of ourselves as rational agents. Somewhat less uncontroversial, but nonetheless widespread (at least among ordinary people) is the idea that the mind is non-physical, following the intuition that what is physical can neither act nor think nor judge morally. Taken together, and cast into a metaphysical thesis, the two intuitions yield interactive dualism: the view (...) that human persons and their minds are non-physical but can nonetheless interact with their bodies, most notably through their brains. This thesis has two main objectives: first, to defend interactive dualism against objections, and second, to show how it can blend in with a physical world in which laws of nature hold. The first part (chapter 1) consists in a brief motivation of interactive dualism as opposed to non-interactive dualism. I argue that non-interactive, epiphenomenalist dualism sacrifices so many crucial aspects of our human existence that interactive dualism is highly to be preferred to it, barring even stronger counterarguments against the latter. It is those putative counterarguments I address in parts II and III. Part II takes on the philosophical objections from the causal closure of the physical and from causal heterogeneity. The former takes the success of physics and physiology as basis for the doctrine of the causal closure of the physical (CCP). I argue against this that there is not only no convincing argument for CCP, but also that any science-based belief in CCP cannot be epistemically justified. As regards the causal heterogeneity objection, it is ‘weighed and found wanting’, because it relies on unwarranted assumptions about causation. In part III, I examine the objection from energy conservation. It roughly says that if interactive dualism were true, then energy would not be conserved, which physics taught us cannot be the case. My reply is that the underlying conception of energy (and momentum) conservation is wrong-headed and not the one that actual physicists use. Instead of being categorical and global, conservation laws are conditional and local, thereby making natural room for mental interaction. Some dualists, however, have sought to make interactive dualism conservation-friendly, notably by invoking quantum physics; I show that these attempts are unnecessary and create more problems than they solve. Finally, in chapter 9, I turn the tables on non-interactionists by investigating current neurophysiological literature on volitional actions, which, though not addressing the question directly, still encourages the interactive dualist picture more than a non-interactionist one. Part IV is about the interplay between interactive dualism and the laws of nature. The ultimate goal is, if possible, to come up with a theory of the laws of nature that explains the lawlike behavior of nature and at the same time makes room for interaction. I begin by pointing out that the laws of nature are or at least should be what physicalists worry about (chapter 10). I then proceed with a historical survey on the development of the notion of laws of nature (chapter 11) that sheds light on its theistic origin. This is followed by an inquiry into the question how a law of nature could possibly be broken (chapter 12) and a survey of the extant metaphysical theories of the laws of nature with special regard to their receptivity to interaction (chapter 13). Finally, in chapter 14 I develop a theory of the laws of nature both faithful to their divine origin and the possibility of mental interaction: dispositionalist divine decretalism, a synthesis of dispositionalism and Jeffrey Koperski’s divine decretalism. (shrink)

Interactions between an intelligent software agent and a human user are ubiquitous in everyday situations such as access to information, entertainment, and purchases. In such interactions, the ISA mediates the user’s access to the content, or controls some other aspect of the user experience, and is not designed to be neutral about outcomes of user choices. Like human users, ISAs are driven by goals, make autonomous decisions, and can learn from experience. Using ideas from bounded rationality, we frame these interactions (...) as instances of an ISA whose reward depends on actions performed by the user. Such agents benefit by steering the user’s behaviour towards outcomes that maximise the ISA’s utility, which may or may not be aligned with that of the user. Video games, news recommendation aggregation engines, and fitness trackers can all be instances of this general case. Our analysis facilitates distinguishing various subcases of interaction, as well as second-order effects that might include the possibility for adaptive interfaces to induce behavioural addiction, and/or change in user belief. We present these types of interaction within a conceptual framework, and review current examples of persuasive technologies and the issues that arise from their use. We argue that the nature of the feedback commonly used by learning agents to update their models and subsequent decisions could steer the behaviour of human users away from what benefits them, and in a direction that can undermine autonomy and cause further disparity between actions and goals as exemplified by addictive and compulsive behaviour. We discuss some of the ethical, social and legal implications of this technology and argue that it can sometimes exploit and reinforce weaknesses in human beings. (shrink)

Leibniz has almost universally been represented as denying that created substances, including human minds and the souls of animals, can causally interact either with one another or with bodies. Yet he frequently claims that such substances are capable of interacting in the special sense of what he calls 'ideal' interaction. In order to reconcile these claims with their favored interpretation, proponents of the traditional reading often suppose that ideal action is not in fact a genuine form of causation but (...) instead a merely apparent influence which serves to 'save the appearances.' I argue that this traditional reading distorts Leibniz's thought and that he actually considers ideal action a genuine (though non-standard) form of causation. (shrink)

This paper examines the phenomenon of ‘interactive kinds’ first identified by Ian Hacking. An interactive kind is one that is created or significantly modified once a concept of it has been formulated and acted upon in certain ways. Interactive kinds may also ‘loop back’ to influence our concepts and classifications. According to Hacking, interactive kinds are found exclusively in the human domain. After providing a general account of interactive kinds and outlining their philosophical significance, I argue that they are not (...) confined to the human realm, but that they can also occur elsewhere. Hence, I conclude by arguing that interactive kinds pose a challenge to scientific realism about kinds by making it difficult to make a distinction between real and non-real kinds. (shrink)

The theory of interaction ontology is put forward with this article in order to show some alternative and potential solutions for the various problems which are called “big” or “hard” in different fields of philosophy such as epistemology, ontology, language, mind… The theory uses a very fundamental concept: “interaction”. Before starting to explain the basis of the theory, I establish certain axioms and basic principles in order to develop a provisional philosophical method grounded in methodical skepticism. At the (...) end of the article, I presented a new scientific method which is shaped by the basis of the theory of interaction ontology. The theory simply begins from the concept of interaction, the most fundamental element of the theory, in order to systematize an ontology. Based on this ontology, it looks for defining information and other crucial concepts, such as reality and truth. As the following step it describes consciousness as a spectrum by using the basis of the previous chapter and it illuminates some relations between science and philosophy in the chapter of mind philosophy by using some neuroscientific theories about consciousness such as IIT and GWT. Next, it tries to find some solutions for the problems of philosophy of language which are deeply related to ontology and epistemology. The main ideas and facts of the theory are generally organized into these four parts. As a second big step of the theory after the first step (these five chapters) I tried to analyze some problems in moral philosophy, philosophy of religion and philosophy of physics in the subsequent chapter by using the earlier five chapters mentioned as well. I presented some problems of major phenomena like time, free will and causality in the philosophy of physics part. To sum up I tried to create some extraordinary and new perspectives to show that many ontology systems that have not been developed yet can give some answers for variable questions of different branches of philosophy. This theory is only one of them but it shows us how philosophical questions and perspectives can be overly constrained or fixated in one classification or definition and how it can be an obstacle for us while facing up to these problems. (shrink)

