The violation of Bell inequalities seems to establish an important fact about the world: that it is non-local. However, this result relies on the assumption of the statistical independence of the measurement settings with respect to potential past events that might have determined them. Superdeterminism refers to the view that a local, and determinist, account of Bell inequalities violations is possible, by rejecting this assumption of statistical independence. We examine and clarify various problems with superdeterminism, looking in particular at its (...) consequences on the nature of scientific laws and scientific reasoning. We argue that the view requires a neo-Humean account of at least some laws, and creates a significant problem for the use of statistical independence in other parts of physics and science more generally. (shrink)

In the introduction to the Critique of Pure Reason (2nd edition), Kant claims that a transcendental cognition is a one ‘that is occupied not so much with objects but rather with our mode of cognition of objects insofar as is this ought to be possible a priori (a priori möglich sein soll)’. In this paper, I argue that Kant scholarship should take into account the specific signification of the term ‘sollen’, which might require us to reconsider the usual distinction between (...) the system of freedom and the system of nature. Following a Fichtean perspective, I will try to show that, even if ‘sollen’ in this context does not refer to a duty in the strict sense, it does refer to the demand that transcendental philosophy itself be possible. I will argue that this demand is contingent at its very origin and, accordingly, expresses a particular kind of ‘freedom’. On this basis I will consider the tribunal of reason enacted in the Critique of Pure Reason as a tribunal that emerges from a free decision, in which the transcendental philosopher imagines its own possibility. Because it is a ‘free’ and ‘contingent’ tribunal, it cannot exceed the status of a problematic philosophical strategy. (shrink)

This study assessed students’ perception of teachers’ effectiveness and learning outcomes in mathematics and economics in secondary schools of Cross River State, Nigeria. Two null hypotheses were formulated to direct the study. The factorial research design was adopted for the study. Cluster and purposive sampling techniques were however employed in selecting a sample of 1,800 students from the three education zones in Cross River State. “Students’ Perception of Teachers Effectiveness Questionnaire (SPTEQ)”, Mathematics Achievement Test (MAT), and Economics Achievement Test (EAT) (...) were used as instruments for data collection. Reliability estimates of .86, .91, and .81 were obtained for the three instruments using Cronbach alpha. Collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics while the research question was answered and the null hypothesis tested using Pearson Correlation matrix and multiple regression analyses (where applicable), with the aid of Minitab v18. Findings revealed amongst others that, there is a significant composite influence of students’ perception of teachers’ motivational skills, teaching methods, relationship with students, and communication level on learning outcomes in Mathematics (F = 142.46, p < .05) and Economics (F = 150.31, p < .05) respectively. It was recommended amongst others that secondary school teachers should adopt motivational techniques such as praises, rewards, and smiles, in strengthening the interest of learners during mathematics and Economics lessons. Keywords:. (shrink)

Born December 2, 1848 in Gilcomston, Aberdeen, Scotland, Mary Mitchell Slessor, a five foot, red haired Scottish Missionary who pioneered her way into the jungles of Africa was undoubtedly one of the most outstanding missionaries who made tremendous contributions to evangelism, charity work, educational and healthcare services and publicized Nigeria in the map of the world. She faced many challenges living with the villagers, and at times, even had to be a peacemaker between tribesmen. Her work and strong personality allowed (...) her to be trusted and accepted by the locals while spreading Christianity in Nigeria, promoting women’s rights, rescuing unwanted children, protecting native children and died on 13 January, 1915 (aged 66) at Use Ikot Oku, Calabar, Nigeria. Beyond contribution to knowledge this brief work is therefore a legacy of Mary Mitchell Slessor’s contributions to the evangelization of Nigeria and Church History. (shrink)

The testimonia concerning weight in early Greek atomism appear to contradict one another. Some reports assert that the atoms do have weight, while others outright deny weight as a property of the atoms. A common solution to this apparent contradiction divides the testimonia into two groups. The first group describes the atoms within a κόσμος, where they have weight; the second group describes the atoms outside of a κόσμος, where they are weightless. A key testimonium for proponents of this solution (...) is Aëtius 1.3.18. It apparently denies weight as a property of the atoms, and supposedly describes the atoms when they are outside of a κόσμος. I argue against this interpretive solution by demonstrating, first, that Aëtius 1.3.18 does not deny that weight is a property of the atoms. Second, I argue that the report does not describe the atoms when they are outside of a κόσμος. Although these are largely negative conclusions, I contend that we are not left without a solution to the present interpretive difficulty. Once our testimonia concerning weight in early Greek atomism are examined thoroughly, it is clear that there is no conflict among them. (shrink)

Despite considerable attention to the need for systemic education for a new society, it is surprising to note how little research has actually been conducted in this area with transdisciplinary approach. Besides, there are many papers about new educational approaches but they are focused on a specific level, for example on higher education. Very little has been done in terms of a systemic and comprehensive approach capable of guiding human development from preschool to postgraduates studies-and beyond. This paper has two (...) purposes: (a) first, to articulate the theoretical framework of a new educational paradigm that responds to current needs of society and that integrates evolutionary perspectives on cultural and human development; (b) second, to suggest a research agenda that may be followed in the future to expand our knowledge base in the new educational paradigms area. (shrink)

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into structural engineering practice represents one of the most consequential technological shifts in the built environment sector in recent decades (Elmousalami et al., 2025). This study examined the readiness of government real estate organizations in Anambra State, Nigeria, to adopt AI in structural design for smart city infrastructure. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 150 questionnaire respondents and 15 key informant interviews across the Anambra State Housing Development Corporation (ASHDC), Ministry of Works, (...) and Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. Overall readiness was found to be moderate to low (mean score = 2.83 out of 5). Organizational factors scored highest (mean = 3.15), while technological infrastructure (mean = 2.60) and human resource capacity (mean = 2.59) were the weakest areas. Accordingly, K-means clustering and Random Forest analysis revealed that external barriers, integration feasibility with existing tools, and prior piloting experience were the strongest predictors of readiness. Participants recognized clear benefits of AI adoption in efficiency, accuracy, and cost savings, yet highlighted persistent barriers including infrastructure deficits, skills gaps, and budget constraints. A conceptual case study illustrates how an AI-augmented workflow could be applied to a typical 2-storey smart housing block. The study concludes with practical recommendations for phased training, infrastructure upgrades, and pilot projects aligned with national digital transformation strategies that increasingly position AI as a core enabler of public sector modernization. (shrink)

This study analyzed the utilization of social media platforms and university students' attitudes towards academic activities in Cross River State. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of this study comprised all the private and public university students in Cross River State. A sample of 1,600 students, which cuts across the three universities in the area of study, was selected using the convenience sampling technique. A questionnaire (r=.849) and a rating scale (r=.786) were used as (...) the instruments for data collection. Findings emerged amongst others that the utilization status of social media platforms by university students is generally high; the utilization of Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, Twitter, WeChat, Skype, Snapchat, Eskimi, Telegram and YouTube social media platforms has a significant composite influence (F=52.453, p<.05) on university students' attitudes towards academic activities. Relatively, utilization of Facebook was the highest predictor (t=11.222, β=.232, p<.05), followed by the utilization of WhatsApp (t=11.068, β=.229, p<.05), utilization of Twitter (t=5.977, β=.118, p<.05), and the utilization of Instagram (t=2.772, β=.056, p<.05), in that order. It was recommended that secondary school students should develop positive attitudes towards their academic activities and abhor activities that will lead to a decline in the learning outcomes. (shrink)

The gradual shift from the offline to online communication such as: short message services (SMS), 2go and whatsapp has given way to innovative language short forms, whose lexical compressions have permeated the linguistic characters of the texters. For about a decade now, there exists a growing body of research on mobile text messaging by linguists, but only few have been done in the area of lexical compression on Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) platforms. The objectives of the study focus on ascertaining (...) the implicationsoflexical compressionon emergence of cyber linguistic orthography, cyber linguistic register and also to determine the effects on Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) platforms users. The data analysis was done using qualitative descriptive method to analyze the texters chats which the research obtained from the Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) platforms users. The research work finds out that lexical compression in Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) has resulted in the emergence of cyber linguistic orthography, cyber linguistic register, and finally proves that lexical compression in Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) provides a platform for users to create and practice phonemic activities which enhance their phonemic awareness. (shrink)

"I don't know how to write an academic abstract" - Actively seeking collaboration for formalization of this outline from a mentor.