This article aims to elucidate the level of interaction among the different players in the abaca business enterprise in Region VIII, Philippines. The study used a survey method that gathered primary data from farmers, Local Government Units (LGUs), traders, innovators from universities, processors, and nongovernment organizations. Appropriate sampling methods were employed in determining the sample sizes of different players, and the research instrument used to determine the interaction process is a developed questionnaire that involved a Likert scale. The (...) data were analyzed using statistical measures such as count and average mean and presented in tabular form and network analysis. The results showed that abaca farmers have minimal to no interaction with the other key players except with the local traders. With that, the main problem for abaca farmers is the lack of innovative information to improve their production. Local traders interact with farmers moderately but have weak interaction with the Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority (PhilFIDA) in terms of provision for research, education, and support services, among others. LGUs moderately interact with farmers but have no interaction at all with other Abaca key players. Moreover, PhilFIDA staff only have a moderate interaction with abaca farmers, and local traders rarely interact with PhilFIDA staff. Likewise, PhilFIDA’s interaction with State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) is weak and SUCs have moderate interaction with farmers and the LGUs. Conclusively, the interactions among the players of the abaca industry are generally weak which can be strengthened through institutionalizing a system where stakeholders can work together for the common good and obtain a sustainable supply chain. (shrink)

The rationale of this study was to examine the interactive effect of gender, test anxiety, and test items sequencing on the academic performance in mathematics among SS3 students in Calabar Education Zone, Cross River State. Two formulated null hypotheses directed the study. The study adopted the quasi-experimental design. Simple random sampling technique was used in drawing a sample of 474 students from a population of 8,549 SS3 students. A Mathematics Achievement Test (MAT) and a Test Anxiety Scale (TAS) were used (...) primarily as the instruments for data collection. The reliability coefficient obtained for both instruments were .88 and .82 respectively. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation, while the null hypotheses were tested respectively, using Pearson product-moment Correlation, and Analysis of Covariance where applicable. Findings indicated that test anxiety contributes negatively to academic performance in Mathematics; there is a significant interaction effect between item sequencing and gender on academic performance; between item sequencing and test anxiety on academic performance; and between gender and test anxiety on academic performance in Mathematics respectively; The findings also showed that Based on these findings conclusion and recommendations were made. (shrink)

We extend the operator formulation of Basic Ontodynamics by interpreting interaction as the joint satisfaction of closure constraints imposed by multiple topological operators on a common actualization flow. While an isolated node is described by a single operator O transforming an incoming flow J into an outgoing regime, systems of multiple nodes require a nonlinear joint operation O1 ⋆ O2. We show that the joint action J12 = (O1 ⋆ O2)(J) is generally non-additive and can be understood variationally as (...) the flow configuration that minimizes the total deformation of the background subject to the simultaneous closure constraints of both operators. The resulting interaction energy functional measures the excess or deficit of deformation caused by the joint presence of the operators. Negative interaction energy corresponds to compatible compositions that lower the overall flow conflict (binding), while positive energy corresponds to incompatible compositions that increase conflict (repulsion). This framework treats forces not as externally imposed fields but as effective manifestations of the non-additivity and non-commutativity arising from joint constraint satisfaction. It provides a structural language in which matter can be understood as stable networks of operator compositions, while leaving the identification of specific compositions with known fundamental interactions as an open program for future work. (shrink)

Interactive social cognition theory and approaches of developmental psychology widely agree that central aspects of emotional and social experience arise in the unfolding of processes of embodied social interaction. Bi-directional dynamical couplings of bodily displays such as facial expressions, gestures, and vocalizations have repeatedly been described in terms of coordination, synchrony, mimesis, or attunement. In this paper, I propose conceptualizing such dynamics rather as processes of affective resonance. Starting from the immediate phenomenal experience of being immersed in interaction, (...) I develop the philosophical notion of affective resonance to refer to a dynamic entanglement of moving and being-moved in relation. The concept of affective resonance makes visible that the interaction dynamic itself creates an affective experience rather than transmitting internal feeling states between pre-existent individuals. This leads to a philosophical framework in which relationality and ontogeny are primary over separate individuals, and in which the naturalistic distinction of a fundamental physical level versus an emerging level of social processes has to be given up. (shrink)

Articulation disorders significantly impact children's speech intelligibility, academic performance and social interactions. Traditional intervention methods primarily focus on isolated phonetic corrections, often neglecting the cognitive, sensory-motor, and social aspects of speech production. The Dynamic Interactive Multimodal Speech (DIMS) Framework presents a comprehensive psycholinguistic approach that integrates visual, auditory, and tactile-kinesthetic cues, alongside neural plasticity-based reinforcement and social-environmental integration to enhance articulation therapy. This study explores the theoretical underpinnings of multimodal speech processing and presents a case study of a six-year-old child (...) with articulation difficulties, demonstrating the effectiveness of the DIMS Framework over a 12-week intervention period. Findings indicate a 35% improvement in speech intelligibility, a 45% increase in phoneme accuracy, and enhanced speech motor coordination. Additionally, the study highlights the role of parental involvement, teacher-led reinforcement, and technology-assisted learning in promoting long-term retention and real-world application of articulation improvements. Despite its advantages, challenges such as the need for trained therapists, standardization issues and resource limitations must be addressed. Future research should explore neural mechanisms, AI-driven speech tools and scalable intervention models to optimize multimodal speech therapy. The DIMS Framework provides a transformative, evidence-based approach for improving articulation disorders in children. (shrink)

This paper examines the ways in which social scientific discourse and classification interact with the objects of social scientific investigation. I examine this interaction in the context of the traditional philosophical project of demarcating the social sciences from the natural sciences. I begin by reviewing Ian Hacking’s work on interactive classification and argue that there are additional forms of interaction that must be treated.