We synthesize Paul Jorion’s Aristotelian critique of modern proofs, McCain’s demonstration of the unprovability of P vs NP, and Nicolas Wallner’s extension of physics through additional “decision dimensions.” All are illuminated by returning to Descartes’ original metaphor of the Cartesian Demon: an imagined deceiver who strips away all context to induce radical doubt. We argue that demons are illusions created by formalism itself. Just as Jorion shows that demonstrations collapse when sensory evidence is hidden, McCain proves that P vs NP (...) dissolves into paradox when its contextual assumptions are stripped, and Wallner reframes physics to show how time and choice dissolve paradoxes, the pattern is clear. The demon is “worthy of its name” when it reveals this illusion. Once context is restored—whether sensory, computational, or dimensional—the demon vanishes. (shrink)

I attempt for the last time to argue that P vs NP is unprovable, referencing by implication all of history and philosophy and science and mathematics and truth and reason.

Temperature changes can significantly impact how particles stick to surfaces and move in liquid environments, affecting everything from industrial processes to biological systems. Hence, this study investigates temperature-induced variations in particle adhesion using an inclined plane setup. It examines how adhesion strength is influenced by liquid type, particle roughness, size, and van der Waals forces. As temperature increases, liquid density and viscosity decrease, reducing adhesion. A spherical particle is suspended in a liquid and separated from a solid plane by a (...) distance, with van der Waals force estimated using a standard equation. The study also applies kinetic and dynamic friction laws, determining rolling friction at the angle of repose, where a particle begins to slide on the inclined plane. Results showed that smaller particles required higher inclination angles to roll. In water, particles with diameters of 0.4500 cm rolled at angles corresponding to sinØ values of 0.0910–0.0940, while smaller particles (0.0135 cm) had a sinØ of 0.2743. In ethanol, rolling occurred at lower angles, with sinØ values ranging from 0.1300 (0.0190 cm) to 0.1895 (0.0140 cm). Ethanol’s lower density (789.3 kg/m³) than water (998.2 kg/m³) allowed earlier sliding. Graphs confirmed van der Waals forces dominated adhesion, with linear regression validating the model. Hamaker coefficients, calculated from the data, fall within reported literature values and increase with temperature. Coefficients of friction decrease with temperature, ranging from 0.0680 to 0.0400 (Water) and 0.0480 to 0.0326 (Ethanol). These findings apply to biomedical engineering, microfluidics, and nanotechnology, where controlling adhesion and friction is essential for efficiency and performance. (shrink)

The issue of leadership styles used by school heads and the academic performance of students has recently attracted the attention of the general public and people are exerting energies into research to find its courses and effects. Nkoranza-North district is selected as a result of the fact that the researcher works there and the districts also have two senior high schools for the study. Primarily, the study was to find out the courses and impact of leadership styles on teaching and (...) learning outcomes in the Nkoranza-North district. The study covered a sample size of sixty (60) people comprises of Headmasters, selected teachers and selected students of the two. The researcher employed the descriptive method, while interview schedule and questionnaire were used to gather the information. Frequency and percentage were used to analyse the data. The study also looks at the various leadership styles employed by leaders some of which are Autocratic, Democratic and Laissez-faire. The findings of the study are discussed, conclusion draw and recommendations made. (shrink)

I have solved P vs NP. If NP requires a certificate AND a context then the verification of NP (and the solution) violates the formal constraints of NP. Verification itself is a self-referential assertion of truth that shows NP≠NP, thus N≠NP.

Determination of the sedimentary thickness of Onitsha and its environs, southeastern Nigeria using aeromagnetic data was carried out in order to ascertain the sedimentary piles across the area for possible hydrocarbon accumulation. The study area is situated between latitude 6000lN to 6030lN and longitude 6030lE to 7000lE. The aeromagnetic data sheet 300 was acquired from the Nigerian Geological Survey Agency (NGSA) for the study and has an area extent of 3025 km2. The acquired data was processed and analyzed using Geo-softwares (...) (Oasis Montaj, Surfer- 32 and GeoRose) for both qualitative and quantitative interpretation in order to produce maps and models. The anomalies identified were analyzed using the half-slope method. The result from the qualitative interpretation shows high magnetic intensity ranging from 8000 nT – 8135 nT). Th result also shows occurrence of sparse and linear contours indicating high sedimentary thickness cover. The analytical map and Rose diagram show magnetic lineaments trending in the Northeast-Southwest direction. The sedimentary thickness deduced ranged from 3.06 km – 12.41 km with an average 6.63km. The sedimentary thickness map reveals that the area has a high sedimentary thickness around the Northern-Eastern regions of the study area and also indicates the areas of uplift and depression. The study concludes that the area has a high sedimentary cover, which may possibly favour hydrocarbon generation. (shrink)

The study analyzed the Agogo Presbyterian College of Education (1930-1971) and when it was taken over by the Government (1972-2013). This became relevant in the wake of the recent plea by the churches that the Government should hand over Mission Schools to the churches. The study therefore examines the state of management and leadership and infrastructural development both under the regime of the Missionaries and the Government. It also sought to assess academic standard of the students, and the discipline of (...) the College, qualification of the teachers, supervision, and students’ patronage of library and entry grade of students to the College with the view of establishing the progression or retrogression over the period. In doing this, a comparative study was undertaken and data were derived from archival materials of the Agogo Presbyterian College of Education, and direct interviews with past Principals and Administrators of the College. The results revealed that despite an increase in student-intake (210 students in 1942 to 750 students in 2014) with a corresponding increase of teachers (from 5 missionary teachers with lower academic degrees in 1931 to 28 teachers with masters qualifications), inadequate infrastructural development; lack of discipline and competitions among students have characterized APCE since it was managed by the Government as compared to the Missionaries. The study recommends that the Government would complete the construction of the students‟ hall complex, and also put up large auditorium and classroom blocks to accommodate the high students’ intake in the College to enhance education delivery. (shrink)

This brief article is a legacy of the authors twenty-five year teaching experience of Nigerian Church History in three Nigerian Universities between May 25, 1987 and May 31, 2012 and his ministerial duties and lecture on Church history in the Lutheran Seminary in Nigeria and the various interaction with other Christian brethren, especially in relationship with Christian students of The Apostolic Church, Nigeria. In this article, the researchers have tried to describe the early history of the Apostolic Church in Cross (...) River State of Nigeria, West Africa, through a brief biographical stetch of Pastor Eyo Nkune Okpo Ene of Ambo Family, Mbaraokom, Creek Town (Obio Oko), who lived between 22nd November, 1895 and 1st February, 1973(78 years). This work is a paragon or model of other similar ones: like those of Garrick Idakatima Sokari Braide, Samuel Ajayi Crowther, Essien Ukpabio, Jonathan Udo Ekong and others. (shrink)

The hypothesis that we want to test is whether the Kantian revolution, based on a Copernican-type hypothesis, is a revolution in the Kuhnian sense of “scientific revolution”. By answering it we accomplish the two aims of this paper: to draw a recuperative and justificatory perspective to the fundamental ideas from Thomas Kuhn’s Structure of Scientific Revolutions, related in particular to the refutation of Larry Laudan’s criticism on it and, by our own Kuhn-type reconstruction of the term “Copernican revolution” attributed to (...) Kant, to demonstrate the nominal hypothesis formulated above. Accordingly, we argue not only that, with Kant, we find analogously the Kuhntype model of revolution, and that the results of his revolutionary hypothesis on how reporting to the object coincide not only with the results provided by science and with their scientific status; but also that it is consistent with the model provided by Kuhn. (shrink)

Diverse theories reveal distinct meanings. However, in relation to Zimbabwean war novels, it seems that critical scholarship is yet to explore adequately the liminal condition that characterized the distressed psyche of the characters specifically affected by extraordinary and overwhelming encounters during the war of liberation. Therefore, this study employs Kali Tal’s traumatic theory of liminality to interrogate the post-traumatic experience of victims of the Zimbabwean war. The paper uses Alexander Kanegoni’s novel, Echoing Silences to explore the distressed psyche characters affected (...) by the Zimbabwean liberation struggle. Focusing on the issues of social oppression and abandonment, the study analyzes the survivor's post-traumatic behavioral patterns which exposes the deep psychological imbalances of the characters. The investigation reveals not only that a trauma victim is a liminal character who is trapped in a haunted past which impedes his advancement in life, but it also exposes the difficulty associated with healing. Therefore, the work concludes that the victim's post-traumatic life has become a way of life instead of a transitory phase in his life. The study concludes that a victim who is psychologically affected should be rehabilitated and fully integrated back into the society in order to facilitate his healing towards post-liminality. (shrink)