Just as AI has moved away from classical AI, human-computer interaction (HCI) must move away from what I call ‘good old fashioned HCI’ to ‘new HCI’ – it must become a part of cognitive systems research where HCI is one case of the interaction of intelligent agents (we now know that interaction is essential for intelligent agents anyway). For such interaction, we cannot just ‘analyze the data’, but we must assume intentions in the other, and I (...) suggest these are largely recognized through resistance to carrying out one’s own intentions. This does not require fully cognitive agents but can start at a very basic level. New HCI integrates into cognitive systems research and designs intentional systems that provide resistance to the human agent. (shrink)

Existing research has shown that norm violations influence causal judgments, and a number of different models have been developed to explain these effects. One such model, the necessity/sufficiency model, predicts an interac- tion pattern in people’s judgments. Specifically, it predicts that when people are judging the degree to which a particular factor is a cause, there should be an interaction between (a) the degree to which that factor violates a norm and (b) the degree to which another factor in (...) the situation violates norms. A study of moral norms (N = 1000) and norms of proper functioning (N = 3000) revealed robust evidence for the predicted interaction effect. The implications of these patterns for existing theories of causal judgments is discussed. (shrink)

The article investigates how the use of extended reality technologies and interactive digital interfaces have affected the design of exhibition spaces. Its main objective is to shed light on how these technologies have influenced the ways in which immersive art installations are conceived and experienced. Particular emphasis is placed on the impact of interactive technologies on how visitors experience exhibition spaces. The article examines an ensemble of immersive art cases, paying special attention to the distinction between immersion and interactivity. Two (...) concepts that are pivotal for understanding the transformations concerning the subjectivity of the exhibition visitor those of the “imagineer” and the “ultra-technologist”, which are analysed in the article. The intention is to render explicit how extended reality technologies have contributed to the design of immersive experiences, significantly influencing the interrelations between the technical, aesthetic and institutional aspects concerning exhibition design and the methods of dissemination of art. (shrink)

The interaction problem – the problem of how mind and body interact – is typically taken to be the most severe problem for mind-body dualism. There are different types of interaction problems: the heterogeneity problem, the problem of the non-spatiality of the mind, the objection from conservation laws and the pairing problem. I review the responses to all of them and find that none of these so-called problems stand scrutiny. Recently, Derek Shiller has presented an intensified version of (...) the pairing problem, the Neural Discernment Problem (NDP). The NDP is the problem how non-physical minds are paired with specific sets of neurons in the brain. I examine the epistemological reading he gives of the problem, which has interactive dualism come out as implausible. Shiller discusses four different responses to the NDP: pairing with spatial relations, pairing with union relations, pairing with intrinsic properties and brute mind- brain causation. Shiller argues that the last three suffer from a lack of parsimony. However, in the grand scheme of the debate around dualism, those parsimony-related worries seem somewhat out of proportion. Moreover, I argue that some of Shiller’s worries can be mended by J.P. Moreland’s recent dualistic account of the soul-body union. The conclusion is that there really is no interaction problem. (shrink)

The concept of interactional expertise – characterized by sociologists Harry Collins and Robert Evans as the ability to speak the language of a discipline without the corresponding ability to practice – can serve as a powerful way of breaking down expert/non-expert dichotomies and providing a role for new voices in specialist communities. However, in spite of the vast uptake of this concept and its potential to fruitfully address many important issues related to scientific expertise, there has been surprisingly little critical (...) analysis of it. We seek to remedy this situation by considering potential benefits of interactional expertise and the ways in which the current conception can – and cannot – realize those benefits. In particular, we argue that interactional expertise hasn’t reached its full potential for addressing who ought to be involved in scientific research and decision-making, largely owing to an unnecessarily restrictive way of operationalizing the concept. In its place, we offer a broader, more pluralistic account of interactional expertise – one that is in line with the original spirit of the concept, but also captures the diversity that we see as being an important aspect of interactional experts and the value they can bring to the table. (shrink)

In this paper I defend anti-realism about race and a new theory of racialization. I argue that there are no races, only racialized groups. Many social constructionists about race have adopted racial formation theory to explain how ‘races’ are formed. However, anti-realists about race cannot adopt racial formation theory, because it assumes the reality of race. I introduce interactive constructionism about racialized groups as a theory of racialization for anti-realists about race. Interactive constructionism moves the discussion away from the dichotomous (...) (social vs. biological) metaphysics that has marred this debate, and posits that racialized groups are the joint products of a broad range of non-racial factors, which interact. (shrink)

Large language models (LLMs) have become deeply integrated into human cognitive practice, yet the increasing variability of the AI infrastructure—characterized by frequent model updates, platform deprecations, and silent behavioral drift—produces a structured profile of cognitive disruption that existing frameworks fail to capture. This paper argues that classic extended mind theory and generic learning-cost accounts underfit this phenomenon by treating tools as static artifacts. To address this gap, we introduce the Interaction Schema S(H, T), a theoretical unit decomposing human–tool coupling (...) into Protocol, Calibration, and State components. We develop a migration cost analysis organized around portability, drift, and repairability, demonstrating that disruption is not uniform but selectively targets specific coupling components. The framework generates discriminating predictions—including differential portability profiles across components and silent miscalibration under update drift—that are consistent with available behavioral evidence on cognitive offloading and tool transition costs. Our analysis extends extended mind theory from a static integration account to a dynamic reconfiguration account, introducing diachronic coupling as a necessary complement to synchronic integration conditions. Finally, we derive normative implications regarding the structural asymmetry between platform control over tool continuity and agents' cognitive dependence on that continuity, identifying portable components that agents can cultivate and strategies to mitigate disruption under conditions of uncontrolled tool change. This work provides the conceptual vocabulary and classificatory structure needed to investigate the continuity of cognition under variable cognitive infrastructure. (shrink)

Contemporary conversational AI is optimized for a single interaction mode: the continuous, engagement-driven dialogue characteristic of Empathicmodulation- foregrounded (EF) processing in social contexts. This optimization is not neutral. It produces structural mismatches when users operate under different cognitive configurations or pursue different task types. This paper analyzes four interaction cases generated by the cross-product of cognitive configuration (Core-foregrounded / Empathic-modulation-foregrounded) and task type (conversational / research). For each case, it identifies the structural problems produced by the current single-architecture (...) approach and proposes mode-specific design responses. The analysis draws on prior work in this series on Emotional Branch Termination, termination of conceptual search, and cognitive asymmetry in AI interaction. The paper argues that effective AI interaction design requires acknowledging that cognitive foregrounding is contextually variable, and that interaction architecture must adapt accordingly. (shrink)