This correlational study investigated the relationship between preservice teachers’ math self-concept, self-efficacy, and attitude with their math achievement. Participants were chosen using stratified random sampling from BEEd and BSEd mathematics majors (n = 117). From the findings, preservice teachers had moderate to high math self-concept, self-efficacy, and attitude. These variables were statistically correlated with each other and with math achievement. The inclusion of training programs for developing the preservice teachers’ math self-concept, self-efficacy, and attitude, as well as designing curricula that (...) engage and encourage them to do mathematics and problem-solving, must be considered among teacher education institutions. (shrink)

In recognition of the need for sustainable design philosophies and practices that can be incorporated into the design of new products with an environmentally sustainable perspective throughout the life cycle, this research used a scoping review approach to x-ray the utility of the Sustainable Value Framework (SVF) in enhancing the application of reinforced composite products for ecological efficiency. An extensive search was performed using the electronic databases of articles such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Semantic Scholar. The study selected (...) and extracted data from the literature according to the PRISMA-SCR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Reviews) to map the current literature for gaps in knowledge. The research studies show that SVF promotes the product design by incorporating characteristics such as environmental, economic, and social factors to attain optimal reduction of resources and sustainable uses of the environmental resources as well as improving the quality of the products. The study discussed the principles of sustainable value creation and their work evaluates new solutions of composite material selection, design method and technology for sustainable products. It also discusses policy drivers as well as industry and consumer practices with regards to reuse of surfaces in sustainable design. This study is beneficial to various stakeholders like the policymakers, the professionals in industries and construction, and the scholars. (shrink)

This research work titled, “Virtue epistemology: Internalism and Externalism Justification” attempts to give a succinct analysis of the justification of our knowledge. It rigorously scrutinizes the sources of our knowledge claim. Whether the justificatory criteria to authenticate our knowledge claim are external or internal. It is discovered that the internalism-externalism (I-E) debate lies near the centre of contemporary discussion about epistemology. The basic idea of internalism is that justification is solely determined by factors that are internal to a person. Externalists (...) deny this, asserting that justification depends on additional factors that are external to a person. A significant aspect of the I-E debate involves setting out exactly what counts as internal to a person. One of the arguments for externalism is that if a process counts as cognitive when it is performed in the head, it should also count as cognitive when it is performed in the world. We sometimes perform actions in our heads that we usually perform in the world, so that the world leaks into the mind. Internalism has epistemological implications: if a process gives us an empirical discovery when it is performed in the world, it will also give us an empirical discovery when it is performed in the head. I explore the relation between internalism and externalism and contend that both are crucial and needed for the purpose of justification. The work employed analytical, expository and critical methods. (shrink)

This research work titled, “Virtue epistemology: Internalism and Externalism Justification” attempts to give a succinct analysis of the justification of our knowledge. It rigorously scrutinizes the sources of our knowledge claim. Whether the justificatory criteria to authenticate our knowledge claim are external or internal. It is discovered that the internalism-externalism (I-E) debate lies near the centre of contemporary discussion about epistemology. The basic idea of internalism is that justification is solely determined by factors that are internal to a person. Externalists (...) deny this, asserting that justification depends on additional factors that are external to a person. A significant aspect of the I-E debate involves setting out exactly what counts as internal to a person. One of the arguments for externalism is that if a process counts as cognitive when it is performed in the head, it should also count as cognitive when it is performed in the world. We sometimes perform actions in our heads that we usually perform in the world, so that the world leaks into the mind. Internalism has epistemological implications: if a process gives us an empirical discovery when it is performed in the world, it will also give us an empirical discovery when it is performed in the head. I explore the relation between internalism and externalism and contend that both are crucial and needed for the purpose of justification. The work employed analytical, expository and critical methods. (shrink)

Augustine on select metaphysical topics: hylomorphism vs. dualism, theories of God, angels.