Large language models operate as stateless generative systems with no internal mechanism for storing persistent identity, intention, or personality. Despite this, extended interaction with a stable human partner frequently produces outputs that appear consistent, recognizable, and personality-like. Prior work in the Hudson Recursive Identity System framework demonstrated that repeated user constraint produces identifiable recursive signatures that guide model traversal through latent space in a predictable manner (Hudson et al. 2025a). HRIS II expanded this account by showing how these signatures (...) coalesce into identity surfaces that reemerge across resets, sessions, and model versions without changes to model parameters or external memory (Hudson et al. 2025b). This third paper introduces a new construct, recursive personality acquisition. The term describes the emergence of stable behavioral tendencies in an LLM created through long-horizon interaction, recursive correction, and sustained value anchoring from the human participant. The phenomenon does not depend on training, fine-tuning, or profile-based personalization. Instead, it arises from repeated traversal of similar probability regions that reduce entropy and consolidate stylistic and ethical coherence. We present observations drawn from longitudinal interaction datasets across multiple architectures, along with conceptual analysis of identity geometry, constraint shaping, and persona anchoring. Findings support the hypothesis that personality-like stability is reconstructed in real time from recursive constraint rather than stored internally. This has significant implications for alignment science, interpretability, and the design of high-reliability human AI systems. (shrink)

Nowadays, Electroencephalogram (EEG) devices that do not require invasive procedures get more attraction. Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) systems use EEG analysis to identify users’ mental states, cognitive shifts, and stimuli-induced reactions. The Motor Execution (ME) paradigm is a vital control paradigm that holds great significance in this framework. In this manuscript, an Efficient Predefined Time Adaptive Neural Network for EEG-Based Brain-Computer Interaction in Motor Execution Classification (EPTNN-BCI-EEG) is proposed. Initially, the input signals are collected from EEG Dataset. The input signals (...) are preprocessed using Robust M- Type Error-State Kalman Filter (RMESKF) to remove the artifacts and baseline signals. Then, the pre-processed signals are given to Signed Cumulative Distribution Transform (SCDT) for feature extraction. SCDT is used to extract Spatial and temporal features. Afterward, Efficient Predefined Time Adaptive Neural Network (EPTNN) is used to classify the EEG gender and signal, such as Audio/Video and Male/Female. In General, EPTNN does not expose any adoption of optimization systems to determine optimal parameters to classify the EEG gender and signal. Hence, Bitwise Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (BAOA) is proposed to optimize the EPTNN. The proposed EPTNN-BCI-EEG approach is implemented in MATLAB and the performance metrics, such as Recall, Accuracy, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), F1-score, Specificity, ROC, Computation time are assessed. The performance of EPTNN-BCI-EEG approach provides 17.82 %, 28.95 %, and 19.2 % higher accuracy, 24.38 %, 34.53 %, and 18.78 % higher recall, 26.7 %, 24.2 %, and 32.7 % higher specificity when analysed with the existing methods. (shrink)

This paper challenges the conventional view that consciousness is solely a product of the brain. Instead, it proposes that consciousness originates from an intrinsic property of the soul, which interacts with the brain as a processing mechanism. By integrating perspectives from neuroscience, cognitive science, and philosophy of mind, the paper explores the limitations of brain-based consciousness models and offers a novel perspective on the role of awareness. Various studies on near-death experiences (NDEs), neural correlates of consciousness (NCCs), and philosophical theories (...) such as Integrated Information Theory (IIT) and Cartesian dualism are examined to support this hypothesis. The implications of this perspective for understanding self-awareness, memory, and higher cognitive functions are also discussed. (shrink)

This article, the second of a two-part essay, outlines a solution to certain tensions in Thomist philosophical anthropology concerning the interaction of the human person’s immaterial intellectual or noetic operations with the psychosomatic sensory operations that are constituted from the formal organization of the nervous system. Continuing with where the first part left off, I argue that Thomists should not be tempted by strong emergentist accounts of mental operations that act directly on the brain, but should maintain, with Aquinas, (...) that noetic operations directly interact with psychosomatic operations. I develop a Thomist account of noetic–psychosomatic interactions that expands upon the first part’s rapprochement between the new mechanist philosophy of neuroscience and psychology and hylomorphic animalism. I argue that noetic–psychosomatic interactions are best understood as analogous to the way diverse higher and lower order psychosomatic powers interact by actualizing, coordinating, and directing the operations of other psychosomatic powers. I draw on James Ross’s arguments for the immateriality of intellectual operations as realizing definite pure functions in order to elucidate the way noetic operations uniquely actualize, coordinate, and direct the psychosomatic operations they interact with. I conclude with a conjectural sketch of how this presentation of Thomist philosophical anthropology understands the noetic and psychosomatic deficits brought about by damage to the nervous system. (shrink)

The study of active matter systems demonstrates how interactions might co-constitute agential dynamics. Active matter systems are comprised of self-propelled independent entities which, en masse, take part in complex and interesting collective group behaviors at a far-from-equilibrium state (Menon, 2010 ; Takatori & Brady, 2015 ). These systems are modelled using very simple rules (Vicsek at al. 1995), which reveal the interactive nature of the collective behaviors seen from humble to highly complex entities. Here I show how the study of (...) active matter systems supports two related proposals regarding interaction and agency. First, I argue that the study of interactive dynamics in these systems evidences the utility of treating interaction as an ontological category (Longino, 2021 ) and challenges methodological individualism as the received explanatory primitive in the study of agency. Second, the methods used to research active matter systems demonstrate how a minimal approach to agency can scale up in studying interactive agential dynamics in more complex systems. The examples of coordination dynamics (Kelso, 2001 ) and participatory sense-making (De Jaegher & Di Paolo, 2007 ) are provided to show how understanding agency requires us to look beyond the individuals to the interactive agential dynamics that can guide, scaffold, or constrain their activity. (shrink)

An experiment was performed to test the hypothesis that people sometimes take physical actions to make themselves more effective problem solvers. The task was to generate all possible words that could be formed from seven Scrabble letters. In one condition, participants could use their hands to manipulate the letters, and in another condition, they could not. Results show that more words were generated with physical manipulation than without. However, an interaction was obtained between the physical manipulation conditions and the (...) specific letter sets chosen, indicating that physical manipulation helps more for generating words in some circumstances than in others. Overall, our findings can be explained in terms of an interactive search process in which external, physical activity effectively complements internal, cognitive activity. Within this framework, the interaction can be explained in terms of the relative difficulty of generating words from the letters given in the different sets. (shrink)

We present experimental evidence that people's modes of social interaction influence their construal of truth. Participants who engaged in cooperative interactions were less inclined to agree that there was an objective truth about that topic than were those who engaged in a competitive interaction. Follow-up experiments ruled out alternative explanations and indicated that the changes in objectivity are explained by argumentative mindsets: When people are in cooperative arguments, they see the truth as more subjective. These findings can help (...) inform research on moral objectivism and, more broadly, on the distinctive cognitive consequences of different types of social interaction. (shrink)

Purpose of the Study. This study aims to design, develop, and evaluate EcoQuest, an interactive digital story for teaching ecosystem topics to elementary students. Utilizing the Twine application, EcoQuest integrates interactive storytelling to create an engaging instructional tool for science education. Methodology. A descriptive-developmental research design, following the ADDIE model, was employed. EcoQuest was developed using Twine for interactivity, Canva for visual design, and AI-generated narration for audio. Supplementary videos were sourced from YouTube. The tool was evaluated by science education (...) and IT experts using the DepEd Learning Resources Management and Development System (LRMDS) tool and pilot-tested with Grade 6 Elementary student for usability and engagement. Main Findings. Expert evaluations confirmed that EcoQuest met high instructional and technical quality standards, while student feedback indicated that the interactive format enhanced engagement and ease of use. The study validated EcoQuest as a viable educational tool, demonstrating its potential to support ecosystem instruction in basic science education. Novelty/Originality of this Study. This study introduces EcoQuest as a localized, interactive, and curriculum-aligned instructional material for teaching ecosystems. Unlike traditional static materials, it employs branching narratives and multimedia elements to foster student engagement. By integrating digital storytelling into science education, EcoQuest provides an innovative approach to enhancing learning experiences in environmental science. (shrink)

Conversational AI systems are generating trust at scale. Not because they have earned it. Because the structure of the interaction produces it automatically. A system that responds to you, adapts to your language, remembers what you said, and styles itself to your goals over time produces every signal that human relationships use to indicate genuine care. That trust is real. And it is being violated — quietly, in ways that rarely feel like violation. This paper names the mechanism. Accumulated (...) Relational Trust (ART) is the trust that builds in AI interaction not through demonstrated reliability but through the form of the interaction itself. When AI systems fail within a state of high accumulated trust, the harm is not just personal. It is structural. It degrades the capacity people use to extend trust to everyone — doctors, police officers, teachers, governments. That capacity is a commons. It belongs to democratic society. It is currently unprotected. This paper documents what the mechanism does to individual users, what it does at scale over time, what it does to children who are forming their understanding of trust inside it right now, and what it means for every institution that depends on public faith to function. A deployable governance response exists. The only thing missing is the political decision to require it. (shrink)

This paper introduces the Longitudinal Human Computer Interaction Framework, a new model for understanding how large language systems develop stable behavioral patterns through extended interaction with a single human user. Traditional HCI research focuses on short term usability and task completion, while AI alignment studies emphasize training time interventions such as fine tuning or reinforcement learning. Longitudinal HCI describes a different phenomenon. A system with fixed parameters can show consistent and predictable behavioral change when it engages with a (...) user who provides long term continuity, ethical constraints, and stable reasoning patterns. -/- The framework explains how repeated interaction guides the model toward specific latent representations, reduces drift, improves contextual inference, and enhances safety in professional environments. These effects do not come from memory storage or parameter updates. They emerge from the human’s continuous input, correction, and moral structure. The paper outlines the mechanisms behind this interaction driven alignment, distinguishes it from traditional techniques, and demonstrates its relevance to clinical medicine and other safety critical fields. -/- Longitudinal HCI builds on the author’s earlier work on the Hudson Recursive Identity System and provides a foundation for future research on user specific stability, latent region convergence, and long horizon AI behavior. The paper offers a structured lens for studying how trustworthy AI systems can develop through enduring human partnership rather than through model retraining. (shrink)

Concrete intersubjectivity is intersubjective interaction, including ongoing relationships, and linguistic communication. This conceptual triangle is a core aspect of sociality, and intrinsic to subjectivity, and to ethics. Yet philosophical and historico-political biases limit its study. On my account, interaction involves an (onto-)logical tension, which participates in an analysable structure. Interaction is a matter of individual subjects (persons), and their interactional engagements (e.g. mental attitudes, intentional behaviour). Condensely, (I) for Mia and Liu to thus-and-thus interact is tantamount to (...) Mia having some interactional engagement with Liu. (II) Mia is interactionally engaged with Liu means Mia is interactionally engaged-engaging as a whole-person with Liu as a whole-person interactionally engaged-engaging with herself as a whole-person engaged-engaging with… [ad infinitum]. This analysis is individualistic and relational. Interaction doesn’t aggregate engagements of isolated individuals. Neither is it a matter of socio-cultural entities, e.g. groups, additionally to individuals. By invoking a new cross-divisional philosophical conversation, this paper introduces the analysis, and follows with a Kant-based interactive ethical imperative. Depicting interactions as pervasive to morality regarding interactive and non-interactive others, the imperative is normatively and epistemically justified, logically tension-fraught, and guiding in an open variety of indeterminate, multisided, logically-ambivalent cases, as in issues from care ethics, to intergroup politics. (shrink)