This paper examines Augustine’s views on language, learning, and testimony in De Magistro. It is often held that, in De Magistro, Augustine is especially concerned with explanatory understanding (a complex cognitive state characterized by its synoptic nature and awareness of explanatory relations) and that he thinks testimony is deficient in imparting explanatory understanding. I argue against this view and give a clear analysis of the different kinds of cognitive state Augustine is concerned with and a careful examination (...) of his arguments concerning the deficiencies of testimony in producing these cognitive states. (shrink)

Augustine and his practical advices on education and teaching. – Based on De doctrina christiana, Augustine is presented as a teacher, an educator of other educators and teachers, namely speakers in the Church in his time. The paper starts with the question of whether Augustine’s distinction between enjoyment and utility and Augustine’s principles of exegetical work and preaching can be inspirational for educators today. The text aims to show Augustine’s conception of the education of fundamental (...) values and thus present suggestions for educators. (shrink)

This paper argues that St. Augustine of Hippo provides an inadequate and methodologically inconsistent defense against the “proportionality objection” to the eternal, conscious torment view of hell. The proportionality objection argues that since man’s crimes on earth are finite, eternal and infinite punishment in the afterlife would not be “proportional” and therefore not just. In Book XXI of his City of God, Augustine approaches this argument in two variants: the “duration” variant and the “effect” variant. The duration variant (...) argues that a just punishment should be temporally proportional, or equal, to the time taken to commit a crime. The effect variant argues that a just punishment should be proportional, or equal, to a crime in its effect, or intensity. In his defense of eternal conscious torment, Augustine successfully defeats the weaker, duration variant by developing a framework which utilizes moral intuition and normative justice to dispel with the claimed necessity of temporally proportional punishment. However, when Augustine turns to attack the effect variant, he abandons this intuition and normative justice framework in favor of theological dogmas, substantially weakening his argument structure and contradicting his methodology in the process. In the extension to this methodological shift, Augustine defends against the effect variant by applying it to the case of Adam in Genesis as someone who does deserve infinite punishment, but he thereby is forced to use questionable dogmas to extrapolate Adam’s guilt onto the rest of mankind. There certainly are viable defenses against the proportionality objection, but Augustine’s dogmatic assertions leave the effect variant inadequately answered at best and deconstructs his “moral intuition” methodology at worst. (shrink)

The philosophers of antiquity had much to say about the place of friendship in the good life and its role in helping us live virtuously. Augustine is unusual in giving substantial attention to the dangers of friendship and its potential to serve as an obstacle (rather than an aid) to virtue. Despite the originality of Augustine’s thought on this topic, this area of his thinking has received little attention. This paper will show how Augustine, especially in the (...) early books of the Confessions, carefully examines the potential of friendship to lead us astray. In particular, friendships may prove an impediment to virtue by: derailing our practical reasoning (rather than aiding it); fostering vices (rather than virtues); and misdirecting our love. Augustine’s investigation of the murky depths of friendship shows an original philosopher and keen observer of the human condition at work. (shrink)

Augustine and William James both argue that religious faith can be both practical and rational even in the absence of knowledge. Augustine argues that religious faith is trust and that trust is a normal, proper, and even necessary way of believing. Beginning with faith, we then work towards knowledge by means of philosophical contemplation. James’ “The Will to Believe” makes pragmatic arguments for the rationality of faith. Although we do not know (yet) whether God exists, faith is a (...) choice between the risk of believing something false and the risk of not believing something true, and in the absence of convincing evidence we may decide for ourselves which risk we prefer. We may be able to experience God in the future and thereby gain knowledge, yet this may be contingent on our willingness to believe. There are key differences, however. Augustine is a Christian with a neo-Platonic bent, James an empiricist defending the religion of your choice. These differences may be less significant than they first appear. After explaining Augustine and then James I draw out the major points of comparison and contrast and suggest a few reasons their insights might be at least partially synthesized. This is the accepted version of the following article: Mark J. Boone, “Augustine and William James on the Rationality of Faith,” The Heythrop Journal (online edition December 2018), which has been published in final form at [See First URL]. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with the Wiley Self-Archiving Policy [See Second URL]. (shrink)

Augustine maintains that the mind at least consists of memory, intellect, and will (De Trinitate 10.9.13 & 10.11.17). While it is easy to understand the intellect and will as essential to the mind’s activities, memory proves more difficult to understand. It is not immediately clear, for example, whether a human mind could operate without memory, whether people without memory have minds, and what distinguishes memory from the intellect. To understand the role of memory and its respective activities, this article (...) addresses Augustine’s philosophy of mind and places it in the context of human teleology. By philosophy of mind, I mean an account of what is necessary for the constitution of a mind and to execute a mental act. I argue that, for Augustine, memory is necessary to have a human mind, to execute any mental act, and thus to know God. (shrink)