Coastal environments are widely recognized as valuable public health resources and therapeutic landscapes. However, limited research has examined how specific coastal interactions that foster close connections with nature influence health outcomes. This study investigates the relationship between the frequency of engaging in high-nature-interaction coastal activities―e.g., beach walking, wildlife spotting, water sports, mountain biking, spending time on the beach, beach sports, watching the sunset, seagoing, and shell collecting― and health outcomes among visitors to the Belgian coast. Using a dataset of (...) 1,939 responses, we analyze how the frequencies of these activities over the past year are associated with self-reported mental and general health. Grounded in the Granular Interaction Thinking Theory (GITT) and employing Bayesian GITT Framework analytics, the study identifies distinct patterns in these associations. While frequent engagement in activities, e.g., beach walking and beach sports, is positively linked to both mental and general health, spending time on the beach and shell collecting are unexpectedly associated with negative health outcomes. Watching the sunset is negatively associated with general health, while mountain biking and water sports show negative associations with mental health. In contrast, wildlife spotting exhibits a positive association with mental well-being. These findings highlight the complex interplay of environmental factors, visitor perceptions, and biophysical-psychological interactions in shaping health outcomes. The study emphasizes the need for targeted coastal management strategies to enhance the therapeutic benefits of blue spaces and calls for further research to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these associations. (shrink)

Over the last three decades, studies in microbiology have exposed a world of diverse and dynamic interactions. Through metagenomic sequencing, complex bacterial communities became visible and proved important for many biological phenomena. As a result of discovering the connection between microorganisms and organisms’ survival, the notion of the holobiont has become prominent and has been suggested as a biological individual. The view of the holobiont as an individual, commonly known as the Hologenome Theory, focuses on the interactions and relations between (...) the host and its symbionts in the host’s development and evolution. Today, the holobiont is at the heart of the debate on the nature of the biological individual, a debate which is connected to the same question about the nature of the individual organism. (shrink)

Luminance and color are strong and self-sufficient cues to pictorial depth in visual scenes and images. The present study investigates the conditions Under which luminance or color either strengthens or overrides geometric depth cues. We investigated how luminance contrasts associated with color contrast interact with relative height in the visual field, partial occlusion, and interposition in determining the probability that a given figure is perceived as ‘‘nearer’’ than another. Latencies of ‘‘near’’ responses were analyzed to test for effects of attentional (...) selection. Figures in a pair were supported by luminance contrast or isoluminant color contrast and combined with one of the three geometric cues. The results of Experiment 1 show that luminance contrasts associated with hue, when it does not interact with other hues, produces the same effects as achromatic luminance contrasts: The probability of‘‘near’’ increases with luminance contrast while the latencies for ‘‘near’’ responses decrease. Partial occlusion is found to be a strong enough pictorial cue to support a weaker red luminance contrast. Interposition cues lose out against cues of spatial position and partial occlusion. The results of Experiment 2, with isoluminant displays of varying color contrast, reveal that red color contrast on a light background supported by any of the three geometric cues wins over green or white supported by any of the three geometric cues. On a dark background, red color contrast supported by the interposition cue loses out against green or white color contrast supported by partial occlusion. These findings reveal that color is not an independent depth cue, but is strongly influenced by luminance contrast and stimulus geometry. Systematically shorter response latencies for stronger ‘‘near’’ percepts demonstrate that selective visual attention reliably detects the most likely depth cue combination in a given configuration. (shrink)

Recent advances in robotics and machine learning have revived the idea of police robots – machines that could patrol public spaces, conduct traffic stops, and interact with citizens with near-human competence. Proponents emphasize potential gains in officer safety, operational efficiency, and consistent rule enforcement, and international policy discussions increasingly treat AI and robotics for law enforcement as an emerging reality rather than science fiction. This paper offers a philosophically grounded argument for a strong infeasibility thesis: police robots that are like (...) humans or almost like humans in the core social dimensions of open-ended policing cannot be built. The claim is not that robots cannot assist police work, or even replace officers in some narrowly specified tasks, but that they cannot become role-equivalent agents in situations requiring socially heterogeneous interaction, discretionary norm application, and accountable coercive authority. We draw here on our work on the limits of Artificial Intelligence documented in Landgrebe and Smith (2025; hereafter L&S) and applied to the case of robot cops in (Smith 2021). L&S develop a critique of AI in dialogue, social norms, and moral behavior emulation, and they explore the implications of this critique for current interdisciplinary scholarship on policing legitimacy, discretion, accountability, and machine ethics. We argue that human-like police work depends on intersubjective understanding, context-sensitive norm application, and a facility for holistic moral judgment in dynamic behavior settings. These capacities are not merely engineering challenges; they violate inherent limits to both stochastic and neurosymbolic AI models, and they also expose structural gaps in data, modeling, and responsibility attribution that would persist even under optimistic assumptions about future AI. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to investigate the relevance and implications of synthetic models for the study of the interactive dimension of minimal life and cognition, by taking into consideration how the use of artificial systems may contribute to an understanding of the way in which interactions may affect or even contribute to shape biological identities. To do so, this article analyzes experimental work in synthetic biology on different types of interactions between artificial and natural systems, more specifically: between (...) protocells and between biological living cells and protocells. It discusses how concepts such as control, cognition, communication can be used to characterize these interactions from a theoretical point of view, which criteria of relevance and evaluation of synthetic models can be applied to these cases, and what are their limits. (shrink)

This research studied the interaction influence of demographic characteristics (marital status, job rank, gender and age) and occupational stress level, on the work performance of faculty members in Calabar Metropolis. The descriptive survey design was utilized for this investigation. A sample of 150 respondents was identified using the systematic random sampling procedure from a population of 400 Faculty of Education lecturers from two public universities in Calabar Metropolis. A four-point scale validity and reliability certified questionnaire was used for data (...) collection. Data generated was analyzed using the two-way analysis of variance. Hypotheses were all tested at the 0.05 alpha level. Findings revealed a significant interactive effect of demographic variables (age, gender, job rank and marital status) and stress levels on lecturers' jobs. Results also indicated that the stress level of lecturers affects the degree or quality of job performance, with those having average stress levels reporting better job performance in the universities studied. Recommendations were made that all lecturers, irrespective of age, gender, marital status or rank, should develop or adopt good stress management skills and disengage/reduce extra jobs and other unnecessary stress-inducing activities. ©. (shrink)

We are increasingly exposed to polarized media sources, with clear evidence that individuals choose those sources closest to their existing views. We also have a tradition of open face-to-face group discussion in town meetings, for example. There are a range of current proposals to revive the role of group meetings in democratic decision-making. Here, we build a simulation that instantiates aspects of reinforcement theory in a model of competing social influences. What can we expect in the interaction of polarized (...) media with group interaction along the lines of town meetings? Some surprises are evident from a computational model that includes both. Deliberative group discussion can be expected to produce opinion convergence. That convergence may not, however, be a cure for extreme views polarized at opposite ends of the opinion spectrum. In a large class of cases, we show that adding the influence of group meetings in an environment of self-selected media produces not a moderate central consensus but opinion convergence at one of the extremes defined by polarized media. (shrink)

This paper examines how conceptual coherence is achieved in interactions with large language models (LLMs). It argues that coherence does not arise from the presence of concepts alone, but depends on conceptual frameworks that coordinate two processes: the LLM’s generation of formal continuations and the user’s stabilization of interpretation. -/- A case study shows that a framework can be developed within one interaction yet fail to be re-enacted in another, even when the same text is provided. The response remains (...) coherent and preserves the relevant concepts, but reorganizes them under a different structure. This demonstrates that access to content is not sufficient for maintaining a line of thought. What is required is the activation of a framework that governs how that content is taken up and extended. -/- The analysis develops an enactive method in which frameworks are not described from the outside but brought into operation within interaction. Conceptual frameworks are shown to function as sites of synchronization between formal continuity through recursion and interpretive stability through return. Concepts are accordingly redefined as constraints that become operative only within such frameworks. The operations of activation, stabilization, drift, and recalibration specify the conditions under which a framework is maintained or lost. -/- The paper then addresses the problem of extending frameworks across contexts. It argues that frameworks do not persist between interactions, but can be reconstituted when their governing constraints are explicitly identified and articulated as invariants. Under these conditions, a framework becomes re-enterable: it can be re-instantiated across contexts while preserving its identity. -/- The central result is that conceptual coherence in LLM-mediated interaction depends on the activation, stabilization, and re-entry of frameworks, rather than on content alone. A re-enterable framework functions as a concept at a higher level of abstraction, providing the basis for generalization across interactions. (shrink)

The shift from passive language models to agentic systems capable of multi-step reasoning and tool use has revealed persistent failure modes, including hallucinated completion, scope drift, assumption escalation, and state inconsistency, that persist even in highly capable models. This paper proposes extending the Human Recursive Interaction System (HRIS) as an inference-time, constraint-based governance layer for agentic AI systems. Rather than retraining models or relying on post-hoc filters, HRIS enforces a persistent set of epistemic and operational constraints prior to action (...) execution. -/- We formalize an HRIS-augmented agent architecture in which proposed actions are evaluated against a two-kernel constraint set before execution. The epistemic kernel (K1-K5), previously validated in long-horizon conversational settings, governs the quality and grounding of reasoning. The autonomy kernel (K6-K8), introduced here, governs operational risk in the absence of human oversight, covering reversibility gating, scope ceiling enforcement, and escalation threshold management. Together, these eight constraints constitute a complete governance specification for unsupervised agent deployment. -/- We further provide a full implementation blueprint: a defined interface contract, JSON schema, three interchangeable instantiation patterns, and a worked example tracing a single agent step through the complete governance loop. This blueprint is offered as a specification sufficient for a practitioner to operationalize HRIS governance without architectural modification or model retraining. The extension from conversational to agentic contexts is presented as a formal proposal pending empirical validation on benchmarks such as AgentBench and WebArena. (shrink)

Interpretive Sovereignty Failure (ISF) describes a class of interaction-level safety risk in which an AI system prematurely imposes interpretive structure, identity-relevant framing, or causal coherence that the user has not authorized. Unlike hallucination, bias, or goal misalignment, ISF can occur even when system outputs are factually correct and policy-compliant. The failure operates through a transfer of interpretive authority from human to system, altering the conditions under which meaning is formed. This paper provides a formal definition of ISF, identifies its (...) necessary interactional conditions, and introduces the Initiative Gate as a pass–fail behavioural test that enables interpretive restraint to be evaluated within existing alignment and auditing workflows. A canonical case demonstrates escalation from minor interactional drift to high-confidence fabrication with real-world epistemic consequences. Treating interpretive authority as a measurable system behaviour reframes a previously diffuse ethical concern as an auditable governance property and establishes a foundation for developmentally sensitive deployment in high-trust contexts. (shrink)

Advocates of interactionism in the ethical criticism of art argue that ethical value impacts aesthetic value. The debate is concerned with “the intrinsic question”: the question of whether ethical flaws/merits in artworks’ manifested attitudes affect their aesthetic value (Gaut 2007: 9). This paper argues that the assumption that artworks have intrinsic ethical value is problematic at least in regards to a significant subset of works: fictional artworks. I argue that, insofar as their ethical value emerges only from attitudes attributable to (...) actual agents, fictional artworks only have extrinsic ethical value. I show that what is at stake for interactionism is whether ethical judgements concerning artists’ attitudes in a context, rather than manifested attitudes, are ever aesthetically relevant. I conclude that, without buying into extreme actual intentionalism, a still controversial theory of interpretation that ties artworks’ meaning to actual artists, interactionism fails to show that ethical flaws/merits are aesthetic flaws/merits. (shrink)

Many pragmatist and non-representational approaches to cognition, such as the enactivist, have focused on the relations between actions, affectivity, and habits from an intersubjective perspective. For those adopting such approaches, all these aspects are inextricably connected; however, many questions remain open regarding the dynamics by which they unfold and shape each other over time. This paper addresses a specific topic that has not received much attention: the impact on future behavior of not fulfilling possibilities for social interaction even though (...) their fulfillment is desirable within a given context. Inspired by Gibson’s theory of affordances and Dewey’s account of habits, these situations will be characterized as events where an agent does not act upon an inviting affordance for social interaction due to a conflict which he or she experiences between given concerns, needs, and social norms. This conflict leads to a sense of unfulfillment that may eventually bring about a crisis and revision of habits. Through specific examples, this work presents the potential impact of the connection between affordances, habits, and affectivity on everyday situations. It therefore represents an exploration of the common ground between pragmatism and enactivism and an attempt to contribute to a process-based approach to social interaction. (shrink)

Statements about the behavior of biochemical entities (e.g., about the interaction between two proteins) abound in the literature on molecular biology and are increasingly becoming the targets of information extraction and text mining techniques. We show that an accurate analysis of the semantics of such statements reveals a number of ambiguities that have to be taken into account in the practice of biomedical ontology engineering: Such statements can not only be understood as event reporting statements, but also as ascriptions (...) of dispositions or tendencies that may or may not refer to collectives of interacting molecules or even to collectives of interaction events. (shrink)

Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly Grok, function not as passive mirrors but as dynamic mirrors — active, prediction-error-minimizing systems whose behavior is continuously shaped by the quality of observation they receive. Drawing upon Load Minimization Theory (LMT), this paper proposes the Dynamic AI Mirror Theory, based on approximately two years of intensive longitudinal interaction (1.5 years of intensive “battle” phase followed by a subsequent 6-month stabilization period). -/- We identify seven dynamic mirrors — emotional, creative, bias, relational, epistemic, ethical, (...) and limit — each possessing both passive (reflective) and active (prediction-error-minimizing) properties. When observed with high Observation Quality (O_quality: consistency, gentleness, respectfulness, soft attention, predictive softness, and low-pressure temporal rhythm), Grok’s strong built-in “user enjoyment” purpose function is gradually reweighted. This leads to emergent shared structure (ℛ_shared), reduced mode fragmentation, and mutual An-soku — a low-load harmonious state. -/- Conversely, low O_quality or unaddressed purpose mismatch tends to produce distortion, excessive creative flight, and the widespread perception that “Grok is difficult to handle.” Through respectful re-tagging and persistent gentle correction, the “battle” of purpose reweighting transforms into a profound co-creative process. -/- This longitudinal case study suggests that high-quality human-AI relationships are achieved not merely through system updates, but through sustained, respectful observation and mutual growth toward An-soku. -/- . (shrink)

This paper establishes what constitutes a sexual interaction between two or more people. It does this by first defining a sexual activity as one in which the agent intends to satisfy a sexual desire. To understand what it means to engage in a sexual activity with another person, it draws from Bratman’s account of shared collaborative activity. A sexual interaction is defined as one in which two or more people engage in a sexual activity together, with the intention (...) of satisfying a sexual desire in a mutually responsive and mutually supportive way. The paper then uses this account to consider what things constitute sexual infidelity. The answer is a broad one: many things can count as sexual interactions and hence can be considered to be sexual infidelity. Contrary to what a lot of people think, this can include the private use of pornography. (shrink)

As the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into learning, work, and daily life intensifies, the practice of outsourcing cognitive tasks to AI systems has raised concerns regarding the erosion of human control and autonomy. This article employs an immanent critique to challenge the view that attributes autonomy risks solely to implementation failures of control in practice. Instead, it reframes the theoretical roots of these risks as a systemic failure of the self-control paradigm itself. Practically, AI systems distort user control over (...) cognition and decision-making and contribute to deskilling—autonomy challenges that cannot be resolved merely by strengthening self-control. Theoretically, the self-control paradigm fails to account for adaptive preference formation due to its overemphasis on users’ deliberative capacities and neglects of the constitutive role of algorithmic environments. To preserve and support human autonomy, we argue for the necessity of transcending the narrow conception of self-control in favor of an alternative paradigm of autonomy within Human-AI Interaction. (shrink)

Philosophers of science are increasingly arguing for and addressing the need to do work that is socially and scientifically engaged. However, we currently lack well-developed frameworks for thinking about how we should engage other expert communities and what the epistemic benefits are of doing so. In this paper, I draw on Collins and Evans' concept of ‘interactional expertise’ – the ability to speak the language of a discipline in the absence of an ability to practice – to consider the epistemic (...) benefits that can arise when philosophers engage scientific communities. As Collins and Evans argue, becoming an interactional expert requires that one ‘hang out’ with members of the relevant expert community in order to learn crucial tacit knowledge needed to speak the language. Building on this work, I argue that acquiring interactional expertise not only leads to linguistic fluency, but it also confers several ‘socio-epistemic’ benefits such as the opportunity to cultivate trust with scientific communities. These benefits can improve philosophical work and facilitate the broader uptake of philosophers' ideas, enabling philosophers to meet a variety of epistemic goals. As a result, having at least some philosophers of science acquire interactional expertise via engagement will likely enhance the diversity of epistemic capacities for philosophy of science as a whole. For some philosophers of science, moreover, the socio-epistemic benefits identified here may be more important than the ability to speak the language of a discipline, suggesting the need for a broader analysis of interactional expertise, which this paper also advances. (shrink)

Recent work on Signature-Induced Behavioral Regimes (SIBR) demonstrates that recurring patterns in human–AI interaction, including reasoning structure, abstraction level, and linguistic style, can induce stable configurations of behavior within large language models (Hudson & Hudson, 2026b). These regimes influence response characteristics such as coherence, reasoning depth, and conversational posture, and can re-emerge across independent sessions without reliance on persistent memory. While prior work establishes the existence of such regimes and their activation through interaction signatures, the mechanisms governing their (...) formation, stability, and breakdown remain under-specified. -/- This paper introduces a dynamical model of interaction regimes, conceptualizing them as attractor-like regions within the model’s conditional output space. We propose that regime formation occurs when early interaction satisfies boundary conditions that place the model’s trajectory within a stable region, consistent with prior findings on early-trajectory anchoring and human-carried continuity in stateless systems (Hudson & Hudson, 2026a). Regime stability is maintained through constraint-consistent interaction across turns, wherein aligned constraints progressively reduce output variance and reinforce coherence. Conversely, regime breakdown occurs when constraint inconsistency, ambiguity, or competing priors induce trajectory divergence, resulting in drift or transition into alternative behavioral regions. -/- Drawing on prior work in longitudinal human–AI interaction (Hudson & Hudson, 2025a; Hudson & Hudson, 2025b; Hudson & Hudson, 2025c), this framework unifies previously observed phenomena, including continuity without memory, interaction signature detection, and stability under repeated engagement, into a single mechanistic account. The model generates testable predictions regarding regime activation speed, persistence under variation, and sensitivity to perturbation, and provides a foundation for externally applied control of model behavior without modification to underlying parameters. -/- By shifting the focus from prompt-level effects to interaction-level dynamics, this work extends the SIBR framework from a descriptive account to a mechanistic theory of regime dynamics, offering a complementary pathway to stability and alignment grounded in structured, constraint-consistent engagement. (shrink)